Forum for Injection Technique (FIT), India: The Indian recommendations 2.0, for best practice in Insulin Injection Technique, 2015.

As injectable therapies such as human insulin, insulin analogs, and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists are used to manage diabetes, correct injection technique is vital for the achievement of glycemic control. The forum for injection technique India acknowledged this need for the first time in India and worked to develop evidence-based recommendations on insulin injection technique, to assist healthcare practitioners in their clinical practice.

Forum for injection techniques, India: the first Indian recommendations for best practice in insulin injection technique.

Advances in the treatment of diabetes have led to an increase in the number of injectable therapies, such as human insulin, insulin analogues, and glucagon-like peptide-1 analogues. The efficacy of injection therapy in diabetes depends on correct injection technique, among many other factors. Good injection technique is vital in achieving glycemic control and thus preventing complications of diabetes. From the patients' and health-care providers' perspective, it is essential to have guidelines to understand injections and injection techniques. The abridged version of the First Indian Insulin Injection technique guidelines developed by the Forum for Injection Technique (FIT) India presented here acknowledge good insulin injection techniques and provide evidence-based recommendations to assist diabetes care providers in improving their clinical practice.

Consensus dietary guidelines for healthy living and prevention of obesity, the metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and related disorders in Asian Indians.

India is undergoing rapid nutritional transition, resulting in excess consumption of calories, saturated fats, trans fatty acids, simple sugars, salt and low intake of fiber. Such dietary transition and a sedentary lifestyle have led to an increase in obesity and diet-related non-communicable diseases (type 2 diabetes mellitus [T2DM], cardiovascular disease [CVD], etc.) predominantly in urban, but also in rural areas. In comparison with the previous guidelines, these consensus dietary guidelines include reduction in the intake of carbohydrates, preferential intake of complex carbohydrates and low glycemic index foods, higher intake of fiber, lower intake of saturated fats, optimal ratio of essential fatty acids, reduction in trans fatty acids, slightly higher protein intake, lower intake of salt, and restricted intake of sugar. While these guidelines are applicable to Asian Indians in any geographical setting, they are particularly applicable to those residing in urban and in semi-urban areas. Proper application of these guidelines will help curb the rising "epidemics" of obesity, the metabolic syndrome, hypertension, T2DM, and CVD in Asian Indians.

Weight gain in type 2 diabetics with different treatment modalities.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to study (1) weight gain in type 2 diabetics with different treatment modalities and (2) relationship of weight gain with stable adult weight. METHODS: A study of 469 type 2 diabetics on regular follow-up was undertaken to determine the effect of modality of therapy on patient's weight. Stable weight maintained by the patient in good health was ascertained. Weight at visit 1 and subsequently at every follow-up was noted. Patients were grouped as per treatment modality. Weight gain was correlated with pretreatment weight loss, stable weight, and degree of metabolic control. RESULTS: All treatment subgroups showed a steady upward trend of weight gain at 1-year follow-up. Maximum weight gain was seen in the sulphonylurea and insulin (SU + I) group (mean +/- SD, kg; 2.9 +/- 3.8, p < 0.05) followed by the insulin group (1.8 +/- 4.9), SU group (1.2 +/- 2.9), and SU + metformin (MF) + I group (0.6 +/- 2.8), and was the least in the SU + MF group (0.6 +/- 2.9). Weight gain was not significant, except in SU + I group. Addition of metformin prevented weight gain until 9 months follow-up, but the trend reversed on prolonged follow-up. Most patients tended to move towards their stable body weight. Patients with weight loss in the pre-treatment period (n = 253; weight loss 4.1 +/- 1.6 kg) gained significant weight (4.5 +/- 1.9 kg), while those without significant weight loss in the pre-treatment period (n = 216) did not. Weight gain was significant in the good and fair glycemic control groups, but not so in the poor glycemic control group. CONCLUSIONS: Only the SU + I group gained significant weight. The weight gain on treatment was significantly related to pre-treatment weight loss. Most patients moved towards their stable body weight with improved metabolic control.