Patterns of asexual reproduction of the soybean aphid, Aphis glycines (Matsumura), with and without the secondary symbionts Wolbachia and Arsenophonus, on susceptible and resistant soybean genotypes.

Plant breeding is used to develop crops with host resistance to aphids, however, virulent biotypes often develop that overcome host resistance genes. We tested whether the symbionts, Arsenophonus (A) and Wolbachia (W), affect virulence and fecundity in soybean aphid biotypes Bt1 and Bt3 cultured on whole plants and detached leaves of three resistant, Rag1, Rag2 and Rag1 + 2, and one susceptible, W82, soybean genotypes. Whole plants and individual aphid experiments of A. glycines with and without Arsenophonus and Wolbachia did not show differences in overall fecundity. Differences were observed in peak fecundity, first day of deposition, and day of maximum nymph deposition of individual aphids on detached leaves. Bt3 had higher fecundity than Bt1 on detached leaves of all plant genotypes regardless of bacterial profile. Symbionts did not affect peak fecundity of Bt1 but increased it in Bt3 (A+W+) and all Bt3 strains began to deposit nymphs earlier than the Bt1 (A+W-). Arsenophonus in Bt1 delayed the first day of nymph deposition in comparison to aposymbiotic Bt1 except when reared on Rag1 + 2. For the Bt1 and Bt3 strains, symbionts did not result in a significant difference in the day they deposited the maximum number of nymphs nor was there a difference in survival or variability in number of nymphs deposited. Variability of number of aphids deposited was higher in aphids feeding on resistant plant genotypes. The impact of Arsenophonus on soybean aphid patterns of fecundity was dependent on the aphid biotype and plant genotype. Wolbachia alone had no detectable impact but may have contributed to the increased fecundity of Bt3 (A+W+). An individual based model, using data from the detached leaves experiment and with intraspecific competition removed, found patterns similar to those observed in the greenhouse and growth chamber experiments including a significant interaction between soybean genotype and aphid strain. Combining individual data with the individual based model of population growth isolated the impact of fecundity and host resistance from intraspecific competition and host health. Changes to patterns of fecundity, influenced by the composition and concentration of symbionts, may contribute to competitive interactions among aphid genotypes and influence selection on virulent aphid populations.

Images: Rhythmic movement disorder in a normal developing child with obstructive sleep apnea.

CITATION: Children can exhibit a plethora of strange movements during sleep. Asymptomatic rhythmic movements of the head, neck, and trunk can be normal. When these interfere with sleep or cause self-injury, it is pathologic and termed rhythmic movement disorder. CITATION: Bishara J, Mitacek R. Images: Rhythmic movement disorder in a normal developing child with obstructive sleep apnea. J Clin Sleep Med. 2021;17(10):2137-2139.

Development of a Community-Based Medical Neighborhood for Children with Chronic Conditions.

BACKGROUND: Children with chronic conditions have unmet health needs. Coordinated Healthcare for Complex Kids (CHECK) is a demonstration project with aims to improve health outcomes using an innovative approach to community-based health care. OBJECTIVE: We describe the development and implementation of a community-based medical neighborhood (CBMN). METHODS: The CHECK CBMN used several novel approaches to partner with clinical and community organizations, including care coordination software, advisory board participation, and an external social service referral database (SSRD). RESULTS: The CHECK CBMN executed 25 formal partnership agreements. We hosted 15 advisory board meetings, participated in 43 community events, and made 1,443 community-based social service referrals. We provided 43 trainings on pediatric chronic conditions and participated in four community in-service trainings. CONCLUSIONS: The CHECK CBMN contributes to the understanding of how innovative processes and collaboration can improve care coordination for children with chronic conditions through community and clinical partnerships.

Long-term telemental health prevention interventions for youth: A rapid review.

INTRODUCTION: This rapid review identifies and summarizes the effectiveness of preventative telemental health interventions. It investigates studies conducted between 2010 and 2016 that improve mood and anxiety with long-term follow-up. METHODS: A literature search of three major databases was performed by four reviewers. After citation tracing, 3604 studies were discovered, and twenty of these met the inclusion criteria. Data from the papers were abstracted, assessed for quality, and effect sizes were calculated. RESULTS: Salient information was discussed using the Behavioural Vaccine Model of mental illness prevention. This included key concepts such as efficacy, duration of benefits, sociocultural relevance, professional guidance, peer-to-peer support, adherence, delivery and safety. CONCLUSION: This review suggests there are clear prolonged benefits to using technology in youth mental illness prevention. Although this is a rapidly growing area of investigation in countries around the globe, there is still a dearth of research with long-term follow-up. Future studies should aim to boost engagement by increasing motivational guidance in order to recruit at-risk youth of all demographics into these promising intervention programs.

Penile Erosion in a Paraplegic Man With Indwelling Urinary Catheter and Scrotal Edema.

The chronic use of urinary indwelling catheters is a common practice in the setting of long-term patient care and is associated with numerous complications. More awareness about urogenital trauma from urinary catheterization is needed, as it is as common as symptomatic urinary tract infections. There are a number of preventable measures that can be taken to decrease the risk of mechanical trauma to the urethra and glans penis caused by chronic catheterization. We present a case of a 27-year old paraplegic male needing a chronic indwelling catheter that acquired ventral penile erosion while being cared for in the ICU setting.