Validación de un instrumento para la categorización de usuarios, según dependencia y riesgo de cuidados, adaptado para servicios de neonatología de hospitales públicos de Chile / Validation of an instrument for the categorization of users according to dependence and risk of care, adapted for neonatology services of public hospitals of Chile

La categorización de usuarios según dependencia y riesgo de cuidados a través del instrumento CUDYR, responde a la reforma de salud chilena, que enfoca la gestión de las instituciones asistenciales, los cuales deben mejorar su eficiencia, efectividad, calidad y seguridad, otorgando una herramienta para la gestión del cuidado en atención cerrada. El objetivo de este estudio fue adaptar y validar el instrumento CUDYR para servicios de Neonatología de hospitales públicos de Chile. La muestra no probabilística correspondió a los casos disponibles por intención según los criterios de inclusión de juicio de expertos y estuvo conformada por 152 pacientes de un hospital público de Chile. Se aplicó consentimiento informado, utilizando los principios éticos propuestos por Ezequiel Emanuel. Se realizó adaptación del instrumento vigente por expertos en el área, abarcando filosofía de cuidados neonatales, y validación por contenido por contraparte experta en el área obteniéndose una calificación entre un 97% y 100% sobre la pertinencia de los ítems propuestos. Se aplicó el instrumento CUDYR-NEO durante diciembre de 2017. El instrumento final quedó conformado por dos dimensiones con una fiabilidad estimada mediante alfa ordinal de 0,89 y una varianza extraída de aprox. 0,56 (sobre 0,5) lo cual determina una alta calidad de medición del instrumento. Además, el instrumento cumple tanto con la validez convergente, así como con la validez discriminante. La saturación de los ítems en los factores latentes presentó cargas factoriales por sobre los 0,47 con un máximo de 0,99 consideradas como altas. Se concluye que el instrumento CUDYR-NEO presenta propiedades psicométricas suficientes y altas de fiabilidad y validez, constituyendo una herramienta adecuada para la categorización de usuarios según dependencia-riesgo en servicios de Neonatología.

The categorization of users according to dependence and risk of care through the CUDYR instrument, responds to the Chilean health reform, which focuses on the management of healthcare institutions, which should improve their efficiency, effectiveness, quality and safety, providing a tool for the management of care in closed care. The objective of this study was to adapt and validate the CUDYR-NEO instrument based on the CUDYR for Neonatology services of public hospitals in Chile. The non-probabilistic sample corresponded to the cases available by intention according to the inclusion criteria of expert judgment and consisted of 152 patients from a public hospital in Chile, informed consent was applied, using the ethical principles proposed by Ezequiel Emanuel. The current instrument was adapted by experts in the area, covering the philosophy of neonatal care, and validation by content by expert counterparts in the area, obtaining a score between 97% and 100% on the relevance of the proposed items. The CUDYR-NEO instrument was applied during December 2017. The final instrument was made up of two dimensions with a reliability estimated by ordinal alpha of 0.89 and an extracted variance of approx. 0.56 (about 0.5) which determines a high measurement quality of the instrument. In addition, the instrument meets both the convergent validity as well as the discriminant validity. The saturation of the items in the latent factors presented factorial loads over the 0,478 with a maximum of 0.99 considered as high. It is concluded that the CUDYR-NEO instrument has sufficient psychometric properties and high reliability and validity, constituting an adequate tool for the categorization of users according to risk-dependency and care management in Neonatology services.

Evaluación de la Escala de Identidad Étnica en adolescentes mapuche de Chile / Evaluation of the ethnic identity scale among Mapuche adolescents in Chile / Avaliação da escala de identidade étnica nos adolescentes mapuche no Chile

Resumen (analítico) Los estudios evidencian que la identidad étnica es un factor protector para sociedades con relaciones interétnicas e interculturales desiguales. Sin embargo, los instrumentos para su medición presentan escasas validaciones psicométricas en contextos indígenas chilenos y latinoamericanos. El estudio evaluó las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Identidad Étnica en una muestra de 501 adolescentes indígenas mapuche con una edad promedio de 15.63 años. Los análisis factoriales exploratorios y confirmatorios evidenciaron una estructura factorial coincidente con la propuesta teórica de tres factores (exploración, resolución y afirmación), la cual explicó el 76 % de la varianza. El análisis de fiabilidad indicó un alfa ordinal de .90 para la escala total y el análisis correlacional demostró validez externa. Se concluyó que la escala presenta evidencia psicométrica para su uso en población adolescente mapuche.

Abstract (analytical) Recent studies evidence that ethnic identity is a protective factor for interethnic and intercultural societies with unequal relations. The tools that measure ethnic identity have limited psychometric validations for indigenous Chilean and Latin American populations. This study evaluated the psychometric properties of the ethnic identity scale with a sample of Mapuche indigenous adolescents consisting of 501 students with an average age of 15.63, through which exploratory and confirmatory factorial analyses were performed. The factorial assessment results showed strong internal reliability. The suitability of the three factors included in the theoretical proposal (exploration, resolution and affirmation) explained 76% of the variance. The reliability measures indicated a .90 value for the ordinal alpha and the correlations demonstrated external validity. It is concluded that the EIS presents sufficient psychometric evidence for use in the Mapuche adolescent population.

Resumo (analítico) Estudos mostram que a identidade étnica é um fator de proteção para sociedades com relações interétnicas e interculturais desiguais. No entanto, os instrumentos para a sua medição apresentam pouca validação psicométrica nos contextos indígenas chilenos e latino-americanos. O estudo avaliou as propriedades psicométricas da escala de identidade étnica numa amostra de 501 adolescentes Mapuche indígenas com uma idade média de 15.63 anos. As análises exploratórias e confirmatórias dos fatores mostraram uma estrutura de fatorial que coincidia com a proposta teórica de três fatores (exploração, resolução e afirmação), o que explicava 76% da variância. A análise de fiabilidade indicou um alfa ordinal de .90 para a escala total e a análise correlacional demonstrou a validade externa. Concluiu-se que a EIE apresenta provas psicométricas para uso na população adolescente Mapuche.

Satisfaction with life and with food-related life in central Chile / Satisfacción con la vida y la alimentación en la zona central de Chile

BACKGROUND: Eating is one of the most frequent human behaviors, but there are few studies that relate eating and subjective well-being. Typologies of people were distinguished and characterized according to their level of satisfaction with life and food in central Chile. METHOD: A survey was applied to a sample of 1,277 people in the main municipalities of this area, distributed proportionally by municipality. The questionnaire included the SWLS scales (Satisfaction with Life Scale), SWFL (Satisfaction with Food-related Life), Health-Related Quality of Life Index (HRQOL), Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS), and respondents' demographic characteristics and eating habits were also ascertained. RESULTS: Using hierarchical cluster analysis, three typologies were distinguished with significant differences in the scores on the SWLS, SWFL, SHS, self-perception of health, days with physical or mental problems in the last month, sociodemographic characteristics and frequency with which the family eats together. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that a higher level of general subjective well-being, and eating is associated with better health, greater family interaction around meals, higher levels of happiness, and with some sociodemographic characteristics

ANTECEDENTES: la alimentación es uno de los comportamientos humanos más frecuentes, pero aun son escasos los estudios que relacionan la alimentación y el bienestar subjetivo. Se distinguieron y caracterizaron tipologías según su nivel de satisfacción con la vida y con la alimentación en la zona central de Chile. MÉTODO: se aplicó una encuesta a una muestra de 1.277 personas de las principales comunas de esta zona, distribuidas proporcionalmente por comuna. El cuestionario incluyó las escalas SWLS (Satisfaction with Life Scale), SWFL (Satisfaction with Food-related Life), el índice de calidad de vida relativo a la salud (ICVRS), la escala de felicidad subjetiva (SHS) y, se consultaron características demográficas y hábitos alimentarios de los encuestados. RESULTADOS: mediante análisis de conglomerados jerárquicos se distinguieron tres tipologías con diferencias significativas en los puntajes de la SWLS, SWFL, SHS, auto percepción de la salud, días con problemas físicos o mentales en el último mes, características sociodemográficas y en la frecuencia de comidas junto a la familia. CONCLUSIONES: los resultados sugieren que un mayor nivel de bienestar subjetivo general y con la alimentación se asocia con una mejor salud, superior interacción familiar en torno a la comida, mayor nivel de felicidad y con algunas características sociodemográficas

Satisfaction with life and with food-related life in central Chile.

BACKGROUND: Eating is one of the most frequent human behaviors, but there are few studies that relate eating and subjective well-being. Typologies of people were distinguished and characterized according to their level of satisfaction with life and food in central Chile. METHOD: A survey was applied to a sample of 1,277 people in the main municipalities of this area, distributed proportionally by municipality. The questionnaire included the SWLS scales (Satisfaction with Life Scale), SWFL (Satisfaction with Food-related Life), Health-Related Quality of Life Index (HRQOL), Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS), and respondents' demographic characteristics and eating habits were also ascertained. RESULTS: Using hierarchical cluster analysis, three typologies were distinguished with significant differences in the scores on the SWLS, SWFL, SHS, self-perception of health, days with physical or mental problems in the last month, sociodemographic characteristics and frequency with which the family eats together. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that a higher level of general subjective well-being, and eating is associated with better health, greater family interaction around meals, higher levels of happiness, and with some sociodemographic characteristics.

Representaciones sociales sobre pobreza en estudiantes universitarios chilenos / Social representations of poverty in university students

El propósito del estudio fue determinar y describir las representaciones sociales de estudiantes universitarios chilenos sobre pobreza, sus causas y soluciones. Se empleó la Técnica de Redes Semánticas Naturales (Valdez, 1998), el instrumento se aplicó a 121 estudiantes de las Facultades de Educación y Humanidades y Medicina de la Universidad de La Frontera. Los análisis fueron realizados en base a los valores que arrojan las redes semánticas. Los resultados dan cuenta de contenidos comunes en las representaciones sociales de ambos grupos, matizadas probablemente por la formación académica, observando diferencias en relación a la importancia que asignan a factores de carácter histórico y social. Los hallazgos se discuten en relación a aspectos estructurales del pensamiento.

The purpose of the study was to determine and describe the social representations of Chilean university students about poverty, its causes and solutions. We used the technique of semantic network (Valdez, 1998), we applied the instrument to 121 students from the Faculties of Education and Humanities and Medicine of the University of La Frontera. The analyses were carried out based on values of the semantics network. The results indicate common contents in the social representations of both groups, probably nuanced by academic formation; we observed differences among students groups related to the importance that they assigned to historic and social factors. We discussed the results about structural aspects thoughts.