Foods and beverages associated with smoking craving in heated tobacco product and cigarette smokers: A cross-sectional study.

INTRODUCTION: Certain foods and beverages are associated with smoking craving. However, only few studies have explored the relationship between food or beverage-related and taste-associated smoking craving. In this study, we aimed to identify the types of foods related to smoking craving in Japanese individuals who smoke cigarettes or heated tobacco products (HTPs). METHODS: A total of 657 individuals (HTP and cigarette smokers and never smokers) participated in this cross-sectional study. Participants were asked what foods/beverages, tastes, seasonings, cooking methods, and cuisine categories, made them want to smoke and what foods they consumed. RESULTS: Alcoholic beverages such as beer, coffee, and fat-rich foods were associated with a higher likelihood of smoking craving. Fruits, dairy products such as milk, and sweet and sour tastes, were associated with a lower likelihood of smoking craving. The daily intake of fruit and dairy products was significantly lower in cigarette and HTP smokers than in non-smokers (median fruit intake: non-smokers, 46.4 g/1000 kcal/day; cigarette smokers, 22.2 g/1000 kcal/day; HTP smokers, 31.4 g/1000 kcal/day; p<0.001; median dairy product intake: non-smokers, 76.3 g/day; cigarette smokers, 48.2 g/day; HTP smokers, 57.6 g/day; p<0.001) as assessed using a food frequency questionnaire (BDHQ). CONCLUSIONS: Specific foods and beverages such as alcohol, fruits, and dairy products are related to smoking craving, and their intake differs according to smoking status.

High prevalence of vitamin B-12 deficiency before and early after gastrectomy in patients with gastric cancer.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Gastrectomy causes vitamin B-12 deficiency since vitamin B-12 requires gastric acid and intrinsic factor for its absorption. Vitamin B-12 deficiency is considered to develop years after gastrectomy because of large hepatic storage. However, most gastric cancer develops after long-standing atrophic gastritis with vitamin B-12 malabsorption. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: We have investigated vita-min B-12 status in 22 patients before gastrectomy and 53 patients after gastrectomy due to gastric cancer, also with consideration on post-gastrectomy anemia. RESULTS: Blood vitamin B-12, folic acid, homocysteine concentrations, parameters of anemia, and dietary intake were evaluated. Percentage of patients with severe vitamin B-12 deficiency (serum vitamin B-12 < 150 pmol/L), vitamin B-12 deficiency (150 pmol/L to < 258 pmol/L) was 19.0 %, and 52.4 % respectively in patients gastrectomized within three years. Before gastrectomy, three and seven patients exhibited severe deficiency and deficiency, respectively. In gastrectomized patients, plasma homocysteine concentration was inversely associated with serum vitamin B-12 concentration, and vitamin B-12 deficiency- and iron deficiency- anemia coexisted with their mean corpuscular volume within the reference range. CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin B-12 deficiency is prevalent in patients early after and before gastrectomy. Coexistence of vitamin B-12 and iron deficiency obscures the diagnosis of post-gastrectomy anemia, and necessitates the blood vitamin B-12 measurement.

Eating Vegetables First Regardless of Eating Speed Has a Significant Reducing Effect on Postprandial Blood Glucose and Insulin in Young Healthy Women: Randomized Controlled Cross-Over Study.

People with fast eating habits have been reported to have an increased risk of diabetes and obesity. To explore whether the speed of eating a test meal (tomato, broccoli, fried fish, and boiled white rice) influences postprandial blood glucose, insulin, triglyceride, and free fatty acid levels, 18 young, healthy women consumed a 671 kcal breakfast at fast speed (10 min) and slow speed (20 min) with vegetables first and slow speed (20 min) with carbohydrate first on three separate days. This study was conducted using a within-participants cross-over design in which all participants consumed identical meals of three different eating speeds and food orders. Significant ameliorations of both fast and slow eating with vegetables first regimen on postprandial blood glucose and insulin levels at 30 and 60 min were observed compared with those of slow eating with carbohydrates first. In addition, the standard deviation, large amplitude of excursion, and incremental area under the curve for blood glucose and insulin in both fast and slow eating with vegetables first were all significantly lower than those of slow eating with carbohydrate first. Interestingly, there was no significant difference between fast and slow eating on postprandial blood glucose and insulin levels as long as vegetables were consumed first, although postprandial blood glucose at 30 min was significantly lower in slow eating with vegetables first than that of fast eating with the same food order. These results suggest that food order with vegetables first and carbohydrate last ameliorates postprandial blood glucose and insulin concentrations even if the meal was consumed at fast speed.

Reduction of motion axis by sensitivity calibration of sensor in shape measurement instrument using normal vector tracing.

High-precision free-form surface mirrors are required for synchrotron radiation facilities in the scientific field and semiconductor lithography systems in the industrial field. Previously, we developed a nano-profiler with the goal of achieving a measurement accuracy of 30 nm. The nano-profiler scanned and measured the slope angle of the surface to be measured with laser light and calculated the shape from the angle information. By driving the optical head and surface to be measured with four rotation axes and one translation axis, the surface could be scanned while keeping the optical path length constant. Although the rotation axis was controlled by a high-precision rotary encoder, pitching and yawing errors occurred in the translation axis. In this study, we attempt to eliminate the error of pitching and yawing from the conventional measurement operation of four axes of rotation and one axis of translation to the drive of only four axes of rotation. If the translation drive is eliminated, the optical path length will not be constant, and the sensitivity of the light-receiving element will change. Therefore, we propose a new method to calibrate the sensitivity of the receiving element and perform a comparative measurement with the conventional measurement method. Comparing the measured shapes obtained by both measurement results, it was found that the shapes had a maximum peak to valley difference of 6.2 nm. Thus, the proposed novel measurement method allows a significant reduction in pitching and yawing errors.

Novel automated identification and quantification database using liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry for quick, comprehensive, cheap and extendable organic micro-pollutant analysis in environmental systems.

In order to protect human health and the environment, highly efficient, low-cost, labor-saving, and green analysis of toxic chemicals are urgently required. To achieve this objective, we have developed a novel database-based automated identification and quantification system (AIQS) using LC-QTOF-MS. Since the AIQS uses retention times (RTs), exact MS and MS-MS spectra, and calibration curves of 484 chemicals registered in the database instead of the use of standards, the targets can be determined with low-cost in a short time. The AIQS uses Sequential Window Acquisition of All Theoretical Fragment-ion Spectra as an acquisition method by which we can obtain accurate MS and MS-MS spectra of all detectable substances in a sample with minimal interference from co-eluted peaks. Identification is certainly done using RTs, mass error, ion ratios (a precursor to two product ions), and accurate MS and MS-MS spectra. Consequently, the chance of misidentification is very low even in dirty samples. To examine the accuracy of the AIQS, two collaborative tests were conducted. The first test used 208 pesticide standards at two concentrations (10 and 100 ng mL-1) using 7 instruments, and showed that average trueness was 106 and 95.2%, respectively, with relative standard deviations of 90% of the test compounds below 30%. The second collaborative study involved 5 laboratories carrying out recovery tests on 200 pesticides using 10 river waters. The average recovery was 71.6%; this was 15% lower than that using purified water probably due to the matrix effects. The average relative standard deviation was 30% worse than that of measurement of the standards. Both the recovery and reproducibility, however, satisfied the criteria of Analytical Method Validity Guidelines, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan. Instrument detection limits of 96% of the registered compounds are below 10 pg. The AIQS allows for easy addition of new substances and retrospective analysis after their addition. The results applied to actual samples showed that the AIQS has sufficient identification and quantification performance as a target screening method for a large number of substances in environmental samples.

Influence of Milk on Exhaled Carbon Monoxide (CO) Measurement by Portable CO Monitors.

Background: A portable breath carbon monoxide (CO) monitor has a high cross-sensitivity to hydrogen (H2). This study examined the influences of H2 after consuming milk on the detected CO values using three types of portable CO monitors. Materials and Methods: Exhaled breath from seven participants (four healthy nonsmokers and three smokers with otherwise unknown comorbidities) was collected in sampling bags. The participants then consumed 200 mL of milk, and the exhaled breath of each was collected in separate bags every 30 minutes until 9 hours later. CO and H2 in the bag were measured using a gas chromatograph as a reference analyzer, and CO was also measured using three types of portable CO monitors. Results: After consuming milk, H2 levels were significantly higher, and CO levels were not significantly elevated as measured by the reference analyzer. However, CO levels in monitors A and B were significantly elevated, even though participants did not smoke. The H2 levels in the reference analyzer significantly increased and reached a maximum 4.5 hours after consuming milk. The difference in CO levels between the reference analyzer and each monitor increased significantly after 5 or 5.5 hours. Conclusions: This study suggested that the breath CO monitors with a cross-sensitivity to H2 responded to H2 as CO in the exhaled gas and measured higher than actual values after milk consumption. The extent of the influence of H2 differed depending on the type of CO monitor. It is necessary to consider milk consumption when assessing the smoking status of people using portable CO monitors.

Spiral scanning nano-profiler using normal vector tracing method.

Unlike interferometers that obtain data from the entire sample, three-dimensional (3D) measuring instruments acquire data from multiple points. A nano-profiler measures slopes at different points on the surface to determine the sample shape, while a coordinate measuring machine (CMM) utilizes contact or non-contact height displacement probes for taking measurements. Therefore, the 3D measurement time increases if the area to be measured is wide. This leads to a reduced measurement accuracy owing to environmental changes. To reduce the 3D measurement time, a nano-profiler that rotates measured objects at a constant velocity and quickly scans each measurement point by following a spiral trajectory was designed. The developed nano-profiler measures angular distribution instead of height distribution. This makes it possible to reduce the drive error during rotation. Compared to an interferometer, the measurement time was reduced from 163 to 17 min with the nano-profiler and a 10 nm peak-to-valley difference was achieved. The slope measurement with spiral scanning was confirmed to be a quick and accurate shape measurement technique that can be used while manufacturing high-precision optical components.

Simultaneous measurement of fine pattern shape and overall shape by a nano-profiler.

Improving the optical performance and functions of mirrors and lenses requires manufacturing pattern shapes such as those of microlens arrays. In this context, various measuring devices have been developed to accurately measure the depth of shapes with a microscopic interferometer. However, with an interferometer, the number of pixels of a light-receiving element, such as a charge-coupled device, is limited; furthermore, when measuring a pattern shape, the measurement field of view becomes narrow. Thus, measuring a wide range of shapes is not possible. By contrast, if the device can arbitrarily increase the number of measurement points, such as in the case of a three-dimensional measuring machine, in principle, a pattern shape can be measured, while ensuring the measurement capability for a wide range of shapes; however, in this case, the measurement time increases. A nano-profiler previously developed by the authors can measure the shape and slope angle distribution of a surface with a laser beam. In this study, the measurement program was changed to realize continuous high-speed scanning at 1 kHz, and the number of measurement points was increased to verify the compatibility between fine pattern shape measurements and diverse shape measurements. The results measured by the nano-profiler were compared with those obtained using microscopic and Fizeau-type interferometers, which can measure the pattern and overall shapes, respectively. In comparison, the difference in pattern depth and overall shape was 2.1 and 2.9 nm PV, respectively.

On-machine self-calibration of rotary encoders in the normal vector tracing method.

We developed a nano-profiler to determine the shape from slope distribution data for highly accurate free-form surface shape measurement; for example, high-precision optical systems are required in the x-ray and semiconductor fields. An accuracy of ±0.2 µrad is required to achieve a shape measurement accuracy of 30 nm. The angle of the rotary stage is controlled by the rotary encoder, and the calibration curve of the rotary encoder is guaranteed by the national standard machine. However, the error associated with assembling the rotary encoder to the device is not included in the national standard machine's calibration data. Therefore, we propose a method that combines self-calibration with six encoder heads and calibration with a national standard machine. Using this method reduces the extent of calibration by the national standard machine and minimizes the influence of the assembly error. Furthermore, to verify whether the calibration in the proposed method is appropriate, a new encoder for evaluation was installed and evaluated. The results revealed that the influence of the assembly error was reduced to the minimum, and the difference in the calibration between the encoder for evaluation and the national standard machine was 0.027 µrad.

Continuous glucose monitoring for detection of glycemic variability, hypoglycemia, and hyperglycemia in women with eating disorders.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, glycemic variability (GV), and eating behavior by measuring daily glucose levels through an intermittently scanned continuous glucose monitoring (isCGM) system in outpatients classified according to eating disorder subtypes. METHODS: We analyzed data for 18 patients (four ANR, nine ANBP, and five BN cases). A FreeStyle Libre Pro® device was attached to the posterior aspect of the upper arm for glucose monitoring. This device conducted measurements every 15 min for five consecutive days. We estimated the mean amplitude of glycemic excursions (MAGE), hypoglycemia, and hyperglycemia. RESULTS: The mean glucose levels were 91.1 ± 2.2 mg/dL in the ANR group, 94.8 ± 7.5 mg/dL in the ANBP group, and 87.1 ± 8.0 mg/dL in the BN group (P = 0.174). The overall mean MAGE index was 52.8 ± 20.5 mg/dL. The mean MAGE values according to the subtypes were 42.2 ± 5.6 mg/dL in the ANR group, 57.4 ± 23.7 mg/dL in the ANBP group, and 53.0 ± 21.8 mg/dL in the BN group (P = 0.496). Over the course of five days, the frequency of hypoglycemia was as follows: three occurrences in the ANBP group, five occurrences in the BN group, and no occurrences in the ANR group (P = 0.016). Moreover, the occurrence of hypoglycemia was statistically significantly higher in the BN group than in the ANR group (P = 0.013). In the BN group, the frequency of hypoglycemia was highest between 2 and 6 AM, while hypoglycemia was observed throughout the day in the ANBP group. The frequency of hyperglycemia was one occurrence in the ANR group, one occurrence in the BN group, and zero occurrences in the ANBP group (P = 0.641). CONCLUSIONS: Varying GV, hypoglycemia, and hyperglycemia were observed in all subtypes of eating disorders. Our findings suggest that eating behaviors such as binge eating and purging are associated with GV and hypoglycemia. We showed the importance of developing different nutritional approaches tailored to the subtype of eating disorder to prevent hypoglycemia. Additional studies are needed to explore the relationship between glucose levels and eating behaviors in patients with eating disorders.

Impact of Dietitian-Led Nutrition Therapy of Food Order on 5-Year Glycemic Control in Outpatients with Type 2 Diabetes at Primary Care Clinic: Retrospective Cohort Study.

The aim of this retrospective cohort study was to evaluate the effect of 5-year follow-up of dietitian-led medical nutrition therapy (eating vegetables before carbohydrates) on glycemic control in outpatients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) at a primary care clinic. A total of 138 patients with dietitian-led medical nutrition therapy (intervention group) and 104 patients without dietitian-led nutrition therapy (control group) were compared for glycemic control, serum lipid, blood pressure, and diabetic complications for 5 years. Each patient in the intervention group received dietary education focused on food order (eating vegetables before carbohydrates) by dietitians. A significant improvement in HbA1c after 5 years in the intervention group [8.5 ± 1.7% (69 mmol/mol) to 7.6 ± 1.1% (59 mmol/mol), p < 0.001] was observed, whereas no change was observed in the control group [7.9 ± 1.2% (62 mmol/mol) to 8.0 ± 1.2% (63 mmol/mol)]. Dietary intake of protein, fat, carbohydrates, cholesterol, and salt in the intervention group demonstrated significant reduction, while the intake of dietary fiber significantly increased after the dietary education. Simple dietary education of 'eating vegetables before carbohydrates' presented by dietitians achieved good glycemic control after a 5-year period in outpatients with T2DM at primary care clinic.

Comprehensive analyses of agrochemicals affecting aquatic ecosystems: A case study of Odonata communities and macrophytes in Saga Plain, northern Kyushu, Japan.

The negative influence of agrochemicals (pesticides: insecticide, fungicide, and herbicide) on biodiversity is a major ecological concern. In recent decades, many insect species are reported to have rapidly declined worldwide, and pesticides, including neonicotinoids and fipronil, are suspected to be partially responsible. In Japan, application of systemic insecticides to nursery boxes in rice paddies is considered to have caused rapid declines in Sympetrum (Odonata: Libellulidae) and other dragonfly and damselfly populations since the 1990s. In addition to the direct lethal effects of pesticides, agrochemicals indirectly affect Odonata populations through reductions in macrophytes, which provide a habitat, and prey organisms. Due to technical restrictions, most previous studies first selected target chemicals and then analyzed their influence on focal organisms at various levels, from the laboratory to the field. However, in natural and agricultural environments, various chemicals co-occur and can act synergistically. Under such circumstances, targeted analyses might lead to spurious correlations between a target chemical and the abundance of organisms. To address such problems, in this study we adopted a novel technique, "Comprehensive Target Analysis with an Automated Identification and Quantification System (CTA-AIQS)" to detect wide range of agrochemicals in water environment. The relationships between a wide range of pesticides and lentic Odonata communities were surveyed in agricultural and non-agricultural areas in Saga Plain, Kyushu, Japan. We detected significant negative relationships between several insecticides, i.e., acephate, clothianidin, dinotefuran, flubendiamide, pymetrozine, and thiametoxam (marginal for benthic odonates) and the abundance of lentic Epiprocta and benthic Odonates. In contrast, the herbicides we detected were not significantly related to the abundance of aquatic macrophytes, suggesting a lower impact of herbicides on aquatic vegetation at the field level. These results highlight the need for further assessments of the influence of non-neonicotinoid insecticides on aquatic organisms.

The rapid survey method of chemical contamination in floods caused by Typhoon Hagibis by combining in vitro bioassay and comprehensive analysis.

A novel comprehensive assessment system, consisting of a bioassay and chemical analysis, was developed to quickly evaluate the human health risk posed by toxic chemicals discharged due to natural disasters. To analyze samples quickly, a yeast-two-hybrid assay (Y2H) and GC-MS equipped with an automated identification and quantification system (AIQS-GC) were employed for the bioassay and chemical analysis, respectively. Since the analysis of 1000 substances by AIQS could be finished within two days following the Y2H assay for screening, this method would complete the risk assessment within three days. To confirm the applicability of this method in real environmental samples, we examined it using sediments circulated by Typhoon Hagibis. In one sediment sample, a distinctive response was indicated by the Y2H assay, and relatively high DDT concentration was identified by AIQS-GC in the same sediment. Therefore, using the results obtained from this method, a human health risk assessment of DDT was conducted, which indicated that the risk could be ignored. Additionally, the contamination of PAHs and alkanes was suggested as well. In this study, the pollution risk assessment could be completed within three days. Therefore, to our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate an assessment system with a rapid combination method for emergencies. Consequently, it is believed that this type of novel system would be needed in the future due to the increasing number of natural disasters predicted worldwide.

Adverse effect of switching only once low-carbohydrate diet to high-carbohydrate diet on postprandial glucose concentration in healthy women.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Our aim was to evaluate the acute effect of switching low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) to high-carbohydrate diet (HCD) on glycemic parameters in healthy women. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: Twen-ty-two women (age 21.7±4.0 years; HbA1c 5.3±0.3 %, mean±SD) wore flash glucose monitoring system and consumed test meals for 3 days from Day 4 to 6. Participants consumed identical HCD meals except LCD dinner on Day 5. The energy ratio of carbohydrate, fat, and protein were 64%, 21%, and 15% for HCD and 47%, 35%, and 18% for Day 5 with LCD dinner (19%, 59%, and 22%). RESULTS: The incremental glucose peak (IGP, both p<0.001) and incremental area under the curve for glucose (IAUC, both p<0.001) 3h of LCD dinner were all sig-nificantly lower than those of HCD dinner on Day 4 and 6. However, after consuming LCD dinner on Day 5, IGP breakfast (2.33±0.15 vs 1.71±0.15 mmo/L, p<0.01), IGP lunch (3.31±0.25 vs 2.54±0.18 mol/L, p<0.01), IAUC 3h of breakfast (210±18 vs 136±14 mmol/L×min, p<0.001), mean blood glucose (5.72±0.11 vs 5.40±0.11 mmol/L, p<0.01), and standard deviation (1.11±0.06 vs 0.88±0.04 mmol/L, p<0.01) on Day 6 were all signifi-cantly higher than those of corresponding meals before LCD dinner on Day 4, in spite of consuming all identical HCD meals. The glycemic parameters returned to the levels before consuming LCD on Day 7. CONCLUSIONS: Consuming LCD only once is enough to cause 24-h higher postprandial blood glucose concentration in subse-quent consumption of HCD in healthy women.

Evaluation of identification accuracy using AIQS for GC-MS for measuring heavily contaminated samples.

Automated identification and quantification systems with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) (i.e., AIQS-GC) are used as a simple and comprehensive method for screening chemicals existing in the environment and are expected to be useful for emergency surveys in the event of a disaster. However, reports on the potential of AIQS-GC in heavily contaminated samples (HCSs) are limited. In this study, the identification performance of AIQS-GC was confirmed by comparing the exact mass of the targets identified by AIQS-GC with the measured accurate mass using GC-quadrupole-time-of-flight MS (GC-QTofMS) and by employing firefighting wastewater as HCS. In HCS, the mass spectrum interference was determined to cause false positives. The GC-QTofMS method revealed the presence of false positives and the false rate of AIQS-GC in HCS. Herein, AIQS-GC showed high identification accuracy in a normal sample such as river water. Conversely, in HCS, AIQS-GC may lead to incorrect evaluations. The combination of AIQS-GC and support method using GC-QTofMS, which can avoid the false positive is extremely useful for the rapid and easy analysis of HCS.

Use of comprehensive target analysis for determination of contaminants of emerging concern in a sediment core collected from Beppu Bay, Japan.

In recent years, concern about the release of anthropogenic organic micropollutants referred to as contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) has been growing. The objective of this study was to find potential CECs by means of an analytical screening method referred to as comprehensive target analysis with an automated identification and quantification system (CTA-AIQS), which uses gas and liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry (GC-MS and LC-QTOF-MS). We used CTA-AIQS to analyze samples from a sediment core collected in Beppu Bay, Japan. With this method, we detected 80 compounds in the samples and CTA-AIQA could work to useful tool to find CECs in environmental media. Among the detected chemicals, three PAHs (anthracene, chrysene, and fluoranthene) and tris(isopropylphenyl)phosphate (TIPPP) isomers were found to increase in concentration with decreasing sediment depth. We quantified TIPPP isomers in the samples by means of targeted analysis using LC-MS/MS for confirmation. The concentration profiles, combined with previous reports indicating persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic properties, suggest that these chemicals can be categorized as potential CECs in marine environments.

Development of a rapid and comprehensive method for identifying organic micropollutants with high ecological risk to the aquatic environment.

Currently, tens-of-thousands of chemicals are used in Japan, and their presence in and impact on aquatic ecosystems are poorly understood. Because conventional risk evaluation processes using target analysis and biological tests are time-consuming and costly, it is challenging to investigate all substances. Therefore, we aimed to develop a rapid and highly efficient screening scheme for identifying hazardous organic micropollutants (OMPs) in aquatic ecosystems. The scheme is divided into two steps: chemical analysis and risk evaluation. First, a comprehensive screening method (CSM) using gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry (MS) and a database containing nearly 1000 compounds is used to identify known compounds, and nontargeted analysis is carried out using a GC × GC-time-of-flight (TOF)MS to detect compounds not registered in the database. Secondly, the predicted toxicity values obtained by quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) are used to evaluate and rank the ecological risk of each detected OMPs and to identify priority compounds for detailed survey. To assess the proposed scheme, we surveyed representative urban rivers in Japan and ranked the potential toxicity of the identified compounds. The total number of compounds detected in water from each river ranged from 29 to 87, and the total concentrations ranged from 2.3 to 63 µg L-1. Pharmaceuticals and personal care products, such as crotamiton and galaxolide, were identified in the urban rivers and found to have high ecotoxicity rankings. Thus, the scheme combining CSM and risk evaluation using QSAR is a novel screening that can identify candidates with high ecological risk in aquatic environment rapidly and efficiently.

Tomato juice preload has a significant impact on postprandial glucose concentration in healthy women: A randomized cross-over trial.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Our aim was to evaluate the effect of consuming tomato juice before carbohydrate on postprandial glucose concentrations in healthy women. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: In this randomized controlled cross-over study, 25 healthy women (age 21.6±3.8 years, HbA1c 5.3±0.2 %, mean±SD) consumed either 200 g of tomato juice, tomato, or water (control) at 30 min before consuming 200 g of boiled white rice at 9:00 and consumed identical lunch at 13:00 for 3 days. The blood glucose concentrations were measured by selfmonitoring blood glucose at 0, 30, 45, 60, 90, 150, and 210 min pre- and post-breakfast, and at 0, 30, 60, 120, 150, and 180 min pre- and post-lunch. The concentration of postprandial glucose, incremental glucose peak (IGP), and incremental area under the curve for glucose after the test meals were compared among 3 days. RESULTS: Incremental blood glucose concentrations at 60 min (2.32±0.16 vs 2.97±0.19 mmol/L, p<0.05, mean±SEM), 90 min (2.36±0.23 vs 3.23±0.24 mmol/L, p<0.01), and IGP (2.77±0.19 vs 3.68±0.22 mmol/L, p<0.001) in consuming tomato juice 30 min before carbohydrate were all significantly lower than those of water, while IGP of consuming tomato was tended to be lower than that of water (2.82±0.19 mmolL, p=0.023). No significant difference was observed in glycaemic parameters after consuming lunch among 3 days. CONCLUSIONS: Consuming tomato juice half hour before carbohydrate ameliorates the postprandial blood glucose concentrations, although total amounts of energy and carbohydrate of tomato juice are higher than those of water.

Eating Fast Has a Significant Impact on Glycemic Excursion in Healthy Women: Randomized Controlled Cross-Over Trial.

Epidemiological studies have shown that self-reported fast eating increases the risk of diabetes and obesity. Our aim was to evaluate the acute effect of fast eating on glycemic parameters through conducting a randomized controlled cross-over study with young healthy women. Nineteen healthy women wore a flash glucose monitoring system for 6 days. Each participant consumed identical test meals with a different eating speed of fast eating (10 min) or slow eating (20 min) on the 4th or the 5th day. The daily glycemic parameters were compared between the 2 days. The mean amplitude of glycemic excursion (MAGE; fast eating 3.67 ± 0.31 vs. slow eating 2.67 ± 0.20 mmol/L, p < 0.01), incremental glucose peak (IGP; breakfast 2.30 ± 0.19 vs. 1.71 ± 0.12 mmol/L, p < 0.01, lunch 4.06 ± 0.33 vs. 3.13 ± 0.28 mmol/L, p < 0.01, dinner 3.87 ± 0.38 vs. 2.27 ± 0.27 mmol/L, p < 0.001), and incremental area under the curve for glucose of dinner 2 h (IAUC; 256 ± 30 vs. 128 ± 18 mmol/L × min, p < 0.001) for fast eating were all significantly higher than those for slow eating. The results suggest that fast eating is associated with higher glycemic excursion in healthy women.

Late-night-dinner deteriorates postprandial glucose and insulin whereas consuming dinner dividedly ameliorates them in patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized crossover clinical trial.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study is to explore the acute effect of consuming dinner at different timing on postprandial glucose and hormone in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: Eight patients (age 70.8±1.9 years, HbA1c 7.6±0.6 %, BMI 23.3±3.2, mean±SD) were randomly assigned in this crossover study. Patients consumed the test meals of dinner at 18:00 on the first day, and dinner at 21:00 or divided dinner (vegetable and rice at 18:00 and vegetable and the main dish at 21:00) on the second or third day. Postprandial glucose, insulin, glucagon, free fatty acid (FFA), active glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and active glucose- dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) concentration after dinner were evaluated. RESULTS: Both incremental area under the curve (IAUC) 2h for glucose and insulin were higher in dinner at 21:00 than those in dinner at 18:00 (IAUC glucose: 449±83 vs 216±43 mmol/L×min, p<0.01, IAUC insulin:772±104 vs 527±107 µU/mL×min, p<0.01, mean±SEM). However, in divided dinner both IAUC 4h for glucose and insulin tended to be lower than those of dinner at 21:00 (IAUC glucose: 269±76 mmol/L×min, p=0.070, IAUC insulin: 552±114 µU/mL×min, p=0.070). IAUC of active GLP-1 and active GIP demonstrated no difference among different dinner regimen. CONCLUSIONS: Consuming late-night-dinner (21:00) deteriorates postprandial glucose and insulin compared with those of early-evening-dinner (18:00) whereas consuming dinner dividedly ameliorates them.