Study on significance of pillar dimensions on stability of caverns in rocks with high overburden.

The present study aims to examine the influence of pillar widths on the stability of caverns. Case study considering two caverns viz. Powerhouse Cavern (PHC) and Transformerhall Cavern (TC), in a major hydro-electric project in the eastern Himalayas is considered. 2D and 3D numerical analysis was carried out for w/B ratios 1.5 and 3.0 respectively. Primary aspects like major principal stress and development of plastic zone were investigated for the two pillar widths. An optimum pillar width was observed that resulted in reduced stress acting along the cavern periphery, a better stress distribution, and no overlap of plastic zones between the caverns. Further, the optimum pillar width resulted in a better stress-redistribution with progress of excavation and the in-situ stress became constant at an earlier stage of excavation. Observations from comparative analysis revealed that a pillar width nearly equal to the largest dimension or twice the width of the larger of the caverns in the group resulted in a better stability and hence can be considered as the optimum width. Furthermore, the analysis suggests that along the pillar width, maximum stress was observed at mid-height, and it is more in the vicinity of the face of the caverns.

Empirical relation to evaluate blast induced crack development zone while using explosives of different detonation pressure in opencast bench blasting.

The optimum utilisation of explosive energy in the rock blasting operation is a prime challenge for the blast designers. The explosive energy in this operation is used for movement of burden. The optimum fracturing of the rock mass to meet the production demand takes place along tension. In the process of blasting, the detonation pressure of the explosives in the blasthole induces shock wave to the rock mass. The propagating shock wave is initially compressive in nature and becomes tensile after being reflected from the free face. The extent of tensile damage zone would give the optimum burden for blasting. The explosive properties along with the rock mass properties and charge configuration influences the extent of tensile damage zone. In this study, an empirical relation has been developed for estimation of blast induced tensile damage zone. The experimental trials were conducted at a coal mine using two different types of explosives for the validation of the developed empirical relation. The ground vibration predictors were developed using the data of experimental trials. The induced damage zone was computed using empirical relation proposed by Forsyth (1993) and developed ground vibration predictors. The estimated damage zone using developed empirical predictor and Forsyth relation were compared. The difference in the induced damage zone using two approaches is within 10%. The predicted values using developed empirical relation are accurate with RMSE value of 0.227 m. Hence, the developed empirical relation would be beneficial for estimation of blast induced crack zone.

Single-wavelength bidirectional 4-core MCF self-homodyne coherent link.

In this paper, we propose and demonstrate a single-wavelength bidirectional self-homodyne coherent (SHC) link over a 125 µm cladding diameter based multicore fiber (MCF). The 4-core MCF based link efficiently uses two cores for each direction of propagation. In either direction, one of the cores carries a dual-polarized 40 Gbaud 16-QAM signal, and the second core carries a 40 Gbaud 16-QAM signal in one of the polarizations with the carrier multiplexed in its orthogonal polarization. Thus, a 480 Gbps data transmission rate is achieved in either direction of propagation over the 12.8 km long 4-core MCF. The SHC link operates at the same wavelength for each of the directions and eliminates the need for reconfigurable transceivers. A low-cost DFB laser (linewidth = 1 MHz) is used to demonstrate the bidirectional link, and the bit error rates (BERs) of the received signals are <5.5×10-4. With higher baud rates, this approach can meet the capacity requirements of future short-reach data center interconnects (DCIs).

Trauma and children: Exploring posttraumatic growth among school children impacted by armed conflict in Kashmir.

Despite a growing body of literature showing evidence of posttraumatic growth (PTG) in adult populations from various cultures, very few studies have examined PTG among children, particularly from conflict zones in South Asia. Given this situation, the present study examined PTG among 815 school children of 12 to 18 years age, who had lost one or both parents as a result of protracted armed conflict in Kashmir, India. In a cross-sectional study, the hypothesized relationship of core beliefs challenges, religious coping, religious commitment, sociocultural context, and some demographic variables with posttraumatic growth (PTG) were examined. Results suggest that sociocultural context, core beliefs challenges, and religious coping predicted PTG, thus affirming the role of sociocultural environment in the development of PTG among children. Practical implications and future directions are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Effect of aluminum content on detonation velocity and density of emulsion explosives.

The performance of nonideal explosives, such as emulsion explosives, can be altered by metal powders like aluminum (Al) while keeping their other components the same. The high demand of emulsions coupled with various specific requirements, recommends a study on the performance of explosives. A research study on the detonation velocity of emulsion explosives variation with varying Al content in the emulsion matrix was carried out. The Al content in the emulsion matrix was varied from 0 to 20% and the corresponding density and detonation velocity (confined and unconfined) were measured. The misfire of emulsion explosives occurred at 20% Al content both in confined and unconfined conditions. The paper also focuses on the emulsion's density dependence on different Al content. The variation of density observed was in the range from 1.16 to 1.42 g/cc. The results obtained can be used by blasting engineers to design higher explosives.

Two-Way Patient Monitoring in PD: Technical Description of Sharesource.

The SHARESOURCE platform was designed to transform how clinicians approach dialysis by empowering them to focus on improving clinical decision making for their patients. Sharesource supports remote patient management through secure communication with Baxter's AMIA, HOMECHOICE CLARIA and KAGUYA peritoneal dialysis cyclers. Sharesource organizes and presents the treatment data to the clinician in a timely manner for assessment, allowing the clinician to review the treatment results, assess the therapy, and evaluate patient status and compliance. If the clinician determines that a change to the patient's therapy is required, Sharesource provides the clinician the ability to act on that assessment by updating the patient's device settings that can be communicated to the cycler in time for the patient's next treatment.

In vitro and in vivo antidiabetic effect of extracts of Melia azedarach, Zanthoxylum alatum, and Tanacetum nubigenum.

BACKGROUND: To investigate the antidiabetic effect of Himalayan Medicinal plants from India viz. Melia azedarach (Family: Meliaceae), Zanthoxylum alatum (Family: Rutaceae), Tanacetum nubigenum (Family: Asteraceae) using in-vitro as well as in-vivo approaches. METHODS: Their effects were examined on stimulation of glucose uptake by C2C12 cultured cell line, inhibitory effect on human recombinant Protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B (PTP-1B) and followed by the hypoglycaemic activity of extracts in Streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. RESULTS: All prepared extracts had been found to enrich with polyphenolic, flavonoids, terpenoids, anthraquinones and saponins type of compounds. n-Butanol fraction of Zanthoxylum alatum showed maximum PTP-1B inhibition (61.9%) whereas ethanol extract of Tanacetum nubigenum showed strong stimulation of glucose uptake (+61.2%) in C2Cl2 myotubes. In STZ induced Sprague-Dawley rats, significant decrease in blood glucose level was observed in ethanol extract of Melia azaderach treated group as 14.8% (p < 0.01) whereas in the ethanol extract of Tanacetum nubigenum treated group, it was observed as 15.5% (p < 0.01) compare to metformin which showed 26.8% (p < 0.01) lowering of blood glucose in the same time duration of 5 h study. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that these plants have a significant therapeutic value in type-2-diabetes mellitus and related complications thus supporting their traditional uses in Indian traditional system of medicine.

Relation of Bone Mineral Density with Homocysteine and Cathepsin K levels in Postmenopausal Women.

BACKGROUND: Homocysteine (HCY) interferes with collagen cross-linking in bones and stimulates osteoclast activity. The activated osteoclasts secrete cathepsin K (CathK), a cysteine protease, in eminent quantity during bone resorption. Hyperhomocysteinemia may effect bone mineral density (BMD) through CathK. We, therefore, examined the relation between HCY and BMD along with CathK, 25-hydroxyvit-D (25[OH]D), intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), and Vitamin B12. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We recruited a total of 93 postmenopausal women between the age group of 45-60 years, attending the Endocrinology outpatient department at King George's Medical University, Lucknow. BMD was done by DXA scan using Hologic QDR1000 system. Based on the WHO criteria, patients were segregated into three groups as follows; normal bone mass, osteopenia, and osteoporosis. All women underwent routine biochemical laboratory parameters, HCY, Vitamin B12, and CathK levels. RESULTS: Among 93 postmenopausal women, 56% (52) had osteoporosis. Nineteen percent (18) had normal BMD (mean age, 53.22 ± 8.5 years) and 23 (25%) had osteopenia (mean age 52.86 ± 6.67 years). The mean age in the osteoporetic group was 56.2 ± 6.9 years. The median (interquartile range) levels of HCY in the three groups were 14.5 µmol/L (12.2-24.7), 15.05 µmol/L (12.1-19.9) and 13.2 µmol/L (10.3-17.0), respectively. CathK levels were similar in three groups 7.6 ng/ml (7.0-80.5), 8.3 ng/ml (7.3-8.5), and 8.6 ng/ml (7.2-8.9). Both HCY and CathK were found positively associated with serum phosphorus (r = 0.584, P < 2.01 and r = 0.249, P < 0.05, respectively). Levels of HCY positively correlate with PTH (r = 0.303, P < 0.01) and inversely with Vitamin B12 (r = -0.248, P < 0.05). No significant association was seen between CathK level and 25(OH) D, iPTH, serum calcium. CONCLUSION: Low bone mass by DXA is a significant problem in postmenopausal females. HCY and CathK do not reliably correlate with bone loss in postmenopausal women although phosphorus metabolism may play a role.

Prevalence of pulmonary artery hypertension in patients of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and its correlation with stages of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, exercising capacity, and quality of life.

BACKGROUND: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a complication of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in advance stages, and its presence indicates poor prognosis. AIMS AND OBJECTIVE: The present study was design to know the prevalence of PAH in patients with COPD and its correlation with stages of COPD, exercising capacity, and quality of life. MATERIALS AND METHODS: It is a cross-sectional prevalence study over a period of 1 year from August 2015 to July 2016. The study included 109 COPD patients, diagnosed by spirometry, and severity was determined according Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) classification criteria. Screening two-dimensional echocardiography was done to determine pulmonary arterial hypertension and exercising capacity assessed by 6 min walk test (6MWT) while the quality of life was assessed by St George respiratory Questionnaire for COPD (SGRQ-C) Questionnaires. RESULTS: Out of 109 patients, PAH was present in 68 (62.4%) cases consisting of mild grade 41 (37.6%), moderate grade 11 (10.1%), and severe grade 16 (14.7%). In GOLD A stage, there were 20 cases of mild PAH and Stage B included 18 cases of mild and 3 cases of moderate PAH. Stage C had 3 cases of mild and 8 cases of moderate PAH while Stage D had 16 cases of severe PAH. In 6MWT, patients with severe grade PAH fail to perform the test while patients with mild to moderate PAH walked short distance. In SGRQ-C Questionnaires symptom, activity, impact, and total score were high with the severity of PAH. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of PAH in COPD was significant. Therefore, every COPD patient should be evaluated for PAH.

Nutrition for diabetic retinopathy: plummeting the inevitable threat of diabetic vision loss.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is among the leading causes of preventable blindness. Hyperglycemia, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and anemia majorly predispose its pathogenesis. The current treatment modalities of DR include laser photocoagulation therapy, intravitreal corticosteroids, intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents and vitreo-retinal surgery which are costly, highly invasive, unproven for prolonged use and opted in advanced stages of DR. By then retina already encounters a vast damage. Nutrients by their natural physiological, biochemical and molecular action can preserve retinal structure and functions by interfering with the various pathological steps prompting DR incidence, thereby altering the risk of developing this ocular morbidity. Nutrients can also play a central role in DR patients resistant towards the conventional medical treatments. However due to the byzantine interplay existing between nutrients and DR, the worth of nutrition in curbing this vision-threatening ocular morbidity remains silent. This review highlights how nutrients can halt DR development. A nutritional therapy, if adopted in the initial stages, can provide superior-efficacy over the current treatment modalities and can be a complementary, inexpensive, readily available, anodyne option to the clinically unmet requirement for preventing DR. Assessment of nutritional status is presently considered relevant in various clinical conditions except DR. Body Mass Index (BMI) conferred inconclusive results in DR subjects. Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) of nutritional status has recently furnished relevant association with DR status. By integrating nutritional strategies, the risk of developing DR can be reduced substantially. This review summarizes the subsisting knowledge on nutrition, potentially beneficial for preventing DR and sustaining good vision among diabetic subjects.

Apolipoprotein A-I and B and Subjective Global Assessment relationship can reflect lipid defects in diabetic retinopathy.

OBJECTIVE: Elevated lipid levels increase complications of diabetic retinopathy (DR). Uncontrolled diabetes increases these complications and causes unintentional weight loss, indicating an apparently normal body mass index (BMI). Thus, it is easy to assume that patients with DR and a normal BMI have optimal lipid status. Apolipoprotein (Apo) A-I and Apo B levels differentially indicate serum lipid status in DR. Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) scores are associated with DR status. If SGA scores and serum Apo A-I and B levels are found to be interrelated, their relationship can reflect lipid defects in patients with DR despite apparently normal BMI. The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible relationship between serum Apo A-I and B levels and SGA scores of patients with DR. METHOD: This was a case-control study conducted from November 2011 to April 2014. Serum Apo A-I and B levels and SGA scores were calculated for 40 healthy controls, 48 individuals without DR, 49 nonproliferative DR cases, and 48 proliferative DR cases. Pearson's correlation analysis was applied between Apo A-I, Apo B, Apo B/Apo A-I ratio, and SGA scores. RESULTS: Negative correlation was observed between serum Apo A-I level (r = -0.567, P < 0.001) and positive correlation between serum Apo B level (r = 0.451, P < 0.001) and Apo B/Apo A-I ratio (r = 0.597, P < 0.001) with escalating SGA scores. CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, this is the first study to report a novel correlation between serum Apo A-I, Apo B and Apo B/Apo A-I ratio and SGA scores. SGA scores can help predict lipid abnormalities in patients with DR even when they have an apparently normal BMI.

Symplocos cochinchinensis enhances insulin sensitivity via the down regulation of lipogenesis and insulin resistance in high energy diet rat model.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: This plant has been utilized in Indian system of medicine for treatment of diabetes. This is clearly evident from the composition of Ayurvedic preparation for diabetes 'Nisakathakadi Kashayam' where this is one of the main ingredients of this preparation AIM OF THE STUDY: The study aims in elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying the insulin sensitizing effects of Symplocos cochinchinensis ethanol extract (SCE) using a high fructose and saturated fat (HFS) fed insulin resistant rat model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Experimental groups consisted of normal diet (ND), ND+SCE 500mg/kg bwd, HFS+vehicle, HFS+metformin 100mg/kg bwd, HFS+SCE 250/500mg/kg bwd. Initially the animals were kept under HFS diet for 8 weeks, and at the end of 8 week period, animals were found to develop insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. Post-administration of SCE, metformin or vehicle were carried out for 3 weeks. Gene and protein expressions relevant to insulin signalling pathway were analysed. RESULTS: HFS significantly altered the normal physiology of animals via proteins and genes relevant to metabolism like stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD1), sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP-1c), fatty acid synthase (FAS), glucose 6 phosphatase (G6Pase), phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2), protein tyrosine phosphatse 1B (PTP1B), peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (PPAR alpha), sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and glucokinase. SCE administration attenuates the insulin resistance in HFS rat by the down regulation of SCD1 gene expression that modulates SREBP-1c dependent and independent hepatic lipid accumulation. CONCLUSION: SCE enhances insulin sensitivity via the down regulation of lipogenesis and insulin resistance in HFS rat model.

W-band photonic-wireless link with a Schottky diode envelope detector and bend insensitive fiber.

The performance and potential of a W-band radio-over-fiber link is analyzed, including a characterization of the wireless channel. The presented setup focuses on minimizing complexity in the radio frequency domain, using a passive radio frequency transmitter and a Schottky diode based envelope detector. Performance is experimentally validated with carriers at 75-87GHz over wireless distances of 30-70m. Finally the necessity for and impact of bend insensitive fiber for on-site installation are discussed and experimentally investigated.

Antidiabetic Potential of Potentilla fulgens Roots in Validated Animal Models of Diabetes

The present study was undertaken to investigate the antidiabetic potential of tap roots of Potentilla fulgens in streptozotocin induced diabetic rat models. The crude powder, ethanolic, ethanolic: aqueous and aqueous extracts of tap roots were administered to normoglycemic- and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats in a single dose study. The ethanolic extract showed significant improvement in oral glucose tolerance and antihyperglycemic effect on sucrose loaded normal rats and STZ-induced diabetic rats. Of the isolated aqueous, n-butanol, chloroform and n-hexane soluble fractions of the active ethanolic extract of the roots, the aqueous fraction (100 mg/kg body weight) showed significant blood glucose lowering effect on STZ-induced diabetic rats. In a multiple dose study, aqueous fraction of ethanolic extract of P. fulgens roots significantly improved the body weight, percent glycated hemoglobin (%HbA1c), fasting blood glucose, oral glucose tolerance (OGTT), serum insulin, lipid profile, liver and kidney parameters in STZ-induced diabetic rats. The aqueous fraction also showed marked improvement in OGTT and serum insulin level in neonatal STZ-induced diabetic rats for 30 consecutive days. The aqueous fraction of the roots also inhibited the activity of alpha (α)-glucosidase enzyme in a dose dependent manner. In conclusion, the finding suggested that an aqueous fraction of tap roots of P. fulgens possessed potential antidiabetic activity.

Rhabdomyolysis and acute kidney injury in dengue fever.

Rhabdomyolysis is a rare but potentially lethal complication of severe dengue fever. We present a case of 21-year-old man with fever, bodyache and black coloured and decreasing amount of urine. He was positive for NS1 (non-structural protein-1) antigen and IgM antibody for dengue. Platelet count was below 20 × 10(9)/L and kidney function test was deranged. Urine was positive for myoglobin. The patient was managed emergently on conservative lines and improved in 10 days. Rhabdomyolysis should always be kept in mind in a patient with severe dengue, as its early detection and prompt management can prevent further progression to acute renal failure.

Interrelationship of elevated serum Advanced Glycation End-product levels and malnutrition (Subjective Global Assessment) scores with the severity of retinopathy in type II diabetes.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Hyperglycemia in diabetes causes endogenous formation of Advanced Glycation End-products (AGEs) which accumulate in various body parts including retina causing diabetic retinopathy. AGEs also originate from exogenous dietary sources contributing to the body's AGE pool. Currently, curing of diabetic retinopathy is mainly focused on medication, surgical or laser interventions and not much emphasis is given on preventing or halting its occurrence or advancement to more severe stages, nutritionally. Planning a 'low glycemic index-low AGE' diet therapy for diabetic subjects can reduce endogenous and exogenous origin AGEs in the body and help in controlling retinopathy. Sound and accurate assessment of nutritional status is a crucial step for planning a therapeutic diet for this condition. As this aspect has not gained sufficient attention till now we are assessing the association of serum Advanced Glycation End-product (AGE) levels with the severity of diabetic retinopathy and for the first time estimating the nutritional status of subjects with this eye disorder for long term patient care. METHODS: This was a tertiary care centre-based, case-control study involving sixty three consecutive cases with diabetes divided as 21 cases with diabetes but no retinopathy, 21 cases with non proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), 21 cases with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) along with 21 healthy controls. Serum AGE levels of all the cases and controls were evaluated by Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA) and nutritional status was assessed by anthropometric measurements and SGA scores. RESULTS: Serum AGE levels were found significantly elevated in PDR group when compared with no retinopathy (p < 0.05) and control (p < 0.001) group. Control group was also significantly different from (p < 0.05) from NPDR group. Increase in SGA scores was statistically significant amongst the four study groups though other indices of nutritional status showed no definite trend with the increasing severity of retinopathy. CONCLUSION: Our study shows that serum AGE levels are potential risk markers of diabetic retinopathy and SGA can be used as a regular tool for the assessment of nutritional status of diabetic retinopathy subjects which will help planning a 'low glycemic index-low AGE' therapeutic diet for halting this morbidity.

Arterial thrombosis in "protein C deficiency"--a rare event.

We report here a case of a 35 year old male with protein C deficiency who presented with acute right sided hemiparesis with right sided facial palsy due to cerebral arterial thrombosis. He was treated with anticoagulation therapy and improved. This case is interesting as arterial thrombosis is rarely observed event in protein C deficiency.

Antidiabetic property of Symplocos cochinchinensis is mediated by inhibition of alpha glucosidase and enhanced insulin sensitivity.

The study is designed to find out the biochemical basis of antidiabetic property of Symplocos cochinchinensis (SC), the main ingredient of 'Nisakathakadi' an Ayurvedic decoction for diabetes. Since diabetes is a multifactorial disease, ethanolic extract of the bark (SCE) and its fractions (hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and 90% ethanol) were evaluated by in vitro methods against multiple targets relevant to diabetes such as the alpha glucosidase inhibition, glucose uptake, adipogenic potential, oxidative stress, pancreatic beta cell proliferation, inhibition of protein glycation, protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B (PTP-1B) and dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV). Among the extracts, SCE exhibited comparatively better activity like alpha glucosidase inhibition (IC50 value-82.07 ± 2.10 µg/mL), insulin dependent glucose uptake (3 fold increase) in L6 myotubes, pancreatic beta cell regeneration in RIN-m5F (3.5 fold increase) and reduced triglyceride accumulation (22% decrease) in 3T3L1 cells, protection from hyperglycemia induced generation of reactive oxygen species in HepG2 cells (59.57% decrease) with moderate antiglycation and PTP-1B inhibition. Chemical characterization by HPLC revealed the superiority of SCE over other extracts due to presence and quantity of bioactives (beta-sitosterol, phloretin 2'glucoside, oleanolic acid) in addition to minerals like magnesium, calcium, potassium, sodium, zinc and manganese. So SCE has been subjected to oral sucrose tolerance test to evaluate its antihyperglycemic property in mild diabetic and diabetic animal models. SCE showed significant antihyperglycemic activity in in vivo diabetic models. We conclude that SC mediates the antidiabetic activity mainly via alpha glucosidase inhibition, improved insulin sensitivity, with moderate antiglycation and antioxidant activity.

Symplocos cochinchinensis attenuates streptozotocin-diabetes induced pathophysiological alterations of liver, kidney, pancreas and eye lens in rats.

The beneficial effects of hydroethanol extract of Symplocos cochinchinensis (SCE) has been explored against hyperglycemia associated secondary complications in streptozotocin induced diabetic rat model. The experimental groups consist of normal control (NC), diabetic control (DC), DC + metformin 100 mg kg(-1) bwd, DC + SCE 250 and DC + SCE 500. SCEs and metformin were administered daily for 21 days and sacrificed on day 22. Oral glucose tolerance test, plasma insulin, % HbA1c, urea, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, albumin, total protein etc. were analysed. Aldose reductase (AR) activity in the eye lens was also checked. On day 21, DC rats showed significantly abnormal glucose response, HOMA-IR, % HbA1c, decreased activity of antioxidant enzymes and GSH, elevated AR activity, hepatic and renal oxidative stress markers like malondialdehyde, protein carbonyls compared to NC. DC rats also exhibited increased level of plasma urea and creatinine. Treatment with SCE protected from the deleterious alterations of biochemical parameters in a dose dependent manner including histopathological alterations in pancreas. SCE 500 exhibited 46.28% of glucose lowering effect and decreased HOMA-IR (2.47), % HbA1c (6.61), lens AR activity (15.99%), and hepatic, renal oxidative stress and function markers compared to DC group. Considerable amount of liver and muscle glycogen was replenished by SCE treatment in diabetic animals. Although metformin showed better effect, the activity of SCE was very much comparable with this drug.

Choroid plexus papilloma of posterior third ventricle: A case report and review of literature.

Choroid plexus papillomas (CPPs) are rare intracranial neoplasms, especially in the third ventricle. The most common site of presentation of these lesions is in the fourth ventricle in adults and lateral ventricles in children. We report a male child with a posterior third ventricular CPP who presented with the symptoms of increased intracranial pressure. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed hydrocephalus related to a mass in the posterior third ventricle, occluding the aqueduct of Sylvius. After endoscopic third ventriculostomy, tumor was approached through the infratentorial-supracerebellar approach and completely excised. Pathological examination revealed a typical CPP. This entity should be considered an extremely rare cause of a lesion in the posterior third ventricle.