[Chemical composition of the meat of emergency-slaughtered calves]. / Khimichen sustav na meso ot zaklani po neobkhodimost teleta.

Studied was the chemical composition of musculus longissimus dorsi and the liver of 16 emergency-slaughtered calves, affected with bronchopneumonia, along with 10 normal calves used as controls. Special attention was paid to the content of water, fats, ashes, total and extractive and protein nitrogen, and the amount of essential amino acids (tryptophane) and nonessential (hydroxyproline) proteins. It was demonstrated that the sampled muscle tissue of the diseased calves had higher content of water (1.81 per cent) and lower content of fats (1.68 per cent) and caloric value (16.11 Kcal) as against the values of the same indices for the analogous muscle of normal calves (P less than 0.001). No essential differences (P greater than 0.05) were found in the average values of the crude protein, the essential and nonessential proteins and their ratio in the tissues sampled from the forcedly slaughtered calves as compared to the controls.

[Hygienic research on meat-dressing shops and enterprises]. / Khigienni prouchvaniia na tranzhorni tsekhove i predpriiatiia.

Observations were made on the hygiene state of the meat-conditioning departments and enterprises of 13 meat-dressing combines. Both qualitative and quantitative investigations were carried out with regard to 9 bacteriologic indexes. The result of studies on a total of 1,042 samples of washings taken from equipment, working tools, machines, working milieu, and hands and aprons of workers prior to beginning work showed that in case all regulations of cleaning, washing, and disinfection were observed the residual microflora, and, more specifically organisms that were of interest from a sanitary point of view were lowered to minimum counts. No pathogenic Staphylococcus and Salmonella organisms were isolated. It was found that during work the count of indicative organisms considerably rose. No pathogenic staphylococci were isolated. In one case only were there Salmonella typhimurium organisms on the surface of a circular saw for carcass cutting. The overall bacteriologic investigation of a total of 137 samples of minced meat and meat balls and other products prepared with such meat revealed that the average counts of various organisms ranged as follows: aerobic mesophiles--3,653 830/g, and coliforms--31,748/g; Escherichia coli organisms were demonstrated in 10.22 per cent of the cases, B. proteus--in 1.46 per cent, and pathogenic staphylococci--in 3.65 per cent of the samples. None of the samples, weighing 25 g each showed the presence of Salmonellae. No correlative dependence was found between the coli titer and the coli index of the products.

[Toxicity and nutritive action of Pharmakhim's sodium monensin in weaned lambs]. / Toksichnost i nutritivno seistvie na monenzin-natrii "Farmakhim" pri shileta.

Tested was the monensin-Na Pharmakhim preparation (commercial formula Monensin-100, a 10 per cent premix of monensin-sodium) with weaned lambs with regard to toxicity, tolerance, nutritive action, distribution, and residual amounts in the body as well as with special reference to its effect on meat quality. It was found that doses of 15 mg/kg body mass were well tolerated, with no changes in both behaviour and appetite. The minimum lethal dose was 30 mg/kg b. m. Medicated feed, containing Monensin-100 at rates 10, 20, and 30 ppm, offered to the animals in the course of 90 days produced a positive effect after the 30th day, acting best in conc. of 30 ppm. In the amounts referred to Monensin-100 negligibly stimulated the process of hemopoiesis; more substantial was the improvement of the carbohydrate metabolism, raising the amount of blood sugar (better at the rate of 30 ppm). Histologic investigations of parenchymal organs of the animals treated with nutrient amounts of the preparation revealed no degenerative changes. Neither was there any negative effect on the tested organoleptic, physico-chemical, and microbiological indices of the meat obtained following the use of Monensin-100 in the concentrations referred to. The withdrawal time at slaughtering weaned lambs that had been offered Monensin-100 with the feed in the course of 90 days with regard to the concentrations cited above was shown to be at least 48 hours.

[Fatty acid content of the lipid fraction of the liver and fatty tissues of fattened geese]. / Sudurzhanie na mastni kiselini v lipidnata fraktsiia na cheren drob i tlustini ot ugoeni guski.

The content of fatty acids in the lipid fraction of the liver and in the body fats of fattened gray Landen geese. Determinations were carried out with a gas chromatography Chrom 41 supplied with Determinations were carried out with a gas chromatograph Chrom 41 supplied with a flame-ionization detector. It was found that the average content of fatty acids (saturated and unsaturated) as expressed by percent of their total amount was 45.90% and 54.10% (liver), 36.58% and 63.42% (subcutaneous fatty tissue), 42.79% and 57.31% (inner lard), and 39.01% and 60.99% (skin fats).

[Chemical composition of the meat of chickens treated with antibiotics]. / Khimichen sustav na meso ot pileta, tretirani s antibiotitsi.

Studies were carried out on the chemical composition of meat obtained from a total of 150 Leghorn birds at the age of four weeks, treated with nine antibiotic preparations. When the antibiotics were applied at therapeutic rates certain changes took place in the amount of total nitrogen as well as in the amino acids tryptophane and hydroxi-proline, which depended on the type of the antibiotic used. The study of muscle samples from the test groups revealed negligible rise (P greater than 0.05) of the fats and water to the detriment of total nitrogen as against the values of the same indices of the controls. Demonstrated was the higher biologic value of white meat proteins as shown by the control group as compared with the test groups. The withdrawal time was found to be six days during which full elimination of the antibiotic preparations from the body of the birds was achieved, and there was no rise both of the total nitrogen and of the index of the tryptophane/hydroxi-proline ratio.

[Fatty acid content in the lipid fraction of the meat of wild pigs]. / Sudurzhanie na mastni kiselini v lipidnata fraktsiia na meso ot divi svine.

The content of fatty acids was studied in the lipid fraction of m. longissimus dorsi of wild swine weighing 70 to 100 kg shot in the autumn-winter season of 1983-1984. A gas chromatography device of the Pye Unicam system, model 104 with a flame-ionization detector was used. It was found that the average content of fatty acids in the lipid fraction of m. longissimus dorsi in terms of percent of the total amount of the fatty acids was 1.57 for myristic acid, 25.78 for palmitic acid, 11.14 for stearic acid, 2.32 for palmitoleic acid, 50.90 for oleic acid, and 8.29 for linoleic acid. Linolenic acid and arachidonic acid were in trace amounts only.

[Chemical composition of the meat from chickens treated with aflatoxin B1]. / Khimichen sustav na meso ot pileta, tretirani s aflatoksin B1.

Studies were carried out to establish the effect of aflatoxin B1 on some qualitative indices of poultry meat. It was found that the use of aflatoxin B1 led to a decrease in the live weight as well as to changes in the chemical composition of meat-increase in the water content, decrease in the amount of fats and proteins, and drop of its biologic value. Most clearly manifested were the changes when aflatoxin B1 was applied at the rate of 37.5 micrograms daily, in the course of 30 days. It was also found that withdrawal periods of 7 days did not contribute to the elimination of the changes in the chemical composition of poultry meat.

[Microbiological research on the meat and liver from fattened geese]. / Mikrobiologichni prouchvaniia na meso i cheren drob ot ugoeni guski.

Microbiologic studies were carried out on the meat and liver of fattened geese that were slaughtered with no sanitary restrictions. Established were the total counts of aerobically growing mesophiles as well as those of coliform, enterococcus, staphylococcus, and micrococcus organisms. The species composition of the isolated bacteria was also determined. It was shown that the investigated samples of the liver and of the pectoral and femoral muscles were free from Salmonella bacteria and pathogenic staphylococci, sulfite-reducing clostridia and Bacterium proteus.

[Fatty acid content of the lipid fraction of the meat of chickens fed mixed feeds with added bacterial protein]. / Sudurzhanie na mastni kiselini v lipidnata fraktsiia na meso ot pileta, khraneni s kombinirani furazhi s dobavka na bakterialen protein.

Studies were carried out to establish the content of fatty acids in the lipid fraction of the meat of birds that were given combined feeds with the supplement of bacterial protein. A Perkin Elmer gas chromatograph with a flame-ionization detector were used to evaluate the fatty acid content. It was found that with the increase in the bacterial protein content of the feed mixtures there was a rising trend in the sum total of the unsaturated fatty acids (C16:1, C18:1, C18:2) and a lowering one of the saturated fatty acids (C14, C16, C18) as against their content in the meat of the control group.

[Quality of meat from lambs fattened on feed mixtures with added bacterial protein]. / Kachestvo na mesoto ot agneta, ugoiavani s furazhni smeski s dobavka na bakterialen protein.

Physico-chemical, microbiologic, and histologic investigations were carried out with meat and parenchymal organs of lambs offered feed mixtures with a supplement of bacterial protein on methanol basis in fattening the animals up to 35 kilograms. The addition of 5 per cent bacterial protein which replaced in terms of protein equivalent 60 per cent of the sunflower oil meal and totally the amount of urea in the mixtures had no negative effect on the physical and chemical composition of the meat and its biologic value. Histologically, no degenerative changes in the skeletal muscles and parenchymal organs were found. There was hypofunction of the thyroid gland in the test lambs. No pathogenic and occasionally pathogenic organisms were found in the sampled meat and organs.

[Chemical and microbiological studies of the meat of broilers fed mixed feeds with a bacterial protein supplement]. / Khimichni i mikrobiologichni izsledvaniia na meso ot pileta-broileri, khraneni s kombinirani furazhi s dobavka na bakterialen protein.

Physico-chemical and microbiologic studies were carried out with meat of broilers that had been offered combined feed mixtures in which part of the soybean meal protein was replaced by microbial one through the incorporation of 4, 8, and 12 per cent industrial single cell protein. The bacterial protein was shown to have no adverse effect on the physico-chemical composition of poultry meat. Demonstrated was a trend toward the separation in individual layers of more fats in the carcass with the increase in the percent of biomass of the combined feed mixtures for poultry. Considering the content of total nitrogen, fats, and ashes in the poultry meat most expedient was the incorporation of 4 percent single-cell protein in the feed mixtures for broilers. No pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic organisms were found in the meat of broilers.

[Chemical composition of the meat and liver of pigs fattened with mixtures containing a bacterial protein supplement]. / Khimichen sustav na meso i cheren drob ot praseta, ugoiavani sus smeski s dobavka na bakterialen protein.

The chemical composition of the meat and liver of pigs fattened under production conditions was established with the addition of 3, 4, and 5 per cent bacterial protein to three experimental groups of animals, respectively. A control group of pigs was also used fed with no biomass in their feed. The trial lasted 104 days, the liveweight of the animals in the beginning of the experiment being about 35-40 kg, and at the end of it--100--115 kg. It was found that by the contents of water, total, extractable and protein nitrogen, fats, ash, essential and common proteins, tryptophane, and hydroxyproline and the index of their ratio, the pH value and calories as well as by organoleptic evaluation the samples of the investigated m. longissimus dorsi and liver of the test animals did not differ essentially (P greater than 0.05) from the respective values of the controls.

[Carrier state and body distribution of Salmonella bacteria in healthy piglets and calves]. / Nositelstvo i topografsko razpredelenie na salmonelni bakterii v trupa i organite na zdravi svine i teleta.

Studies were carried out to establish the carrier status and the topographic distribution of Salmonella bacteria in the carcass and organs of healthy pigs and calves. A total of 3980 samples were subjected to investigation (m. gracilis, lymphonodus subilicus, lymphonodus praescapularis, lymphonodi mesenterici, liver bile duct, gallbladder, lymphonodi hepatici, and spleen and samples from caecum content taken from 560 slaughtered normal pigs), and a total of 2400 samples (m. gracilis, caput longum of m. triceps brachii, lymphonodus praescapularis, lymphonodus subilicus lymphonodi hepatic, lymphonodi mesenterici, gallbladder, spleen, heart, and kidney and samples from the caecum content taken from 200 slaughtered normal calves. The investigations were carried out with methods routinely employed in the microbiological science and practice with special reference to Salmonella bacteria. It was found that 4.29 per cent of the slaughtered healthy pigs were carriers of Salmonella organisms, 10 serotypes of the groups B, C1, C2, D and E1 of Salmonellae being isolated. Most frequently isolated serotypes in a descending order were: S. anatus, 7 strains; S. cholerae suis, 6 strains; S. derby, 5 strains; S. agona, 4 strains; S thompson and S. dublin, 2 strains; and S. essen, S. lille, S. kottbus, and S. enteritidis, 1 strain. The highest percent of Salmonellae in the slaughtered normal pigs was found in the caecum content (3,75%). No Salmonellae were found in the samples from the slaughtered 200 normal calves and the muscle and carcass lymph node a samples taken from the investigated 560 pigs.

[Presence of salmonellae and coliform bacteria in ground meat and the sources of its contamination]. / Prouchvaniia vurkhu nalichieto na salmonelni i koliformni bakterii v mliano meso i izotochnitsii za kontaminiraneto mu.

Studied were a total of 14,944 samples of minced meat for the presence of Salmonellae and 608 samples for establishing the coli-titer. Examined were also bacteriologically 5651 washing samples from the workers' hands, the machines, equipment and stock implements in the shops for the production of minced meat prior to starting work as well as 3721 washing samples from the same for the presence of coliforms. It was found that 1.81 per cent of 14,188 samples of minced meat were contaminated with as many as 17 serotypes of Salmonella organisms belonging to the B, C and E serogroups. It was believed that the primary source of Salmonellae in minced meat were the clinically normal Salmonella carrier animals apart from the occasional contamination during the individual technologic stages of processing. The smallest amount of minced meat in which coli bacteria (titer) could be found varied within the range of 0.01 to 0.0001, 53 out of the investigated 608 samples, i. e. 8.72 per cent showing a titer of 0.01, 477 samples (78.45 per cent) having a titer of 0.001, and 78 samples (12.88 per cent) having a titer of 0.0001. Of the examined samples washings 25.69 were positive for coli bacteria, and 0.27 per cent--for Salmonella bacteria, which spoke of improper disinfection.

[Microbiological studies in poultry meat production]. / Mikrobiolgochni prouchvaniia pri dobiva na ptiche meso.

Microbiologic studies were carried out in the production of poultry meat in a poultry dressing combine of the Stork system. Examined were a total of 125 washing samples taken at the 9th, 11th and 15th hour from the scalding vat, the cooling vat, the machine of eviscerating and the skin surface after plucking, eviscerating and shower washing and prior to packing the carcasses. It was found that the count of aerobic organisms continuously rose during the technologic processing of the slaughtered birds with regard to the surface of the carcasses, the peak values of the total counts and that of coliforms being reached during evisceration. It was further established that shower washing of the carcasses immediately following evisceration guaranteed a washing effect so far as the microflora on the surface was concerned, amounting to 77.60 per cent. So far as the coliform bacteria was concerned this effect was found to be equal to 89.78 per cent. The total count of aerobic microflora on the surface of carcasses prior to packing was found to vary within the range of 3000 to 72000, while the count of coliforms ranged from 100 to 1800/cm2.

[Glycogen content and the determination of the biochemical indices of the musculature and liver in healthy calves and those with degenerative osteoarthrosis]. / Sudurzhanie na glikogen i opredeliane na niakoi biokhimichni pokazateli na muskulatura i cheren drob ot zdravi i bolni ot degenerativna osteoartroza teleta.

Investigations aiming to establish the content of glycogen and of some biochemical characteristics (pH, peroxidase, ammonia, sulfurated hydrogen and reaction in bouillon with copper sulfate) of the muscles (m. gracilis, m. longissimus dorsi, caput longum of m. triceps brachii and the muscules of the neck between the 5th and 7th neck vertebrae) and liver of 16 fattened calves of the Bulgarian brown cattle breed suffering fro degenerative osteoarthrosis, were carried out. It was established that in glycogen content and in biochemical characteristics investigated the muscle and liver samples of calves suffering from degenerative osteoarthrosis differ from those of healthy animals.

[Chemical makeup of the musculature and liver of fattening calves having degenerative osteoarthrosis]. / Prouchvaniia vúrkhu khimichniia sustav na muskulatura i cheren drob ot bolni ot degenerativna osteoartroza teleta za ugoiavane.

Studies were carried out on the chemical composition of the muscles/m. gracilis, m. longissimus dorsi, caput longum of m. triceps brachii, as well as the muscles of the neck between the 5th and 7th neck vertebrae and livers from 16 spontaneously ill with osteoarthrosis degenerative calves, meant for fattening, of the breed "Bulgarian Brown Cattle." The studies were carried out with regard to the contents of general, extractive and protein nitrogen, ashes, as well as the quantity of the aminoacids tryptophan and hydroxyproline. The contents of adequate and inadequate proteins was determined, as well as the relative nourishing value of the proteins from the samples under investigation. A tendency was accounted for towards a reduction of the nourishing quantitites of the samples studied, taken from the sick calves, as compared with the data about the healthy animals, but this tendency was very slightly pronounced and in most cases was statistically ensured (P greater than 0.05).

[Fatty acid content in the lipid fraction of pork]. / Prouchvaniia vurkhu sudurzhanieto na mastni kiselini v lipidnata fraktsiia na meso ot praseta.

Studies were carried out to determine the contents of fatty acids in the lipid fraction of m. Longissimus dorsi from Bulgarian White pigs having a live weight of 25 to 40 kg. A Varian 2100 gas chromatograph with a flame-ionizing Detector, produced in the USA, was used for determination of fatty acids. It was found that, in the lipid fraction of the muscle studied the average content of myristic acid C14, was 1.25%; of palmitic acid C16, 29.08%; of stearic acid C18, 10.21% of palmitoleic acid C16:1, 3.24%; of oleic acid C18:1, 50.21%; and of linoleic acid C18:2, 6.01%.

[Amino acid makeup of beef]. / Prouchvaniia vurkhu aminokiselinniia sustav na govezhdo meso.

Studies were carried out both on the quantitative and qualitative composition of aminoacids in the proteins of m. longissimus dorsi from cattle of the "Bulgarian Brown" breed with the help of an automatic aminoanalyzer Hd 1200 E, made in Czechoslovakia. Hydroxyproline and triptophane were determined at different analytical speeds. It was established that in the proteins of the muscle investigated are contained the following aminoacids, expressed in g/16 g N: lysine--7.77; treonine--4.09, valine--5.12, methyonine--2.50, isoleucine--4.67, leucine--8.42, phenylalanine--4.34, triptophane--1.40, histidine--3.37, arginine--6.17, aspartic acid--7.92, serine--3.31, glutamine acid--13.30, proline--3.73, glycine--4.79, alanine--4.99, tirosine--3.84 and hydroxyproline--0.59. The quantity of the essential aminoacids in the proteins of the muscle investigated from cattle, except the value of methyonine and cystine (the method we implemented does not secure the determination of cystine), surpasses the norm for their contents in the proteins suggested by FAO/WHO.

[Amino acid composition of lamb]. / Prouchvaniia vurkhu aminokiselinniia sustav na ovcho meso.

Studies were carried out both on the quantitative and qualitative composition of aminoacids in the proteins of n. longissimus dorsi, from sheep of the "Blackheaded Pleven" breed. For the purpose was used an automatic aminoanalyzer of 1200 E, made in Czechoslovakia. Hydroxyproline and triptophane were determined in separate analytical pathways. It was established that in the proteins of the muscle investigated are contained the following aminoacids, expressed in grams /16 g N: lysine--7,90; treonine--3,92; valine--4,84; methyonine--2,72; isoleucine--4,51; leucine--7,54; phenylalanine--4,64; triptophane--1,39; histidine--3,02; arginine--6,09; aspartic acid--7,16; serine--3,64; glutamine acid--11,49; proline--3,54; glycine--4,29; alanine--4,65; tirosine--2,94 and hydoxyproline--0,42. A similarity was proved in the aminoacid composition of m. longissimus dorsi from sheep with that of the same muscle with cattle and swine.