Waterborne ammonia and silver catfish, Rhamdia quelen: survival and growth / Sobrevivência e crescimento de jundiá, Rhamdia quelen, exposto à amônia

The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of waterborne un-ionized ammonia (NH3) on the survival and growth of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen). Juveniles were exposed to 0.10, 0.22, and 0.42mg L-1 NH3 at pH 8.2 for 45 days. After 15 days, a significant mortality rate (33 percent) was observed in the fish exposed to 0.42mg L-1 NH3. After 20 days, 23 percent and 43 percent mortality (both significant) was observed in fish exposed to 0.22 and 0.42mg L-1 NH3, respectively. A significant negative relationship between survival, length, daily weight gain, standard growth rate, and biomass of juveniles of silver catfish per tank with waterborne NH3 levels was found at the end of the experiment. The resulting survival and waterborne NH3 relationship indicated that, to avoid any mortality of silver catfish, the maximum level of chronic NH3 exposure at pH 8.2 would be 0.01mg L-1.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar o efeito da amônia não ionizada (NH3) da água na sobrevivência e no crescimento de jundiá, Rhamdia quelen. Os juvenis foram expostos a 0,10; 0,22 e 0,42mg L-1 NH3 em pH 8,2 durante 45 dias. Após 15 dias, uma mortalidade significativa (33 por cento) foi observada nos exemplares expostos a 0,42mg L-1 NH3. Depois de 20 dias, 23 por cento e 43 por cento de mortalidade (ambas significativas) foram registradas nos jundiás mantidos em 0,22 e 0,42mg L-1 NH3, respectivamente. Uma relação negativa significativa entre sobrevivência, comprimento, ganho de peso diário, taxa de crescimento padrão e biomassa por tanque de juvenis de jundiá, com níveis de NH3 da água, foi encontrada ao final do experimento. A relação entre a sobrevivência e a amônia da água indicou que o nível máximo de NH3 em pH 8,2 para evitar qualquer mortalidade de jundiás em uma exposição crônica deve ser 0,01mg L-1.

Biochemical effects of clomazone herbicide on piava (Leporinus obtusidens).

This study aims to verify the effects of the clomazone concentration used in rice fields on acetylcholinesterase (AChE), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), protein carbonyl and catalase activity in tissues of piava (Leporinus obtusidens). LC(50)-96h was 5.0 mg L(-1) and the fish were exposed to 1/10 of LC(50)-96 h: 0.5 mg L(-1) of clomazone for 96 and 192h. The same parameters were also assayed after a recovery period of 192 h in clean water. AChE activity was reduced only in the brain and heart of fish exposed for 96 h. AChE activity was decreased in the brain, muscle and heart tissues after 192 h of exposure. After 192 h of recovery period, AChE activity remained diminished in brain and muscle and showed a decrease in eye. However, after 192 h of recovery, AChE activity in heart was recovered. Fish showed increased TBARS levels in brain at all experimental periods. TBARS levels decreased in liver and muscle tissues after 192 h of exposure. The increase in muscle TBARS persisted in fish transferred to clean water. Protein carbonyl in the liver was increased in all periods studied including the recovery period. Catalase activity was reduced during all periods. The present study demonstrates the occurrence of disorders in AChE, TBARS, protein carbonyl and catalase activity in piava. The results also show changes in fish after exposure to an environmentally relevant concentration of clomazone. Most effects observed persisted after the recovery period. Thus, these parameters may be used to monitor clomazone toxicity in fish.

Acute effects of glyphosate herbicide on metabolic and enzymatic parameters of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen).

Silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen; Teleostei) were exposed to commercial formulation Roundup, a glyphosate herbicide: 0 (control), 0.2 or 0.4 mg/L for 96 h. Fish exposed to glyphosate showed an increase in hepatic glycogen, but a reduction in muscle glycogen at both concentrations tested. Glucose decreased in liver and increased in muscle of fish at both herbicide concentrations. Glyphosate exposure increased lactate levels in liver and white muscle at both concentrations. Protein levels increased in liver and decreased in white muscle while levels of ammonia in both tissues increased in fish at both glyphosate concentrations. Specific AChE activity was reduced in brain after treatments, no changes were observed in muscle tissue. Catalase activity in liver did not change during of exposure. Fish exposed to glyphosate demonstrated increased TBARS production in muscle tissue at both concentrations tested. For both glyphosate concentrations tested brain showed a reduction of TBARS after 96 h of exposure. The present results showed that in 96 h, glyphosate changed AChE activity, metabolic parameters and TBARS production. The parameters measured can be used as herbicide toxicity indicators considering environmentally relevant concentration.

Lethal concentration of clomazone, metsulfuron-metil, and quinclorac for silver catfish, Rhamdia quelen, fingerlings

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a concentração letal (CL50 96h) de clomazone, metsulfuron-metil e quinclorac, herbicidas utilizados no cultivo de arroz, para alevinos de jundiá, Rhamdia quelen. Alevinos foram expostos a diferentes concentrações destes herbicidas. A CL50 foi 7,32µL L-1 para clomazone e 395mg L-1 para quinclorac. A CL50 para metsulfuron-metil não foi encontrada porque todos os alevinos sobreviveram mesmo à concentração de 1200mg L-1. Provavelmente apenas o clomazone pode provocar alguma mortalidade em jundiás mantidos em rizipiscicultura.