Influence of risedronate on orthodontic tooth movement in rodents: a systematic review and case report.

INTRODUCTION: Bisphosphonates have an inhibitory impact on osteoclastic activity, reducing bone resorption. However, the influence of risedronate on tooth movement is not well-defined. OBJECTIVE: This systematic review assessed the effect of risedronate intake on orthodontic tooth movement. A case report was also provided. METHODS: Two independent reviewers searched six databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Ovid, Lilacs, Scopus, and Open Grey). The searches were carried out in April/2020, and an update was set in place in June/2023. Therefore, the searches considered a timeline from the databases' inception date until June/2023, with no publication date and/or language restrictions. The clinical question focused on evaluating the orthodontic tooth movement and relapse movement (Outcome) in animals (Population) exposed to risedronate (Exposure), compared to control groups (Comparison). The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines were applied, and the protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020168581). The risk of bias was determined using the Systematic Review Centre for Laboratory Animal Experimentation protocol (SYRCLE). RESULTS: Two studies in rats and one in guinea pigs were included in the systematic review. The studies reported a decrease in orthodontic tooth movement, a reduction in the relapse movement, and a reduced number of positive tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) cells, with a significantly reduced number of bone gaps after the administration of risedronate in rats. A case report illustrated the effects of risedronate administration in one patient. CONCLUSION: Based on the systematic review, risedronate seems to impair orthodontic tooth movement and relapse due to a decrease in bone resorption cells.

Utilização de banco de dados policiais como perspectiva para redução do sub-registro da violência contra mulheres / Using police databases as a prospect to reduce under-recording of violence against women / Utilizar las bases de datos policiales como perspectiva para reducir el subregistro de la violencia contra las mujeres

Objetivo: buscou-se avaliar a concordância entre o Sistema de Informação de Agravo de Notificação (SINAN) e dados policiais para casos de violência física e sexual contra mulheres, bem como o perfil das mulheres agredidas, das agressões e dos agressores. Método: foi realizado estudo transversal com casos ocorridos em uma cidade de Minas Gerais, notificados no SINAN e/ou identificados na base policial, entre os anos de 2015 e 2016. Criou-se uma base consolidada, composta pelos casos elegíveis das duas fontes, tendo sido realizadas análises descritivas. Em uma base pareada contendo casos comuns aos dois bancos, foi realizada análise de concordância pelo teste Fleiss'Kappa. Resultados: 1.185 casos compuseram a base consolidada e 56 constituíram a base pareada. Houve sub-registro de 83,54% nos dados do SINAN, além de incompletude importante de informações. A base policial apresentou cerca de oito vezes maior captação. A concordância de informações foi elevada/moderada para sete de 11 características avaliadas para os casos comuns. Na base consolidada, as vítimas foram predominantemente negras, solteiras ou viúvas, com idade entre 18 e 39 anos. Os homens, especialmente (ex)parceiros e familiares, foram os principais agressores. Conclusão: o sub-registro e a incompletude de informações sobre violência contra mulher no SINAN é uma realidade que precisa ser tratada. O cruzamento com fontes de dados policiais é uma alternativa para melhorar a qualidade das informações, reduzindo o sub-registro. Apesar dos dados subestimados, percebeu-se que a violência física e doméstica, cometida por (ex)parceiro contra mulheres jovens e negras continua sendo prevalente, atentando para o fato que se deve manter foco de políticas públicas.(AU)

Objective: this study sought to evaluate the agreement between the Information System for Notifiable Health Problems (Sistema de Informação de Agravo de Notificação, SINAN) and Police data for cases of physical and sexual violence against women, as well as the profile of the assaulted women, the aggressions and the aggressors. Method: a cross-sectional study was conducted with cases in a city from Minas Gerais, notified to the SINAN and/or identified in the Police database between 2015 and 2016. A consolidated database was created, comprised by the eligible cases from both sources, with performance of descriptive analyses. An agreement analysis by means of the Fleiss Kappa test was performed in a paired database containing cases common to both databases. Results: a total of 1,185 cases comprised the consolidated database, whereas 56 were included in the paired one. There was 83.54% under-recording in the SINAN data, in addition to important information incompleteness. The Police database presented nearly eight times more recording of cases. Agreement of all the information was high/moderate for seven out of 11 characteristics evaluated for the common cases. In the consolidated databases, the victims were predominantly black-skinned, single or widowed, and aged between 18 and 39 years old. The main aggressors were men, mainly (former) partners and family members. Conclusion: under-recording and incompleteness of diverse information about violence against women in the SINAN is a reality that needs to be dealt with. Cross-referencing with Police data sources represent an alternative to improve quality of the information, reducing under-recording. Despite the underestimated data, it was noticed that physical and domestic violence, perpetrated by (former) partners against young and black-skinned women, continues to be prevalent, pointing to the fact that it should remain as the focus of public policies.(AU)

Objetivo: se buscó evaluar la concordancia entre el Sistema de Informação de Agravo de Notificação (SINAN) y los datos policiales para los casos de violencia física y sexual contra las mujeres, así como el perfil de las mujeres maltratadas, de las agresiones y agresores. Método...(AU)

Influence of risedronate on orthodontic tooth movement in rodents: a systematic review and case report

ABSTRACT Introduction: Bisphosphonates have an inhibitory impact on osteoclastic activity, reducing bone resorption. However, the influence of risedronate on tooth movement is not well-defined. Objective: This systematic review assessed the effect of risedronate intake on orthodontic tooth movement. A case report was also provided. Methods: Two independent reviewers searched six databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Ovid, Lilacs, Scopus, and Open Grey). The searches were carried out in April/2020, and an update was set in place in June/2023. Therefore, the searches considered a timeline from the databases' inception date until June/2023, with no publication date and/or language restrictions. The clinical question focused on evaluating the orthodontic tooth movement and relapse movement (Outcome) in animals (Population) exposed to risedronate (Exposure), compared to control groups (Comparison). The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines were applied, and the protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020168581). The risk of bias was determined using the Systematic Review Centre for Laboratory Animal Experimentation protocol (SYRCLE). Results: Two studies in rats and one in guinea pigs were included in the systematic review. The studies reported a decrease in orthodontic tooth movement, a reduction in the relapse movement, and a reduced number of positive tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) cells, with a significantly reduced number of bone gaps after the administration of risedronate in rats. A case report illustrated the effects of risedronate administration in one patient. Conclusion: Based on the systematic review, risedronate seems to impair orthodontic tooth movement and relapse due to a decrease in bone resorption cells.

RESUMO Introdução: Os bifosfonatos têm um impacto inibitório na atividade osteoclástica, reduzindo a reabsorção óssea. No entanto, a influência do risedronato no movimento dentário não está bem definida. Objetivo: Esta revisão sistemática avaliou o efeito do uso de risedronato no movimento ortodôntico dos dentes. Um relato de caso também é apresentado. Métodos: Dois revisores independentes pesquisaram seis bases de dados (PubMed, Web of Science, Ovid, Lilacs, Scopus e Open Grey), considerando o período de abril de 2020 até junho de 2023, sem restrições de data e/ou idioma de publicação. A questão clínica focou em avaliar o movimento ortodôntico dos dentes e movimento de recidiva (resultado) em animais (população) expostos ao risedronato (exposição) em comparação com grupos de controle (comparação). Foram aplicadas as Diretrizes Preferenciais para Revisão Sistemática e Metanálise (PRISMA) e um protocolo foi registrado no PROSPERO (CRD42020168581). O risco de viés foi determinado utilizando o protocolo do Centro de Revisão Sistemática para Experimentação em Animais de Laboratório (SYRCLE). Resultados: Dois estudos em ratos e um em porquinhos-da-índia foram incluídos na revisão sistemática. Os estudos relataram uma diminuição no movimento ortodôntico dos dentes, uma redução no movimento de recidiva e um número reduzido de células positivas à fosfatase ácida tartarato-resistente (TRAP) com um número significativamente reduzido de falhas ósseas após a administração de risedronato em ratos. Um relato de caso ilustrou os efeitos da administração de risedronato em uma paciente. Conclusão: Com base na revisão sistemática, o risedronato parece interferir no movimento ortodôntico dos dentes e na recidiva devido a uma diminuição nas células de reabsorção óssea.

Extracapsular femoral neck fractures treated with total hip arthroplasty: identification of a population with better outcomes.

Background: Femoral neck fractures (FNF) are associated to patient's disability, reduced quality of life and mortality. None of the fixation devices commonly used for extracapsular (EC) FNF (i.e., dynamic hip screws (DHS) and intramedullary nails (IN)) is clearly superior to the other, especially in case of unstable fractures (31.A2 and 31.A3 according to AO/OTA classification). The aim of our study was to identify a sub-population of patients with EC fractures in which better outcomes could be obtainable using total hip arthroplasty (THA). Methods: All patients with EC unstable fractures treated with THA were included in the present study. Demographic data, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score, hospitalization length, transfusion rate, implant-related complications and mortality rate were collected. Clinical outcomes were evaluated using the Oxford Hip Score (OHS), while patients' general health status through the 12 Item Short Form questionnaires (SF-12). Results: 30 patients (7 male; 23 female) with a mean age of 78.8 years were included. The 1-year mortality rate was 13.3%. The mean OHS was 27.5, while the mean SF-12 were 45.84 for the mental item and 41.6 for the physical one. Age was the only factor associated with the OHS and patients older than 75 years presented a 12- fold higher risk of developing bad outcomes. Conclusions: THA seems to be a viable option for unstable EC fractures, with good clinical outcomes, especially in patients younger than 75 years of age. The mortality rate associated with THA in EC fractures is low and anyway comparable with IN.

Why Use Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Tendinopathic Patients: A Systematic Review.

The aim of the present systematic review was to provide a clear overview of the clinical current research progress in the use of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) as an effective therapeutic option for the management of tendinopathies, pathologies clinically characterized by persistent mechanical pain and structural alteration of the tendons. The review was carried out using three databases (Scopus, ISI Web of Science and PubMed) and analyzed records from 2013 to 2021. Only English-language papers describing the isolation and manipulation of adipose tissue as source of ASCs and presenting ASCs as treatment for clinical tendinopathies were included. Overall, seven clinical studies met the inclusion criteria and met the minimum quality inclusion threshold. Data extraction and quality assessment were performed by groups of three reviewers. The available evidence showed the efficacy and safety of ASCs treatment for tendinopathies, although it lacked a clear description of the biomolecular mechanisms underlying the beneficial properties of ASCs.

Cateterismo intermitente limpo no paciente com lesão medular: conhecimento dos enfermeiros / Clean intermittent catheterization in patients with spinal cord injury: knowledge of nurses

Introdução: A lesão medular resulta em falha no esvaziamento da bexiga, deixando o indivíduo exposto a risco de infecção recorrente de trato urinário, refluxo vesicoureteral e até perda da função renal. O cateterismo intermitente limpo (CIL) é o método de escolha para esvaziamento da bexiga nesses casos. Apesar de ter uma técnica simples, sua realização deve ser bem orientada a fim de evitar complicações como infecções ou traumas. A orientação para a técnica deve ser realizada ainda no período de internação pela lesão, cujo responsável é o enfermeiro. Objetivo: Avaliar o conhecimento dos enfermeiros que atuam em hospital de atendimento ao trauma com relação ao cateterismo intermitente limpo. Métodos: Questionário construído com base nas diretrizes da Associação Europeia de Enfermeiros Urológicos, aplicado a 18 enfermeiros de um hospital universitário, referência no atendimento do trauma raquimedular, a respeito de disfunção neurológica de trato urinário inferior e cateterismo intermitente limpo. Resultados: Os participantes apresentaram conhecimento expressivo a respeito da disfunção neurológica de trato urinário inferior e CIL. Houve erros quanto à técnica do CIL nos quesitos de indicação do uso luvas de procedimento, na lubrificação do cateter, coleta de culturas periódicas de urina, uso antibióticos e na necessidade de orientação antes da alta hospitalar. Conclusão: Apesar de a amostra demonstrar conhecimento em várias questões relacionadas ao tema, os erros indicam necessidade de capacitação e principalmente de conscientização quanto à responsabilidade de orientação antes da alta hospitalar.

Clean intermittent catheterization in patients with spinal cord injury: knowledge of nurses

Introduction: Spinal cord injury results in failure to empty the bladder, leaving the individual exposed to the risk of recurrent urinary tract infection, vesicoureteral reflux and even loss of renal function. Clean intermittent catheterization (CIC) is the method of choice for emptying the bladder in these cases. Although it has a simple technique, its performance should be well oriented in order to avoid complications such as infections or traumas. Guidance for the technique should be performed during the hospitalization period due to the injury and the nurse is responsible for this action. Objective: To evaluate the knowledge of nurses working in a trauma care hospital in relation to clean intermittent catheterization. Methods: Questionnaire constructed based on the guidelines of the European Association of Urological Nurses, applied to 18 nurses from a university hospital, a reference in the treatment of spinal trauma, regarding neurological dysfunction of the lower urinary tract and clean intermittent catheterization. Results: The participants presented expressive knowledge about lower urinary tract neurological dysfunction and CIC. There were errors regarding the CIC technique in the indication of the use of procedure gloves, in the lubrication of the catheter, collection of periodic urine cultures, use of antibiotics and in the need for instructions before discharge from hospital. Conclusion: Although the sample demonstrated knowledge on several issues related to the subject, the errors indicate the need for training and especially awareness of the responsibility of guidance before discharge from hospital.

Estrogen protects dental roots from orthodontic-induced inflammatory resorption.

OBJECTIVE: Root resorption is a side effect of orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). Despite the recognized role of estrogen on bone, there is little information about their effects on orthodontic-induced inflammatory root resorption (OIIRR). We aimed to investigate if estrogen deficiency affects OIIRR in two mice strains. METHODS: Female Balb/C (Balb) and C57BL6/J (C57) mice were ovariectomized (OVX) and replaced with estradiol (E2). Tooth samples subjected or not to OTM were collected and analyzed by microCT, histomorphometry and qPCR. RESULTS: OVX resulted in decreased root volume (RV/TV) and root mineral density (RMD) in Balb mice without OTM. In contrast, OVX did not modify physiological root structure of C57 mice. OTM and OIIRR were increased after OVX in both mice strains after 30 days. E2 replacement reversed this phenotype in Balb, but not in C57 mice. Due to the significant increase of OIIRR in OVX Balb mice, the expression of key molecules was investigated in periodontium. Accordingly, these mice showed increased expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL), tumor necrosis factor alpha, matrix metalloproteinases-2 and -13 and decreased osteoprotegerin (OPG) and interleukin-10 expression after OTM. E2 replacement reversed the changes of these markers. CONCLUSION: The lack of estrogen in Balb mice without OTM triggered loss of root structure which was positively correlated to RANKL/OPG ratio. Regardless of mouse strain, the absence of estrogen following OTM induced OIIRR. Mechanisms involve the imbalance of RANKL/OPG system, inflammatory and osteoclastic makers.

Expression of paralogous SEP-, FUL-, AG- and STK-like MADS-box genes in wild-type and peloric Phalaenopsis flowers.

The diverse flowers of Orchidaceae are the result of several major morphological transitions, among them the most studied is the differentiation of the inner median tepal into the labellum, a perianth organ key in pollinator attraction. Type A peloria lacking stamens and with ectopic labella in place of inner lateral tepals are useful for testing models on the genes specifying these organs by comparing their patterns of expression between wild-type and peloric flowers. Previous studies focused on DEFICIENS- and GLOBOSA-like MADS-box genes because of their conserved role in perianth and stamen development. The "orchid code" model summarizes this work and shows in Orchidaceae there are four paralogous lineages of DEFICIENS/AP3-like genes differentially expressed in each floral whorl. Experimental tests of this model showed the conserved, higher expression of genes from two specific DEF-like gene lineages is associated with labellum development. The present study tests whether eight MADS-box candidate SEP-, FUL-, AG-, and STK-like genes have been specifically duplicated in the Orchidaceae and are also differentially expressed in association with the distinct flower organs of Phalaenopsis hyb. "Athens." The gene trees indicate orchid-specific duplications. In a way analogous to what is observed in labellum-specific DEF-like genes, a two-fold increase in the expression of SEP3-like gene PhaMADS7 was measured in the labellum-like inner lateral tepals of peloric flowers. The overlap between SEP3-like and DEF-like genes suggests both are associated with labellum specification and similar positional cues determine their domains of expression. In contrast, the uniform messenger levels of FUL-like genes suggest they are involved in the development of all organs and their expression in the ovary suggests cell differentiation starts before pollination. As previously reported AG-like and STK-like genes are exclusively expressed in gynostemium and ovary, however no evidence for transcriptional divergence was found in the stage investigated. Gene expression suggests a developmental regulatory system based on the combined activity of duplicate MADS-box genes. We discuss its feasibility based on documented protein interactions and patterns of expression.

Prolactin regulates kisspeptin neurons in the arcuate nucleus to suppress LH secretion in female rats.

Prolactin (PRL) is known to suppress LH secretion. Kisspeptin neurons regulate LH secretion and express PRL receptors. We investigated whether PRL acts on kisspeptin neurons to suppress LH secretion in lactating (Lac) and virgin rats. Lac rats displayed high PRL secretion and reduced plasma LH and kisspeptin immunoreactivity in the arcuate nucleus (ARC). Bromocriptine-induced PRL blockade significantly increased ARC kisspeptin and plasma LH levels in Lac rats but did not restore them to the levels of non-Lac rats. Bromocriptine effects were prevented by the coadministration of ovine PRL (oPRL). Virgin ovariectomized (OVX) rats treated with either systemic or intracerebroventricular oPRL displayed reduction of kisspeptin expression in the ARC and plasma LH levels, and these effects were comparable with those of estradiol treatment in OVX rats. Conversely, estradiol-treated OVX rats displayed increased kisspeptin immunoreactivity in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus, whereas oPRL had no effect in this brain area. The expression of phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 was used to determine whether kisspeptin neurons in the ARC were responsive to PRL. Accordingly, intracerebroventricular oPRL induced expression of phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 in the great majority of ARC kisspeptin neurons in virgin and Lac rats. We provide here evidence that PRL acts on ARC neurons to inhibit kisspeptin expression in female rats. During lactation, PRL contributes to the inhibition of ARC kisspeptin. In OVX rats, high PRL levels suppress kisspeptin expression and reduce LH release. These findings suggest a pathway through which hyperprolactinemia may inhibit LH secretion and thereby cause infertility.

Evaluating water resource maintenance for lakes of the middle Doce river - doi: 10.4025/actascibiolsci.v34i3.8703

The importance of water resources to mankind and the threat level these resources have withstood due to regional and worldwide human intervention are undeniable. In the middle stretch of the Doce river basin, there are close to 170 natural lakes, located between an environmental conservation area and monoculture eucalyptus plantations, with social, economic and biological importance. Our objective was to evaluate whether the water surface area in these lakes has remained constant in the last few decades, and make inferences on the result. To that end, we measured the water surface area of 16 lakes, from satellite images obtained between May and August in the years 1977, 1979, 1981, 2000 and 2005. Total water surface area was compared considering these dates the two different areas. We did not find any changes in water surface area for these lakes in the studied images. Likewise, we did not observe reductions in any single lake for any of the studied areas. These results indicate hydrological constancy of the system, as well as of the services this group of lakes provides to society and biodiversity in its vicinity, regardless of whether the environmental matrix consists of old-growth vegetation or eucalyptus plantations.

Evaluating water resource maintenance for lakes of the middle Doce river / Avaliação da manutenção dos recursos hídricos dos lagos do médio rio Doce

The importance of water resources to mankind and the threat level these resources have withstood due to regional and worldwide human intervention are undeniable. In the middle stretch of the Doce river basin, there are close to 170 natural lakes, located between an environmental conservation area and monoculture eucalyptus plantations, with social, economic and biological importance. Our objective was to evaluate whether the water surface area in these lakes has remained constant in the last few decades, and make inferences on the result. To that end, we measured the water surface area of 16 lakes, from satellite images obtained between May and August in the years 1977, 1979, 1981, 2000 and 2005. Total water surface area was compared considering these dates the two different areas. We did not find any changes in water surface area for these lakes in the studied images. Likewise, we did not observe reductions in any single lake for any of the studied areas. These results indicate hydrological constancy of the system, as well as of the services this group of lakes provides to society and biodiversity in its vicinity, regardless of whether the environmental matrix consists of old-growth vegetation or eucalyptus plantations.

É inegável a importância dos recursos hídricos ao Homem e o grau de ameaça que vêm sofrendo devido a intervenções humanas regionais e globais. No trecho médio da bacia do rio Doce há cerca de 170 lagos naturais, distribuídos entre área de conservação ambiental e área de monocultivo de eucalipto, com importância social, econômica e biológica. O nosso objetivo foi avaliar se a lâmina d'água total destes lagos vem se mantendo nas últimas décadas e inferir sobre esta resposta. Para isto, aferimos a lâmina d'água de 16 lagos a partir de imagens de satélite obtidas entre maio e agosto dos anos de 1977, 1979, 1981, 2000 e 2005. Esta lâmina d'água total foi comparada considerando estas datas e as duas áreas diferentes. Não encontramos alteração na lâmina d'água destes lagos nas imagens estudadas. Do mesmo modo, não observamos redução em lagos de quaisquer das áreas estudadas, isoladamente. Estes resultados apontam para uma constância hidrológica do sistema, bem como dos serviços que este conjunto de lagos presta à sociedade e à biodiversidade de seu entorno, independente da matriz ambiental ser constituída por vegetação conservada ou cultivo de eucalipto.

Pulmonary actinomycosis as a pseudotumor: a rare presentation.

Some lung diseases are true diagnostic challenges due to their various clinical presentations. Actinomycosis is one such disease, potentially affecting various organs and systems. We report the case of a patient with pulmonary actinomycosis as a pseudotumor, which is usually only diagnosed by thoracotomy or thoracoscopy.

Actinomicose pulmonar na forma pseudotumoral: uma apresentação rara / Pulmonary actinomycosis as a pseudotumor: a rare presentation

Algumas patologias pulmonares apresentam-se como verdadeiros desafios diagnósticos devido às suas diversas formas de apresentação. A actinomicose é uma dessas patologias, podendo atingir diversos órgãos e sistemas. Relatamos o caso de uma paciente com a forma pseudotumoral pulmonar da doença, cujo seu diagnóstico geralmente só é realizado através de toracotomia ou toracoscopia.

Some lung diseases are true diagnostic challenges due to their various clinical presentations. Actinomycosis is one such disease, potentially affecting various organs and systems. We report the case of a patient with pulmonary actinomycosis as a pseudotumor, which is usually only diagnosed by thoracotomy or thoracoscopy.

Manifestações dermatológicas e otorrinolaringológicas na Leishmaniose / Dermatologic and otorhinolaryngologic manifestations in leishmaniasis

INTRODUÇÃO: A leishmaniose é uma parasitose de grande importância epidemiológica na qual o homem é um hospedeiro acidental do protozoário do gênero Leishmania. Dentre as principais apresentações clínicas, visceral e tegumentar, encontram-se as formas mucocutâneas, que podem acometer a face e as vias respiratórias superiores, podendo ocasionar lesões deformantes, com prejuízo funcional. OBJETIVO: Revisar as principais manifestações dermatológicas e otorrinolaringológicas da leishmaniose. MÉTODO: Utilizou-se como base de dados a Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS), sendo utilizadas as palavras chave: leishmaniose, leishmaniose mucocutânea, mucosa nasal e nariz. Foram consideradas as referências datadas de 1999 a 2008. COMENTÁRIOS FINAIS: Trata-se de uma zoonose, na qual o ser humano é um hospedeiro acidental, acometido após a picada de insetos dos gêneros Lutzomya ou Phlebotomus, infectado pelo parasita da espécie Leishmania e cujo diagnóstico precoce de lesão leishmaniótica é imprescindível, especialmente quando há comprometimento nasofaríngeo, objetivando a prevenção de deformidades ou prejuízos funcionais. A avaliação de lesões cutâneas e/ou mucosas com a definição precisa do diagnóstico de leishmaniose, seja por dermatologistas ou por otorrinolaringologistas, favorece a implantação do tratamento adequado e, por conseguinte, permite a redução da disseminação da doença.

INTRODUCTION: Leishmaniasis is an extremely important parasitic disease as regards epidemiology, and, in such a disease, man is an occasional host to the Leishmania protozoon. Some of the major clinical, visceral and integumentary features are the mucocutaneous ways that can harm face and upper airways and even cause deforming lesions, leading to a functional impairment. OBJECTIVE: Review the main dermatologic and otorhinolaryngologic manifestations in leishmaniasis. METHODS: It was based on the Virtual Health Library (BVS), by entering the following keywords: Leishmaniasis, mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, nasal mucosa, and nose. References dated from 1999 to 2008 have been regarded. FINAL COMMENTS: It is about a zoonosis, in which the human being is an occasional host attacked by Lutzomya or Phlebotomus insects that are, in turn, infected by the Leishmania parasite, and the early diagnosis of a leishmania-related lesion is essential, especially when a nasopharyngeal impairment is evident, with a view to preventing deformities or functional harms. The evaluation of cutaneous and/or mucosa lesions and the accurate definition of leishmaniasis diagnosis given by either dermatologists or otorhinolaryngologists enables the proper treatment to be implemented and the subsequent reduction in the disease dissemination.

Lúpus eritematoso sistêmico e gestação: série de casos com diferentes evoluções / Systemic lupus erythematosus and pregnancy: cases series with different evolution

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O lúpus eritematoso sistêmico (LES) é uma doença inflamatória crônica, caracterizada pela produção de autoanticorpos voltados contra antígenos nucleares e outros antígenos celulares, consistindo desta forma em desequilíbrio imunológico que afeta principalmente pacientes jovens do sexo feminino. A associação de lúpus e gravidez é frequente, o que contribui para o aparecimento de complicações durante a gestação. O objetivo deste estudo foi relatar quatro casos de LES associados à gestação, buscando esclarecer os aspectos da doença e correlacionar os dados obtidos na literatura com o quadro apresentado pelas pacientes.RELATO DOS CASOS: São descritas quatro evoluções diferentes, sendo apresentado um caso de síndrome do anticorpo antifosfolípide, outro caso de síndrome do lúpus neonatal, outro de prematuridade e caso com evolução para óbito materno e fetal.CONCLUSÃO: Após correlacionar a literatura e os casos constataram-se a importância do acompanhamento e tratamento adequado das pacientes gestantes portadoras de LES, na tentativa de redução da morbimortalidade materna e fetal.(AU)

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by production of auto antibodies against the nuclear antigens and other cellular antigens, with immune imbalance in this way that affects mainly young female patients. The association of lupus and pregnancy is common, which contributes to the appearance of complications during pregnancy. The purpose of this study is to report four cases of SLE associated with pregnancy, seeking to clarify aspects of the disease and correlate the data obtained in the research literature, to the table for patients.CASE REPORTS: We describe four different developments, and presented a case of antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, one case of neonatal lupus syndrome, one case of prematurity and progression to death with maternal and fetal.CONCLUSION: After correlating the literature and the cases it was observed the importance of monitoring and appropriate treatment of pregnant patients suffering from SLE, in an attempt to reduce morbidity and maternal and fetal mortality.(AU)

Ressonância nuclear magnética fetal: aplicabilidade e indicações no período pré-natal / Fetal nuclear magnetic resonance: applicability and indications in the prenatal period

A ultrassonografia é o exame de imagem de primeira escolha para rastreamento de doenças fetais devido a sua utilidade, aplicabilidade e baixo custo. Contudo, ocasionalmente, seus achados são inconclusivos ou insuficientes para guiar o tratamento, e a ressonância nuclear magnética (RNM) funciona como ferramenta complementar. A aplicabilidade da RNM fetal inclui indicações neurológicas e não neurológicas. Das indicações neurológicas, a RNM fetal auxilia o diagnóstico de: ventriculomegalia, agenesia de corpo caloso, anormalidades da fossa posterior e malformações do desenvolvimento do córtex cerebral. Dentre as dismorfias fetais não neurológicas, a RNM fetal auxilia o diagnóstico de complicações de gestações gemelares monocoriônicas, hérnia diafragmática congênita, sequestros pulmonares, malformações adenomatoides císticas congênitas e obstrução de vias aérea. Objetivou-se com o presente artigo apresentar a aplicabilidade e as indicações da RNM no diagnóstico de malformações, auxiliando o ginecologista e obstetra no entendimento deste novo recurso diagnóstico na área de medicina fetal. O uso da RNM fetal fornece informações adicionais à ultrassonografia, autorizando mudanças no aconselhamento ao paciente e no seu tratamento.

Ultrasonography is the examination of image of first choice for tracking of fetal illnesses due to its utility, applicability and low cost. However, occasionally, its findings are inconclusives or insufficient to guide the treatment, so the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) functions as a complementary tool. The applicability of the fetal MRI includes neurological and not neurological indications. Of the neurological indications, the fetal MRI assists the dignosis of ventriculomegaly, corpus callosum agenesis, abnormalities of posterior fossa and malformations of the development of the brain cortex. Amongst the not neurological, the fetal MRI assists the diagnosis of complications of monochorionic twin gestations, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, lung sequestration, congenital cystic adenomatoid malformations and airways obstruction. The objective of the present article is to present the applicability and the indications of MRI in the diagnosis of malformations, assisting the gynecologist and obstetric in the agreement of this new diagnostic resource in the area of fetal medicine. The use of fetal MRI supplies information, authorizing changes in the counseling to the patient and its treatment.

Tireoideopatias e gravidez / Diseases of thyroids and pregnancy

As doenças da tireóide têm mais prevalência no sexo feminino e, possivelmente, são secundárias aos efeitos dos esteróides sexuais no sistema imunológico. Daí advém à importância do esclarecimento das tireoidopatias e das maneiras de diagnósticá-las precocemente, a tempo de interferir em seu ciclo patogênico e evitar a ocorrência de danos materno-fetais. É necessário discernir entre o patogênico e as adaptações fisiológicas da gestação, estando necessariamente entre as doenças de rastreamento obrigatório nesse período. Hipotireoidismo é doença bastante freqüente em nosso meio, sendo de origem imunológica ou pela deficiência de iodo. Na gestação, é freqüentemente causado por tireoidite auto-imune ou por destruição da glândula. A doença de Graves é a causa mais freqüente de hipertireoidismo durante e fora do período gestacional. Contudo, apesar de apresentar menos prevalência em gestantes, seus efeitos são graves caso não diagnosticado e tratado em tempo hábil. A tireoidite pós-parto é mais comum em mulheres que têm concentração elevada de anticorpo antiTPO e apresenta gênese auto-imune, sendo influenciada pelo ciclo gravídico-puerperal. A presença de nódulos benignos, malignos e o câncer de tireóide ainda apresentam relação a ser esclarecida com o período gravídico.

The thyroid's diseases have greater prevalence in the female sex and, possibly, they are secondary to the effects of the sexual steroids in the immunological system. From there comes the importance of the clarification of the thyroid's diseases and its precocious diagnosis, in time to intervene in its pathological cycle and prevent damages for the embryo or for the mother. It is necessary to discern between the gestation pathological and physiological adaptations, the thyroid diseases being necessarity among the illnesses of obligatory tracking in this period. Hypothyroidism is frequent enough, due to its immunological origins of iodine deficiency. During gestation it is frequently caused by autoimmunity thyroiditis or gland destruction. Graves' disease is the hyperthyroidism most frequent cause during pregnancy of not. However, although its minor prevalence in pregnancy, its effects might be serious if it is not diagnosed and treated in time. Thyroiditis after-childbirth is more common in women who have high TPO antibodies concentration and presente autoimmunity origin, being influenced by the pregnancy-puerperal cycle. The presence of any kind of nodules and thyroid cancer still present relation with the pregnancy period to be clarified.

Risco de suicídio em pacientes em hemodiálise: evolução e mortalidade em três anos / Risk of suicide in hemodyalisis patient: evolution and mortality in three years

A morte por suicídio em pacientes portadores de insuficiência renal crônica (IRC) em diálise tem sido reportada há décadas. No Brasil, raros são os estudos que têm mensurado sua prevalência, evolução e mortalidade. OBJETIVO: Identificar a presença de risco de suicídio, em duas unidades de diálise e analisar a evolução e a mortalidade por três anos. MÉTODO: O MINI foi utilizado em três etapas. Foram obtidas as freqüências do transtorno e sua evolução foi acompanhada. A curva de Kaplan-Meier e a regressão de Cox foram aplicadas para estudar a mortalidade. RESULTADOS: Participaram 244 pacientes na primeira etapa, 200, na segunda etapa e 110, na terceira etapa. O risco de suicídio foi diagnosticado em 40 pacientes na primeira etapa, 49, na segunda etapa e sete na terceira etapa. Da primeira para a segunda etapa, nove pacientes morreram, 29 continuaram e 20 outros pacientes passaram a apresentar a condição. Da segunda para a terceira etapa, 13 deles morreram, sete continuaram a apresentar e 29 evoluíram para outro transtorno. A incidência de óbitos naqueles sem o transtorno foi de 3,35 e naqueles com risco de suicídio, 9,91 (RR = 2,87; IC 95 por cento [1,69-4,87]). CONCLUSÕES: O risco de suicídio teve alta prevalência, e a mortalidade associada a esta condição é elevada.

Risk of suicide is associated with high rates of death in chronic hemodialysis patients. In Brazil only few studies have measured your prevalence, evolution and mortality. OBJECTIVE: Study the prevalence, evolution and mortality of risk of suicide in two nephrology units for three years. METHODS: The Mini was used in three moments. Frequency and evolution of Risk of Suicide was analyzed. Kaplan-Meier Curve and Cox Regression was used to study the mortality. RESULTS: 244 patients in 1st step, 200 in 2nd and 110 in 3rd. Risk of suicide was diagnosticated in 40 in 1st, 49 in 2nd and seven in 3rd period. Between the 1st and 2nd period, nine patients death, 29 followed with the condition and 20 others patients presented risk of suicide. Between the 2nd and 3rd period thirteen death, seven followed with the condition and 29 changed the disorder. The death incidence in patients without disorder was 3.35 and in patients with risk was, 9.91 (RR = 2.87; IC de 95 percent [1.69-4.87]). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of risk of suicide was high, and this condition was associated with high rates of mortality.

Prevalência de transtornos psiquiátricos em pacientes em hemodiálise no estado da Bahia / Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in patients in hemodialysis in the state of Bahia

INRODUÇÃO: Limitações da qualidade de vida dos pacientes com insuficiência renal crônica (IRC) em programa de hemodiálise estão associadas a maior prevalência de transtornos psiquiátricos. O diagnóstico precoce e preciso pode contribuir na elaboração de estratégias de tratamento. OBJETIVO: Estudar a prevalência e o padrão dos transtornos psiquiátricos em pacientes hemodialisados, identificando variáveis relacionadas com sua ocorrência. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 244 pacientes e analisadas as variáveis associadas à ocorrência de transtornos psiquiátricos. Os pacientes foram avaliados através do Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). RESULTADOS: Pelo menos um diagnóstico psiquiátrico foi apresentado por 91 pacientes (37,3 por cento). Os de ocorrência mais freqüente foram distimia (17,6 por cento), risco de suicídio (16,4 por cento) e episódio depressivo maior (8,6 por cento). O sexo feminino apresentou maior risco de transtornos psiquiátricos (razão de chance [RC] = 2,77; intervalo de confiança [IC] 95 por cento: 1,42-5,41). Os pacientes viúvos, separados e solteiros apresentaram maior risco de transtornos psiquiátricos do que os casados (RC= 5,507;IC95 por cento:1,348-22,551). Aqueles com menos de dois anos em diálise apresentaram risco maior (RC = 2,075; IC 95 por cento: 1,026-4,197). Os pacientes com clearance fracional de uréia (Kt/V) abaixo de 0,9 tiveram maior chance de apresentar transtornos psiquiátricos (RC = 3,955; IC 95 por cento: 1,069-11,012). CONCLUSÕES: A prevalência de transtornos psiquiátricos foi alta. Os transtornos afetivos foram os mais freqüentes. Nas mulheres e naqueles com Kt/V baixo, o risco foi maior. Nos pacientes casados e naqueles com mais de dois anos em tratamento o risco foi menor.

INTRODUCTION: Limiting factors of dialysis patients' quality of life are associated with high rates of psychiatric disease. Since effective treatment of psychiatric diseases can positively affect dialysis patients' prognosis and survival, there is a need for an early diagnosis. In Brazil only few studies have measured the prevalence of these disorders. OBJECTIVE: Study the prevalence and pattern of psychiatric disorders in chronic hemodialysis patients and assess the association between these diseases and some variables. METHODS: Two hundred forty-four patients were enrolled in two nephrology units at the state of Bahia, Brazil. The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) was used in all patients. RESULTS: Ninety-one patients (37.3 percent) presented at least one psychiatric diagnosis. The most common disorders included dysthymia (17.6 percent), risk of suicide (16.4 percent), and major depressive episode (8.6 percent). Women had higher risk of mental disorders than men (RC = 2.77; confidence interval [CI] 95 percent: 1.42-5.41). Widowed, divorced and single patients had higher risk than married patients (RC = 5.507; CI 95 percent: 1.348-22.551). Patients on treatment for less than two years had higher risk (RC = 2.075; CI 95 percent: 1.026-4.197). Those with Kt/V below 0.9 were at higher risk than those with a higher Kt/V (RC = 3.955; CI 95 percent: 1.069-11.012). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of psychiatric disorders in patients on dialysis was high (37.3 percent). Affective disorders were the most common ones. Women and patients with Kt/V below 0.9 were at increased risk. The risk was lower in patients at dialysis program for longer than two years and in married patients.