RESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The overall evidence on the association between gallbladder conditions (GBC: gallstones and cholecystectomy) and pancreatic cancer (PC) is inconsistent. To our knowledge, no previous investigations considered the role of tumour characteristics on this association. Thus, we aimed to assess the association between self-reported GBC and PC risk, by focussing on timing to PC diagnosis and tumour features (stage, location, and resection). METHODS: Data derived from a European case-control study conducted between 2009 and 2014 including 1431 PC cases and 1090 controls. We used unconditional logistic regression models to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) adjusted for recognized confounders. RESULTS: Overall, 298 (20.8%) cases and 127 (11.6%) controls reported to have had GBC, corresponding to an OR of 1.70 (95% CI 1.33-2.16). The ORs were 4.84 (95% CI 2.96-7.89) for GBC diagnosed <3 years before PC and 1.06 (95% CI 0.79-1.41) for ≥3 years. The risk was slightly higher for stage I/II (OR = 1.71, 95% CI 1.15-2.55) vs. stage III/IV tumours (OR = 1.23, 95% CI 0.87-1.76); for tumours sited in the head of the pancreas (OR = 1.59, 95% CI 1.13-2.24) vs. tumours located at the body/tail (OR = 1.02, 95% CI 0.62-1.68); and for tumours surgically resected (OR = 1.69, 95% CI 1.14-2.51) vs. non-resected tumours (OR = 1.25, 95% CI 0.88-1.78). The corresponding ORs for GBC diagnosed ≥3 years prior PC were close to unity. CONCLUSION: Our study supports the association between GBC and PC. Given the time-risk pattern observed, however, this relationship may be non-causal and, partly or largely, due to diagnostic attention and/or reverse causation.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de la Vesícula Biliar , Neoplasias de la Vesícula Biliar , Neoplasias Pancreáticas , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Enfermedades de la Vesícula Biliar/cirugía , Neoplasias de la Vesícula Biliar/diagnóstico , Neoplasias de la Vesícula Biliar/epidemiología , Neoplasias de la Vesícula Biliar/etiología , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Páncreas/patología , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/epidemiología , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/etiología , Factores de Riesgo , Neoplasias PancreáticasRESUMEN
Background: Family history (FH) of pancreatic cancer (PC) has been associated with an increased risk of PC, but little is known regarding the role of inherited/environmental factors or that of FH of other comorbidities in PC risk. We aimed to address these issues using multiple methodological approaches. Methods: Case-control study including 1431 PC cases and 1090 controls and a reconstructed-cohort study (N = 16 747) made up of their first-degree relatives (FDR). Logistic regression was used to evaluate PC risk associated with FH of cancer, diabetes, allergies, asthma, cystic fibrosis and chronic pancreatitis by relative type and number of affected relatives, by smoking status and other potential effect modifiers, and by tumour stage and location. Familial aggregation of cancer was assessed within the cohort using Cox proportional hazard regression. Results: FH of PC was associated with an increased PC risk [odds ratio (OR) = 2.68; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.27-4.06] when compared with cancer-free FH, the risk being greater when ≥ 2 FDRs suffered PC (OR = 3.88; 95% CI: 2.96-9.73) and among current smokers (OR = 3.16; 95% CI: 2.56-5.78, interaction FHPC*smoking P-value = 0.04). PC cumulative risk by age 75 was 2.2% among FDRs of cases and 0.7% in those of controls [hazard ratio (HR) = 2.42; 95% CI: 2.16-2.71]. PC risk was significantly associated with FH of cancer (OR = 1.30; 95% CI: 1.13-1.54) and diabetes (OR = 1.24; 95% CI: 1.01-1.52), but not with FH of other diseases. Conclusions: The concordant findings using both approaches strengthen the notion that FH of cancer, PC or diabetes confers a higher PC risk. Smoking notably increases PC risk associated with FH of PC. Further evaluation of these associations should be undertaken to guide PC prevention strategies.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias Pancreáticas/epidemiología , Fumar/efectos adversos , Adulto , Anciano , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Estudios de Cohortes , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiología , Europa (Continente)/epidemiología , Femenino , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Anamnesis , Persona de Mediana Edad , Neoplasias/epidemiología , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/genética , Medición de Riesgo , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is usually diagnosed in late adulthood; therefore, many patients suffer or have suffered from other diseases. Identifying disease patterns associated with PDAC risk may enable a better characterization of high-risk patients. METHODS: Multimorbidity patterns (MPs) were assessed from 17 self-reported conditions using hierarchical clustering, principal component, and factor analyses in 1705 PDAC cases and 1084 controls from a European population. Their association with PDAC was evaluated using adjusted logistic regression models. Time since diagnosis of morbidities to PDAC diagnosis/recruitment was stratified into recent (<3 years) and long term (≥3 years). The MPs and PDAC genetic networks were explored with DisGeNET bioinformatics-tool which focuses on gene-diseases associations available in curated databases. RESULTS: Three MPs were observed: gastric (heartburn, acid regurgitation, Helicobacter pylori infection, and ulcer), metabolic syndrome (obesity, type-2 diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertension), and atopic (nasal allergies, skin allergies, and asthma). Strong associations with PDAC were observed for ≥2 recently diagnosed gastric conditions [odds ratio (OR), 6.13; 95% confidence interval CI 3.01-12.5)] and for ≥3 recently diagnosed metabolic syndrome conditions (OR, 1.61; 95% CI 1.11-2.35). Atopic conditions were negatively associated with PDAC (high adherence score OR for tertile III, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.36-0.55). Combining type-2 diabetes with gastric MP resulted in higher PDAC risk for recent (OR, 7.89; 95% CI 3.9-16.1) and long-term diagnosed conditions (OR, 1.86; 95% CI 1.29-2.67). A common genetic basis between MPs and PDAC was observed in the bioinformatics analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Specific multimorbidities aggregate and associate with PDAC in a time-dependent manner. A better characterization of a high-risk population for PDAC may help in the early diagnosis of this cancer. The common genetic basis between MP and PDAC points to a mechanistic link between these conditions.
Asunto(s)
Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/epidemiología , Biología Computacional , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/epidemiología , Análisis de Sistemas , Biología de Sistemas , Biomarcadores de Tumor/genética , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/diagnóstico , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/genética , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Análisis por Conglomerados , Comorbilidad , Bases de Datos Genéticas , Europa (Continente)/epidemiología , Análisis Factorial , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Análisis Multivariante , Oportunidad Relativa , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/genética , Análisis de Componente Principal , Medición de Riesgo , Factores de Riesgo , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
Chronic diarrhoea is a common presenting symptom in both primary care medicine and in specialized gastroenterology clinics. It is estimated that >5% of the population has chronic diarrhoea and nearly 40% of these patients are older than 60 years. Clinicians often need to select the best diagnostic approach to these patients and choose between the multiple diagnostic tests available. In 2014 the Catalan Society of Gastroenterology formed a working group with the main objective of creating diagnostic algorithms based on clinical practice and to evaluate diagnostic tests and the scientific evidence available for their use. The GRADE system was used to classify scientific evidence and strength of recommendations. The consensus document contains 28 recommendations and 6 diagnostic algorithms. The document also describes criteria for referral from primary to specialized care.
La diarrea crónica es un síntoma de presentación frecuente, tanto en las consultas de medicina de familia como en las de digestivo. Se estima que >5% de la población sufre diarrea crónica y que cerca del 40% de estos sujetos son mayores de 60 años. El clínico se enfrenta con frecuencia a la necesidad de decidir cuál es el mejor enfoque diagnóstico de estos pacientes y elegir entre las múltiples pruebas diagnósticas existentes. En 2014 la Societat Catalana de Digestologia creó un grupo de trabajo con el objetivo principal de crear algoritmos diagnósticos en base a la práctica clínica y evaluar las pruebas diagnósticas disponibles y la evidencia científica para su utilización. Para clasificar la evidencia científica y la fuerza de las recomendaciones se utilizó el sistema GRADE. Se han establecido 28 recomendaciones y 6 algoritmos diagnósticos. Se describen los criterios de derivación desde medicina primaria a digestivo de un paciente con diarrea crónica.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Diarrea , Diarrea/clasificación , Diarrea/diagnóstico , Diarrea/terapia , Insuficiencia Pancreática Exocrina , Algoritmos , Enfermedad Crónica , Colitis , Manejo de la Enfermedad , Técnicas de Diagnóstico del Sistema Digestivo , Dieta , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Hipersensibilidad a los Alimentos , Hipersensibilidad a los Alimentos/diagnóstico , Azúcares de la Dieta/efectos adversos , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales , Motilidad Gastrointestinal , Síndromes de Malabsorción , Síndromes de Malabsorción/diagnóstico , Antidiarreicos/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a relatively uncommon, complex and heterogeneous disease. The absence of a gold standard applicable to the initial phases of CP makes its early diagnosis difficult. Some of its complications, particularly chronic pain, can be difficult to manage. There is much variability in the diagnosis and treatment of CP and its complications amongst centers and professionals. The Spanish Pancreatic Club has developed a consensus on the management of CP. Two coordinators chose a multidisciplinary panel of 24 experts on this disease. A list of questions was drafted, and two experts reviewed each question. Then, a draft was produced and shared with the entire panel of experts and discussed in a face-to-face meeting. This first part of the consensus addresses the diagnosis of CP and its complications.
Asunto(s)
Pancreatitis Crónica/diagnóstico , Alcoholismo/complicaciones , Enfermedades Autoinmunes , Glucemia/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus/etiología , Hemoglobina Glucada/metabolismo , Humanos , Páncreas/diagnóstico por imagen , Pancreatitis Crónica/complicaciones , Pancreatitis Crónica/diagnóstico por imagen , Fumar/efectos adversos , UltrasonografíaRESUMEN
Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a complex disease with a wide range of clinical manifestations. This range comprises from asymptomatic patients to patients with disabling symptoms or complications. The management of CP is frequently different between geographic areas and even medical centers. This is due to the paucity of high quality studies and clinical practice guidelines regarding its diagnosis and treatment. The aim of the Spanish Pancreatic Club was to give current evidence-based recommendations for the management of CP. Two coordinators chose a multidisciplinary panel of 24 experts on this disease. These experts were selected according to clinical and research experience in CP. A list of questions was made and two experts reviewed each question. A draft was later produced and discussed with the entire panel of experts in a face-to-face meeting. The level of evidence was based on the ratings given by the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine. In the second part of the consensus, recommendations were given regarding the management of pain, pseudocysts, duodenal and biliary stenosis, pancreatic fistula and ascites, left portal hypertension, diabetes mellitus, exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, and nutritional support in CP.
Asunto(s)
Pancreatitis Crónica/terapia , Acetaminofén/uso terapéutico , Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/uso terapéutico , Colangiopancreatografia Retrógrada Endoscópica , Constricción Patológica/terapia , Drenaje , Medicina Basada en la Evidencia , Insuficiencia Pancreática Exocrina/terapia , Estado Nutricional , Manejo del Dolor , Seudoquiste Pancreático/terapia , Pancreatitis Crónica/dietoterapia , Pancreatitis Crónica/cirugíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Expression of acinar cell-specific genes requires the pancreas transcription factor 1alpha (Ptf1alpha). p48 is the only component of Ptf1alpha that is involved in both acinar gene regulation and pancreatic ontogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To determine whether Ptf1alpha/p48 expression is regulated during pancreatitis, acute pancreatitis was induced in rats by repeated caerulein injections; early chronic pancreatitis by the combined administration of caerulein and cyclosporin A; and focal pancreas fibrosis by trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid infusion into the pancreatic duct. AR42J cells were used to examine caerulein effects on acinar cells. Ptf1alpha/p48 expression was examined using immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, and qRT-PCR methods. RESULTS: In acute pancreatitis, Ptf1alpha/p48 decreased markedly within 6 h as determined by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. After 24 h, Ptf1alpha/p48 increased continuously and normalized at day six. In contrast, pancreas amylase reached a nadir at 48 h, when Ptf1alpha/p48 had largely recovered. In the early chronic pancreatitis model Ptf1alpha/p48 levels did not completely recover even at day 14, and this was associated with a failure to restore normal histology and amylase content. qRT-PCR showed that p48 mRNA were reduced after pancreatitis induction and were followed by a decrease in elastase mRNA. In the focal pancreas fibrosis model, Ptf1alpha/p48 expression was undetectable in areas with substantial acinar cell loss and tubular complexes. Caerulein did not affect Ptf1alpha/p48 expression in AR42J cells. CONCLUSIONS: Ptf1alpha/p48 protein and mRNA levels are regulated in acute and chronic experimental pancreatitis. Inability to re-express Ptf1alpha/p48 after injury may preclude acinar cell differentiation and appropriate pancreatic regeneration.
Asunto(s)
Páncreas/fisiología , Pancreatitis/inducido químicamente , Factores de Transcripción/fisiología , Enfermedad Aguda , Animales , Western Blotting , Diferenciación Celular/genética , Diferenciación Celular/fisiología , Enfermedad Crónica , Ensayos Clínicos Controlados como Asunto , Regulación de la Expresión Génica , Pancreatitis/genética , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Regeneración/genética , Regeneración/fisiología , Factores de Transcripción/genéticaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Full recovery is always achieved after caerulein induced pancreatitis. Cyclosporin stimulates transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) and may interfere with pancreatic regeneration. AIM: To investigate the effects of cyclosporin after caerulein induced pancreatitis or after caerulein injury. METHODS: Protocol A: rats received cyclosporin daily (20 mg/kg) and caerulein pancreatitis was induced on days 2 and 8. Protocol B: six courses of caerulein pancreatitis were induced at weekly intervals. Cyclosporin was administered on induction and the day before. Rats recovered for two weeks before being killed. Control groups received saline, cyclosporin, or caerulein alone. RESULTS: Protocol A: plasma TGF-beta1 and tissue collagenase rose after pancreatitis but decreased towards baseline values on day 15, matching a low collagen content. Morphology disclosed minimal inflammatory infiltration and some interstitial cells immunoreactive for smooth muscle alpha-actin (SMA). TGF-beta1 increased, and remained high in cyclosporin treated groups (cyclosporin alone and cyclosporin plus caerulein). Rats treated with cyclosporin and caerulein showed severe pancreatic weight reduction, abundant inflammatory infiltrates, increased SMA immunoreactive interstitial cells, high collagen content, and delayed collagenase response. No SMA immunoreactive cells were detected in normal rats. Cyclosporin alone also increased SMA immunoreactive cells, despite the absence of inflammatory infiltration and fairly conserved pancreatic structure. Protocol B: the combined pulse treatment induced appreciable collagen deposition and resulted in a smaller pancreas than controls. Morphological examination showed atrophy, fibrosis, fibroblast proliferation, and mononuclear infiltrates. CONCLUSION: Cyclosporin greatly distorts pancreatic repair, transforming caerulein induced pancreatitis into a fibrotic chronic-like disease. The mechanism involves TGF-beta, myofibroblasts, and defective collagenase activation.
Asunto(s)
Ciclosporina/efectos adversos , Inmunosupresores/efectos adversos , Páncreas/fisiología , Pancreatitis/terapia , Regeneración/efectos de los fármacos , Actinas/metabolismo , Enfermedad Aguda , Animales , División Celular , Ceruletida , Colagenasas/metabolismo , Fibrosis/inducido químicamente , Fármacos Gastrointestinales , Hidroxiprolina/metabolismo , Masculino , Páncreas/efectos de los fármacos , Pancreatitis/inducido químicamente , Pancreatitis/patología , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Factor de Crecimiento Transformador beta/sangreRESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Instillation of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) into the rat pancreatic ducts induces morphological changes resembling human chronic pancreatitis. In humans, alcoholism is commonly associated with chronic pancreatitis, but ethanol feeding fails to induce pancreatitis in experimental animals. We hypothesized that ethanol would manifest its pathogenetic effects on a duct-injured pancreas. METHODS: Chronic pancreatitis was induced in rats by instillation of TNBS into pancreatic ducts. Thereafter, rats were fed a normal chow diet with or without ethanol supplementation. Control rats received vehicle and a normal diet. A separate group of vehicle-treated rats were also fed with ethanol. At 2 and 4 weeks pancreata were excised and processed for morphological examination or for biochemical assays. From crude homogenates, protein and hydroxyproline were quantified. After sonication, homogenates were also assayed for amylase and DNA. An oral glucose tolerance test was performed on the fourth week. RESULTS: TNBS induced chronic fibrogenic pancreatitis that was associated with a reduction in pancreatic weight, DNA, protein and amylase as compared to control rats. Ethanol feeding to TNBS-treated animals slowed weight gain, increased fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance test. Larger areas of gland atrophy were observed with a striking disruption of the normal architecture of the islets. Ethanol accelerated pancreatic involution and collagen deposition as measured by total amylase, protein, DNA and hydroxyproline content. CONCLUSIONS: In TNBS chronic pancreatitis, active fibrogenesis is associated with progressive atrophy of glandular elements. Morphological and biochemical parameters are aggravated by sustained ethanol intake.
Asunto(s)
Etanol/toxicidad , Pancreatitis/patología , Amilasas/análisis , Análisis de Varianza , Animales , Peso Corporal , Enfermedad Crónica , ADN/análisis , Prueba de Tolerancia a la Glucosa , Hidroxiprolina/análisis , Inmunohistoquímica , Masculino , Pancreatitis/metabolismo , Proteínas/análisis , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Estadísticas no Paramétricas , Ácido Trinitrobencenosulfónico/administración & dosificaciónRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Nitric oxide (NO) blockade by L-nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME) inhibits pancreatic secretion in vivo and aggravates caerulein induced pancreatitis. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) is present in pancreatic islets, endothelium, and nerve fibres. L-NAME blocks all known NOS isoforms. AIM: To investigate the source of NO blocked by L-NAME that inhibits amylase secretion. METHODS: Amylase output was measured in rats in response to caerulein (0.1-50 microg/kg) alone or with indazole. Baseline secretion and the response to supramaximal caerulein were also examined after administration of indazole, L-NAME, haemoglobin, or aminoguanidine under continuous blood pressure measurement. In separate experiments, pancreatic secretion was measured after blockade of afferent nerve fibres by either systemic or local capsaicin. The effect of neural NOS inhibition on caerulein induced pancreatitis was also investigated. RESULTS: L-NAME, haemoglobin, and supramaximal caerulein (10 microg/kg) increased blood pressure, whereas indazole and suboptimal caerulein (0.1 microg/kg) did not. Indazole and capsaicin decreased basal amylase output. L-NAME and haemoglobin reduced basal amylase output to a lesser extent and potentiated the inhibitory response to supramaximal caerulein. In contrast, full neural NOS inhibition by L-NAME partially reversed the expected caerulein induced suppression of amylase output. This effect was reproduced by indazole and capsaicin. Indazole did not alter responses to either optimal (0.25 microg/kg) or suboptimal (0.1 microg/kg) caerulein, nor, in contrast with L-NAME, aggravate the outcome of caerulein induced pancreatitis. CONCLUSIONS: Reduction of circulating NO availability, probably of endothelial origin, is responsible for the decrease in amylase secretion observed in the early response to L-NAME. Nitrergic neurotransmission plays an important role in the control of pancreatic secretion and may induce opposite effects to endothelial NOS activity.
Asunto(s)
Óxido Nítrico/fisiología , Páncreas/metabolismo , Enfermedad Aguda , Amilasas/metabolismo , Animales , Capsaicina/farmacología , Ceruletida/farmacología , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Fármacos Gastrointestinales/farmacología , Hemoglobinas/metabolismo , Masculino , NG-Nitroarginina Metil Éster/farmacología , Fibras Nerviosas/efectos de los fármacos , Neuronas Aferentes/efectos de los fármacos , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa/antagonistas & inhibidores , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo I , Pancreatitis/metabolismo , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-DawleyRESUMEN
Despite being a common disease in humans, little is known about the etiopathogenesis of and effective therapeutic approaches to chronic pancreatitis, due mainly to the fact that few simple animal models suitable to study inflammatory and fibrogenetic processes have been described in the pancreas. Trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) induces chronic colitis and cholangitis in the rat. We hypothesized that TNBS instillation into the pancreatic ducts could also result in the development of a chronic pancreatic disease. The biliopancreatic duct of rats was cannulated and tied close to the liver. TNBS [0.4 ml of 2% TNBS in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-10% ethanol, pH 8] was infused into the pancreas under a continuous controlled-pressure system. Control rats underwent the same procedure using vehicle only. Pathology assessment of TNBS-treated rats examined at 48 h was consistent with severe acute necrotizing pancreatitis, having a morality rate of 31% and serum amylase activity of 37.4 +/- 8.8 U/ml at 24 h and 13.3 +/- 1.7 U/ml at 48 h (p < 0.01 for both time points compared to PBS/ethanol-treated rats). Groups of 10 rats each were killed at 3, 4, and 6 week after the surgical procedure. Morphological examination revealed changes mimicking features of chronic pancreatitis in humans in 80% (32 of 40) of TNBS-treated rats, consisting in various degrees of periductal and lobular fibrosis, duct stenosis, patchy acute and chronic inflammatory cell infiltrates, and signs of gland atrophy. Animals developing chronic disease had a weight gain rate significantly lower than that of control rats. Serum amylase, fasting glucose, and a glucose tolerance test were not different in diseased or control rats. In conclusion, we were able to induce chronic fibrogenetic inflammatory disease in the pancreas after a single pulse instillation of TNBS into the pancreatic ducts. This might be a useful animal model to study the pathophysiology of inflammatory, fibrogenetic, and reparative processes in pancreatic tissue.
Asunto(s)
Conductos Pancreáticos/efectos de los fármacos , Pancreatitis/inducido químicamente , Ácido Trinitrobencenosulfónico/administración & dosificación , Amilasas/sangre , Animales , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Glucemia/metabolismo , Enfermedad Crónica , Ayuno , Páncreas/patología , Pancreatitis/patología , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Aumento de PesoRESUMEN
A 25-year-old man with a 1 year history of episodic abdominal pain presented with splenomegaly, eosinophilic ascites and peripheral eosinophilia. Full-thickness biopsies from his gastrointestinal tract revealed intense eosinophilic infiltration involving both muscular and serosal layers and extending from his stomach to his ileum. When given oral steroids, the patient's condition improved and he was discharged without symptoms. Eighteen months later, he remains asymptomatic and without recurrence of ascites or splenomegaly. This report adds to the scarce data on extraintestinal involvement in eosinophilic gastroenteritis. Special attention is drawn to the differential diagnosis of eosinophilic ascites and to the optimal approach to its management.
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Ascitis/etiología , Eosinofilia/complicaciones , Gastroenteritis/complicaciones , Esplenomegalia/etiología , Adulto , Antiinflamatorios/uso terapéutico , Biopsia , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Sistema Digestivo/patología , Eosinofilia/diagnóstico , Eosinofilia/tratamiento farmacológico , Gastroenteritis/diagnóstico , Gastroenteritis/tratamiento farmacológico , Humanos , Masculino , Prednisona/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND/AIMS: Nitric oxide synthase activity is detected in the pancreas, but the role of NO on pancreatic function has not been fully characterized. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of NO in normal and diseased pancreatic function. METHODS: Amylase and NO secretion were measured in vivo in rats and in vitro in dispersed acini, with and without NO synthesis blockade, by NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME). Rats were subjected to cerulein-induced pancreatitis, and the effects of L-NAME or NO donors were assessed. RESULTS: L-NAME reduced amylase output to 60% of basal. This effect was reversed by L-arginine. The secretory response to optimal doses of cerulein induced a poor amylase secretion and a marked release of NO. High doses of cerulein in combination with L-NAME inhibited NO formation and amylase secretion. In dispersed acini, supramaximal cerulein concentrations induced NO release, but the amylase dose-response curve was not modified by NO inhibition. In acute pancreatitis, L-NAME increased amylasemia and tissue myeloperoxidase activities, whereas NO donors reduced amylasemia, lipasemia, and the histological damage score. CONCLUSIONS: The L-arginine/NO pathway facilitates basal and stimulated pancreatic secretion in vivo. NO donor drugs may improve the course of acute pancreatitis.
Asunto(s)
Ceruletida/farmacología , Óxido Nítrico/fisiología , Páncreas/metabolismo , Pancreatitis/metabolismo , Enfermedad Aguda , Amilasas/metabolismo , Animales , Arginina/análogos & derivados , Arginina/farmacología , Radicales Libres , Masculino , NG-Nitroarginina Metil Éster , Nitroprusiato/farmacología , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Superóxido Dismutasa/farmacologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To describe our initial experience in direct contact dissolution of cholesterol gallstones with methyl-tert-butyl ether, a non surgical approach for high risk patients. PATIENTS: Twenty symptomatic patients were preselected. They all had radiolucent stones in functioning gallbladders. Patients rejected elective surgery or were considered to be of high risk for anesthesia. Computerized tomography scan was performed to evaluate stone calcium content and liver-gallbladder anatomy. In selected patients, contact stone dissolution was carried out after transhepatic gallbladder catheterization. RESULTS: Ten patients were excluded due to poor gallbladder contact to the liver (two patients) or stone density greater than 70 Hounsfield Units. Percutaneous transhepatic positioning of the catheter into the gallbladder was achieved in seven patients. Stone dissolution was complete in five patients and partial in one. Mean perfusion time was 6.15 hours (3.45-7.5); however, mean hospitalization stay was 7 days (4-10) mainly due to inexperienced management coordination. While on treatment, all patients experienced nausea, burning or abdominal discomfort that were easily controlled. Complications were related to catheter placement (intraperitoneal biliary leakage, external fistula) and in five patients to the dissolution procedure (severe abdominal pain, biliary colic, cholecystopancreatitis). Complications were all handled with non surgical treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Percutaneous gallstone dissolution with methyl-tert-butyl ether is a rapid and efficacious procedure that can, nevertheless, induce relevant secondary effects and complications.
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Colelitiasis/terapia , Éteres Metílicos , Adulto , Anciano , Cateterismo/efectos adversos , Cateterismo/métodos , Colecistografía , Colelitiasis/diagnóstico por imagen , Evaluación de Medicamentos , Éteres/administración & dosificación , Éteres/efectos adversos , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Punciones/efectos adversos , Punciones/métodos , Solventes/administración & dosificación , Solventes/efectos adversos , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos XRESUMEN
Nitric oxide (NO) synthesised from L-arginine is an intercellular messenger in various biological actions including endothelial dependent relaxation and inhibition of platelet aggregation. This study explored the role of the L-arginine-NO pathway in the regulation of gall bladder motility. Intraluminal gall bladder pressure was recorded in anaesthetised guinea pigs in response to cholecystokinin or bethanechol before and after treatment with specific NO synthase inhibitors (NG-nitro-L-arginine, NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, or NG-monomethyl-L-arginine), or with an NO donor (sodium nitroprusside). Baseline gall bladder pressure significantly increased after treatment with the NO synthase inhibitors. Responses to cholecystokinin (0.025-1.25 nmol/kg) were significantly enhanced after treatment with NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester and lasted two to threefold longer than in control experiments. The effect of the inhibitor both on resting pressure and on cholecystokinin induced changes was reversed by L-arginine but not by D-arginine. Pretreatment with the inhibitors also induced a significant enhancement of the response to bethanechol. On the other hand, sodium nitroprusside abolished the response to low dose cholecystokinin and reduced the response to a high dose by about 80%. In vitro experiments with isolated gall bladder strips showed a significant enhancement of the contractile response to cholecystokinin or bethanechol after preincubation with the NO synthase inhibitor. Calcium dependent activity of NO synthase was detected in fresh homogenates from gall bladder tissue and incubation with endotoxin induced considerable calcium independent activity. These findings support the existence of a key L-arginine-nitric oxide pathway regulating gall bladder contraction.
Asunto(s)
Arginina/fisiología , Vesícula Biliar/fisiología , Óxido Nítrico , Sistemas de Mensajero Secundario/fisiología , Aminoácido Oxidorreductasas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Animales , Arginina/análogos & derivados , Arginina/farmacología , Compuestos de Betanecol/farmacología , Colecistoquinina/farmacología , Endotoxinas/farmacología , Vesícula Biliar/efectos de los fármacos , Cobayas , Técnicas In Vitro , Masculino , NG-Nitroarginina Metil Éster , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa , Nitroarginina , Nitroprusiato/farmacología , Presión , omega-N-MetilargininaRESUMEN
To study proximal events in cholecystokinin (CCK) action on bovine gall bladder smooth muscle, we used the hormone analogue D-Tyr-Gly-[(N1e28,31)CCK-26-32]-phenethyl ester (OPE), which has unique biological properties. This fully efficacious agonist differs from native CCK by not expressing supramaximal inhibition of cell shortening, yet it clearly interacts with the same receptor molecule. This was demonstrated in binding and affinity labeling studies, where both peptides label the same Mr 70,000-85,000 protein and both fully compete for binding of the other ligand. Further, its relatively high affinity for the low affinity CCK receptor permits the clear demonstration of two affinity states of a CCK receptor on a membrane preparation and makes possible evaluation of the molecular basis of these affinity states and their regulation. Analysis of homologous and heterologous binding curves performed with both CCK and OPE peptides and radioligands demonstrated the presence of two affinity states, with CCK being able to distinguish them (Kd1 = 0.48 +/- 0.04 nM and Kd2 = 56.5 +/- 7.4 nM) and OPE recognizing them equally (Kd1 = 0.94 +/- 0.31 nM and Kd2 = 0.96 +/- 0.23 nM). In the presence of nonhydrolyzable GTP analogues, there was a shift in distribution of receptors toward the low affinity state, with the total number of receptors and their absolute affinities for each peptide remaining constant. Thus, the gall bladder CCK receptor is a single molecule capable of assuming two interconvertible affinity states, regulated by a guanine nucleotide-binding protein. Two full agonists are capable of interacting with this molecule to yield different biological responses via different molecular events.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas de Unión al GTP/metabolismo , Vesícula Biliar/ultraestructura , Receptores de Colecistoquinina/metabolismo , Animales , Bovinos , Membrana Celular/metabolismo , Colecistoquinina/metabolismo , Vesícula Biliar/citología , Radioisótopos de Yodo , Cinética , Músculo Liso/citología , Fragmentos de Péptidos/metabolismo , Receptores de Colecistoquinina/clasificación , Sincalida/análogos & derivados , Sincalida/metabolismoRESUMEN
Cholecystokinin (CCK) receptors reside on a large number of cell types along the digestive tract and in the nervous system. A human neuroblastoma cell line (CHP212) has recently been described to express a type A receptor, with structural specificity similar to that on pancreatic acinar cells and gall bladder smooth muscle cells but different from the predominant type of binding site found in brain (type B). In this work, we have performed photoaffinity labeling and protease peptide mapping of the CHP212 receptor and have compared it to other type A CCK receptors. 125I-D-Tyr-Gly-[(Nle28,31,pNO2-Phe33)-CCK-26-33], a probe that possesses a photolabile residue at position 33 within the theoretical receptor-binding domain of this hormone, specifically labeled a Mr = 80,000-90,000 glycoprotein on this cell line, while labeling larger proteins (Mr = 85,000-95,000) on rat pancreas and human gall bladder. Deglycosylation with endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase F yielded bands of Mr = 43,000 from CHP212 and gall bladder and Mr = 42,000 from pancreas. Peptide mapping of the deglycosylated bands using Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease demonstrated identical patterns in CHP212 and gall bladder and a similar but different pattern in pancreas. Thus, although possessing heterogeneity in their carbohydrate domains, CCK receptors on human neuroblastoma cells (CHP212) and human gall bladder smooth muscle cells have highly similar or identical protein cores. The core protein on another type A CCK receptor, from rat pancreas, appears to differ from these, likely representing molecular heterogeneity between species.
Asunto(s)
Neuroblastoma/metabolismo , Receptores de Colecistoquinina/análisis , Marcadores de Afinidad , Animales , Línea Celular , Vesícula Biliar/metabolismo , Glicosilación , Humanos , Proteínas de la Membrana/análisis , Páncreas/metabolismo , Péptido Hidrolasas , Mapeo Peptídico , RatasRESUMEN
Receptors for cholecystokinin (CCK) on gallbladder muscularis smooth muscle have different apparent sizes in man (Mr = 85,000-95,000) and cow (Mr = 70,000-85,000). In this work, these receptors were demonstrated to represent N-linked complex glycoproteins with Mr = 43,000 protein cores, based on lectin-affinity chromatography and the deglycosylation of bands affinity labeled with 125I-D-Tyr-Gly-[(Nle28,31, pNO2-Phe33)CCK-26-33] using neuraminidase, O-glycanase and endoglycosidases H and F. Similarities in the core proteins were further demonstrated by Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease peptide mapping, in which both proteins yielded similar fragment patterns. Thus, gallbladder CCK receptors present in man and cow are both N-linked complex glycoproteins, with different carbohydrate domains and similar protein cores.
Asunto(s)
Vesícula Biliar/análisis , Glicoproteínas/análisis , Músculo Liso/análisis , Receptores de Colecistoquinina/análisis , Marcadores de Afinidad , Animales , Autorradiografía , Bovinos , Membrana Celular/análisis , Cromatografía de Afinidad , Glicosilación , Humanos , Mapeo Peptídico , Serina EndopeptidasasRESUMEN
Gallbladders removed at cholecystectomy are a potentially useful source of human receptor for the gastrointestinal peptide hormone cholecystokinin (CCK). Seven healthy gallbladders (removed incidentally at time of resection of hepatic metastases) and 50 diseased gallbladders were studied. Cholecystokinin radioligand binding to an enriched plasma membrane preparation from these tissues was shown to be rapid, reversible, temperature-dependent, saturable, specific, and high-affinity. Computer analysis of equilibrium binding data using the Ligand program best fit a single class of binding sites with Kd = 1.0 +/- 0.1 nM (mean +/- SEM). This was similar in health and disease, with no apparent differences related to age, gender, or body habitus. The structural specificity for binding to this site correlated well with relative potencies for CCK-gastrin peptides to stimulate gallbladder contraction. To biochemically characterize this receptor, we used a battery of reagents, including "long" (125I-Bolton Hunter-CCK-33) and "short" 125I-D-Try-Gly-[(Nle28,31)CCK-26-33] probes that were cross-linkable through their amino terminus and a monofunctional probe with a photolabile group at its carboxyl terminus 125I-D-Tyr-Gly[(Nle28,31,pNO2-Phe33)CCK-26-33]. All probes specifically labeled a human gallbladder muscularis protein of Mr = 85,000-95,000, which was also independent of diagnosis. Labeling of this band was inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner by CCK-8 and by L-364,718. Thus, the CCK receptor present on the very common surgically removed human gallbladder is functionally and biochemically intact and is useful for further characterization.