61Ni synchrotron radiation-based Mössbauer spectroscopy of nickel-based nanoparticles with hexagonal structure.

We measured the synchrotron-radiation (SR)-based Mössbauer spectra of Ni-based nanoparticles with a hexagonal structure that were synthesised by chemical reduction. To obtain Mössbauer spectra of the nanoparticles without (61)Ni enrichment, we developed a measurement system for (61)Ni SR-based Mössbauer absorption spectroscopy without X-ray windows between the (61)Ni84V16 standard energy alloy and detector. The counting rate of the (61)Ni nuclear resonant scattering in the system was enhanced by the detection of internal conversion electrons and the close proximity between the energy standard and the detector. The spectrum measured at 4 K revealed the internal magnetic field of the nanoparticles was 3.4 ± 0.9 T, corresponding to a Ni atomic magnetic moment of 0.3 Bohr magneton. This differs from the value of Ni3C and the theoretically predicted value of hexagonal-close-packed (hcp)-Ni and suggested the nanoparticle possessed intermediate carbon content between hcp-Ni and Ni3C of approximately 10 atomic % of Ni. The improved (61)Ni Mössbauer absorption measurement system is also applicable to various Ni materials without (61)Ni enrichment, such as Ni hydride nanoparticles.

57Fe polarization-dependent synchrotron Mössbauer spectroscopy using a diamond phase plate and an iron borate nuclear Bragg monochromator.

Energy-domain (57)Fe polarization-dependent synchrotron radiation Mössbauer spectroscopy was developed by using a diamond X-ray phase plate and an iron borate nuclear Bragg monochromator. The former controls the polarization of the incident synchrotron radiation X-rays and the latter filters the (57)Fe-Mössbauer radiation with a narrow bandwidth of ∼3.4 Γ0 (Γ0 ≃ 4.7 neV: natural linewidth of the (57)Fe nucleus) from the broadband synchrotron radiation. The developed nuclear diffraction optics allowed (57)Fe-Mössbauer studies to be performed with various polarization states, i.e. linear polarization, circular polarization and non-polarization. In this paper, the spectrometer system, beam characterization, performance-test experiments and a grazing-incidence Mössbauer measurement of an isotope-enriched ((57)Fe: 95%) iron thin film are described.

High-pressure radiative conductivity of dense silicate glasses with potential implications for dark magmas.

The possible presence of dense magmas at Earth's core-mantle boundary is expected to substantially affect the dynamics and thermal evolution of Earth's interior. However, the thermal transport properties of silicate melts under relevant high-pressure conditions are poorly understood. Here we report in situ high-pressure optical absorption and synchrotron Mössbauer spectroscopic measurements of iron-enriched dense silicate glasses, as laboratory analogues for dense magmas, up to pressures of 85 GPa. Our results reveal a significant increase in absorption coefficients, by almost one order of magnitude with increasing pressure to ~50 GPa, most likely owing to gradual changes in electronic structure. This suggests that the radiative thermal conductivity of dense silicate melts may decrease with pressure and so may be significantly smaller than previously expected under core-mantle boundary conditions. Such dark magmas heterogeneously distributed in the lower mantle would result in significant lateral heterogeneity of heat flux through the core-mantle boundary.

Grazing-incidence synchrotron-radiation 57Fe-Mössbauer spectroscopy using a nuclear Bragg monochromator and its application to the study of magnetic thin films.

Energy-domain grazing-incidence (57)Fe-Mössbauer spectroscopy (E-GIMS) with synchrotron radiation (SR) has been developed to study surface and interface structures of thin films. Highly brilliant (57)Fe-Mössbauer radiation, filtered from SR by a (57)FeBO(3) single-crystal nuclear Bragg monochromator, allows conventional Mössbauer spectroscopy to be performed for dilute (57)Fe in a mirror-like film in any bunch-mode operation of SR. A theoretical and experimental study of the specular reflections from isotope-enriched ((57)Fe: 95%) and natural-abundance ((57)Fe: ∼2%) iron thin films has been carried out to clarify the basic features of the coherent interference between electronic and nuclear resonant scattering of (57)Fe-Mössbauer radiation in thin films. Moreover, a new surface- and interface-sensitive method has been developed by the combination of SR-based E-GIMS and the (57)Fe-probe layer technique, which enables us to probe interfacial complex magnetic structures in thin films with atomic-scale depth resolution.

Development of an energy-domain 57Fe-Mössbauer spectrometer using synchrotron radiation and its application to ultrahigh-pressure studies with a diamond anvil cell.

An energy-domain (57)Fe-Mössbauer spectrometer using synchrotron radiation (SR) with a diamond anvil cell (DAC) has been developed for ultrahigh-pressure measurements. The main optical system consists of a single-line pure nuclear Bragg reflection from an oscillating (57)FeBO(3) single crystal near the Néel temperature and an X-ray focusing device. The developed spectrometer can filter the Doppler-shifted single-line (57)Fe-Mössbauer radiation with a narrow bandwidth of neV order from a broadband SR source. The focused incident X-rays make it easy to measure a small specimen in the DAC. The present paper introduces the design and performance of the SR (57)Fe-Mössbauer spectrometer and its demonstrative applications including the newly discovered result of a pressure-induced magnetic phase transition of polycrystalline (57)Fe(3)BO(6) and an unknown high-pressure phase of Gd(57)Fe(2) alloy placed in a DAC under high pressures up to 302 GPa. The achievement of Mössbauer spectroscopy in the multimegabar range is of particular interest to researchers studying the nature of the Earth's core.

Synchrotron-radiation-based Mössbauer spectroscopy.

We have developed a new method that yields Mössbauer absorption spectra using synchrotron radiation (SR); this method is applicable for almost all Mössbauer nuclides including those that cannot be measured by previous methods using radioisotope (RI) sources. The Mössbauer spectrum of the 68.752 keV excited state of 73Ge, which cannot be measured using a RI source, was measured using SR. Our results show that this method can be used to perform advanced Mössbauer spectroscopy measurements owing to the excellent features of SR.

Site-specific phonon density of states discerned using electronic states.

We have performed the measurement of the site-specific phonon densities of states (PDOS) discerned using electronic states. As far as we know, no general method could give the site-specific PDOS, although oscillating properties of the individual atoms in nonequivalent positions are not necessarily equivalent. However, the combination of the energy and time domain measurements of the nuclear resonant scattering of synchrotron radiation allows the identification of site-specific PDOS. We measured the site-specific PDOS of iron atoms in magnetite, which is a mixed valent compound, and the difference between partial phonon densities of the iron sites was clearly observed.