USP15-USP7 Axis and UBE2T Differential Expression May Predict Pathogenesis and Poor Prognosis in De Novo Myelodysplastic Neoplasm.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of USP7, USP15, UBE2O, and UBE2T genes in Myelodysplastic neoplasm (MDS) to identify possible targets of ubiquitination and deubiquitination in MDS pathobiology. To achieve this, eight datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database were integrated, and the expression relationship of these genes was analyzed in 1092 MDS patients and healthy controls. Our results showed that UBE2O, UBE2T, and USP7 were upregulated in MDS patients compared with healthy individuals, but only in mononucleated cells collected from bone marrow samples (p < 0.001). In contrast, only the USP15 gene showed a downregulated expression compared with healthy individuals (p = 0.03). Additionally, the upregulation of UBE2T expression was identified in MDS patients with chromosomal abnormalities compared with patients with normal karyotypes (p = 0.0321), and the downregulation of UBE2T expression was associated with MDS hypoplastic patients (p = 0.033). Finally, the USP7 and USP15 genes were strongly correlated with MDS (r = 0.82; r2 = 0.67; p < 0.0001). These findings suggest that the differential expression of the USP15-USP7 axis and UBE2T may play an important role in controlling genomic instability and the chromosomal abnormalities that are a striking characteristic of MDS.

Discrepancy in transcriptomic profiling between CD34 + stem cells and primary bone marrow cells in myelodysplastic neoplasm.

Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) biomarkers can be used to help diagnose and monitor the disease, as well as to determine which treatments are most effective. So, given the complexity of Myelodysplastic neoplasm (MDS), it is difficult to determine the impact and disparities of DEGs between CD34+ HSC (hematopoietic stem cells) or primary bone marrow cells (PBMC) in MDS pathogenesis, and therefore it remains largely unknown. Here, we performed an in-silico transcriptome analysis on CD34+ HSC and PBMC from 1092 MDS patients analyzing the divergences between differential gene expression patterns in these two cell types as potential pathogenic biomarkers for MDS. Initially, we observed a difference of 7117 expressed transcripts between PBMC (n = 40,165) and CD34 +HSC (n = 33,048). Also, we identified that CD34+ HSC and PBMC samples showed 240 and 2948 DEGs, respectively. In summary, we identified DEGs disparities in CD34+ HSC and PBMC cell types. However, there was a certain similarity of the activated pathways in both cellular samples based on Gene Ontology and KEGG pathways enrichment analyses. Our results provide novel insights into novel DEGs biomarkers to MDS pathogenesis with clinical significance. AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIALS: All microarray databases were obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/). To evaluate the biological function of differentially expressed genes, the DAVID (Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery tool was used) (https://david.ncifcrf.gov/).

Steps toward nebulization in-use studies to understand the stability of new biological entities.

The need for novel biological drugs against respiratory diseases has been highlighted during the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. The use of inhalation presents challenges to drug product stability, which is especially true for delivery using nebulizers (jet versus mesh technologies). The late-stage process of drug development in the pharmaceutical industry requires the investigation of in-use stability. In-use studies generate data that are guided by the requirements of regulatory authorities for inclusion in the clinical trial application dossier. In this review, I introduce the initial aspects of in-use stability studies during the development of an aerosol formulation to deliver biologics with a nebulizer. Lessons learned from this experience can guide future development and planning for formulation, analytics, material compatibility, nebulization process, and clinical trial preparations.

Role of Sirtuins in the Pathobiology of Onco-Hematological Diseases: A PROSPERO-Registered Study and In Silico Analysis.

The sirtuins (SIRT) gene family (SIRT1 to SIRT7) contains the targets implicated in cellular and organismal aging. The role of SIRTs expression in the pathogenesis and overall survival of patients diagnosed with solid tumors has been widely discussed. However, studies that seek to explain the role of these pathways in the hematopoietic aging process and the consequences of their instability in the pathogenesis of different onco-hematological diseases are still scarce. Therefore, we performed a systematic review (registered in PROSPERO database #CRD42022310079) and in silico analysis (based on GEPIA database) to discuss the role of SIRTs in the advancement of pathogenesis and/or prognosis for different hematological cancer types. In summary, given recent available scientific evidence and in silico gene expression analysis that supports the role of SIRTs in pathobiology of hematological malignances, such as leukemias, lymphomas and myeloma, it is clear the need for further high-quality research and clinical trials that expands the SIRT inhibition knowledge and its effect on controlling clonal progression caused by genomic instability characteristics of these diseases. Finally, SIRTs represent potential molecular targets in the control of the effects caused by aging on the failures of the hematopoietic system that can lead to the involvement of hematological neoplasms.

Decoding (patho-)physiology of the lung by advanced in vitro models for developing novel anti-infectives therapies.

Advanced lung cell culture models provide physiologically-relevant and complex data for mathematical models to exploit host-pathogen responses during anti-infective drug testing.

Spray-dried multidrug particles for pulmonary co-delivery of antibiotics with N-acetylcysteine and curcumin-loaded PLGA-nanoparticles.

Nowadays, the resistance of bacterial biofilms towards the available antibiotics is a severe problem. Therefore, many efforts were devoted to develop new formulations using nanotechnology. We have developed an inhalable microparticle formulation using spray-drying combining multiple drugs: an antibiotic (tobramycin, ciprofloxacin or azithromycin), N-acetylcysteine (NAC), and curcumin (Cur). The use of PLGA nanoparticles (NP) also allowed incorporating curcumin to facilitate spray drying and modify the release of some compounds. The aerosolizable microparticles formulations were characterized in terms of size, morphology, and aerodynamic properties. Biocompatibility when tested on macrophage-like cells was acceptable after 20 h exposure for concentrations up to at least 32 µg/mL. Antibacterial activity of free drugs versus drugs in the multiple drug formulations was evaluated on P. aeruginosa in the same range. When co-delivered the efficacy of tobramycin was enhanced compared to the free drug for the 1 µg/mL concentration. The combinations of azithromycin and ciprofloxacin with NAC and Cur did not show an improved antibacterial activity. Bacteria-triggered cytokine release was not inhibited by free antibiotics, except for TNF-α. In contrast, the application of NAC and the addition of curcumin-loaded PLGA NPs showed a higher potential to inhibit TNF-α, IL-8, and IL-1ß release. Overall, the approach described here allows simultaneous delivery of antibacterial, mucolytic, and anti-inflammatory compounds in a single inhalable formulation and may therefore pave the way for a more efficient therapy of pulmonary infections.

P. aeruginosa Infected 3D Co-Culture of Bronchial Epithelial Cells and Macrophages at Air-Liquid Interface for Preclinical Evaluation of Anti-Infectives.

fDrug research for the treatment of lung infections is progressing towards predictive in vitro models of high complexity. The multifaceted presence of bacteria in lung models can re-adapt epithelial arrangement, while immune cells coordinate an inflammatory response against the bacteria in the microenvironment. While in vivo models have been the choice for testing new anti-infectives in the context of cystic fibrosis, they still do not accurately mimic the in vivo conditions of such diseases in humans and the treatment outcomes. Complex in vitro models of the infected airways based on human cells (bronchial epithelial and macrophages) and relevant pathogens could bridge this gap and facilitate the translation of new anti-infectives into the clinic. For such purposes, a co-culture model of the human cystic fibrosis bronchial epithelial cell line CFBE41o- and THP-1 monocyte-derived macrophages has been established, mimicking an infection of the human bronchial mucosa by P. aeruginosa at air-liquid interface (ALI) conditions. This model is set up in seven days, and the following parameters are simultaneously assessed: epithelial barrier integrity, macrophage transmigration, bacterial survival, and inflammation. The present protocol describes a robust and reproducible system for evaluating drug efficacy and host responses that could be relevant for discovering new anti-infectives and optimizing their aerosol delivery to the lungs.

El humor vítreo como fluido biológico de importancia clínica en ciencias forenses / Vitreous humour as a biofluid of clinical importance in forensic sciences / Humor vítreo como fluido biológico de importância clínica nas ciências forenses

El humor, cuerpo o fluido vítreo (HV) es un gel claro que ocupa la cavidad vítrea o cavidad posterior del globo ocular y cuyas funciones son las de dar volumen al ojo, sostener la retina y mantener su transparencia de manera que los haces de luz puedan atravesarla. En este estudio se aborda la importancia del humor vítreo como muestra en el área de la bioquímica clínica, y se destaca su valor en el ámbito de las ciencias forenses. El humor vítreo es una muestra indispensable en la investigación de casos de muertes sospechosas, inexplicables o violentas, puesto que su ubicación proporciona un medio estéril para determinaciones como la confirmación post mortem de la ingestión de etanol. Tiene un rol en la determinación de drogas, intervalo post mortem, diabetes, deshidratación, desnutrición e insuficiencia renal. La interpretación de los datos puede ser problemática donde factores como la difusión post mortem de las drogas desde el cerebro hacia la cavidad vítrea, el método analítico, la recolección de la muestra, la calibración y el tratamiento estadístico de los datos aportan dificultad en la interpretación y añaden más variables a la hipótesis de investigación. La investigación del humor vítreo como matriz de análisis tiene una importancia considerable y debería ser difundida en países como Brasil y otros de América Latina donde, a pesar de existir personal capacitado para trabajar con esta muestra, este tipo de análisis no se pone en práctica con la debida frecuencia.

The vitreous humor, body or fluid is the clear gel that fills the vitreous chamber or posterior chamber of the eyeball, whose functions are to give volume to the eye, serve as retina support and maintain its transparency to allow light beams to reach the retina. This study addresses the vitreous humor as an important sample for clinical biochemistry, pointing out its value for forensic sciences. The vitreous humor is a mandatory sample in cases of suspected, unexplained or violent deaths and its location gives a sterile medium for the postmortem confirmation of alcohol intake. It plays a role in the measurement of drugs, estimation of postmortem interval, and definition of diabetes, dehydration and renal failure. Factors such as drug postmortem diffusion in the vitreous humour coming from the brain, along with factors of the analytical method such asthe collection process, calibration and statistical processing of data, make it difficult to interpret and add more variables to the cases investigated. HV use should be promoted in countries like Brazil and in Latin America, which possess trained professionals to address and use this biological sample, but who do not work with it frequently.

O humor, corpo ou fluido vítreo (HV) é um gel claro que enche a cavidade vítrea ou cavidade posterior do globo ocular, cujas funções são dar volume ao olho, apoiar a retina e manter a sua transparência para permitir que os feixes de luz possam atravessá-la. Este trabalho aborda a importância do humor vítreo como amostra na área da bioquímica clínica, destacando seu valor no âmbito das ciências forenses. O humor vítreo é amostra obrigatória na investigação de casos de mortes suspeitas, inexplicáveis ou violentas, visto que sua localização provê um meio estéril para, por exemplo, determinações como a confirmação post mortem da ingestão de etanol. Tem um papel na mensuração de drogas, estimação do intervalo post mortem, diabetes, desidratação, desnutrição e insuficiência renal. Fatores como a difusão post mortem das drogas desde o cérebro para a cavidade vítrea, juntamente com o método analítico, o processo de coleta da amostra, calibração e tratamento estatístico dos dados, trazem dificuldades na interpretação e adicionam mais variáveis às hipóteses de investigação. A investigação do humor vítreo como matriz de análise tem importância considerável e deveria ser divulgada em países como o Brasil e outros da América Latina onde, apesar de contar com profissionais capacitados para trabalhar com esta amostra, ainda não colocam em prática esta análise com a merecida frequência.

Developing a research ethics Comittee the case of Manaus health system / Desarrollando un comité de ética de investigación: el caso del sistema de salud de Manaus / Desenvolvimento de um comitê de ética da investigação: o caso do sistema da sa·de de Manaus

La creciente complejidad de la investigación biomédica con seres humanos genera muchos conflictos éticos que se suman a la dificultad de cumplir con todos los requisitos impuestos por una legislación en bioética. La Secretaría Municipal de Salud de Manaus (MHCO, en inglés), en el la Región Norte de Brasil, ya tenía un intercambio con universidades locales que no era gestionado por ningún sector en específico, por lo que los proyectos de investigación se autorizaban sin análisis de viabilidad o relevancia y sin ningún seguimiento de acciones dentro del sistema de salud local. En 2008, la MHCO creó la Co-misión de Ética de la Investigación (RECO, en inglés). Entonces, ¿constituye la MHCO un campo para la investigación? Hay que decir que sí en el sentido de que, del sistema local de salud, parten temas y servicios que caracterizan por completo a la salud y a la ciudad en sí. Entre 2008 y 2011, el total de proyectos presentados para trabajar dentro de los establecimientos de salud asciende a 282, relacionados con trabajos de pregrado y postgrado. La MHCO representa una acción del gobierno local para supervisar las actividades de investigación en el sistema local de salud y, al mismo tiempo, atrae la atención de los empleados públicos como investigadores de su propio entorno laboral. Dicha acción contribuye a identificar problemas a nivel interno y revela la forma en que la sociedad de Manaus ve al sistema de salud. Articulo de reflexión.

The growing complexity of biomedical investigation with human beings generates many conflicts regarding ethical values that add up to the difficulty of fulfilling all the requirements imposed by the legislation on bioethics. Manaus Health City Office (MHCO), in North Brazil, had already had a long time exchange program with local universities which was not managed by a specific sector, so research projects were authorized without further analysis of feasibility, relevance, or a follow-up of its actions within the local health system. In 2008, MHCO created the Research Ethics Commission (RECO). So, is MHCO a field for research? We ought to say yes inasmuch as from the local health system stem subjects and services completely characterizing the health and the city itself. From 2008 to 2011, the number of submitted projects intended to be implemented inside the health establishments was 282, concerning undergraduate and graduate papers. MHCO represents an action of the local government in monitoring research activity in the local health system and, at the same time, catches the attention of public employees as researchers of their own environment of work. This action helps to identify internal problems and shows the impression Manaus society has in relation to the health system.

A crescente complexidade da pesquisa biomédica com seres humanos gera muitos conflitos éticos que contribuem para a dificuldade de satisfazer todas as exigências impostas pela legislação sobre bioética. A Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Manaus, na região norte do Brasil, já tinha um intercâmbio com universidades locais que não eram geridos por qualquer sector específico, para que os projectos de investigação foram autorizados sem análise de viabilidade ou de relevância e de quaisquer acções de acompanhamento no âmbito do sistema de saúde local. Em 2008, a Secretaria criou o Comitê de ética da pesquisa. E ben, ¿constitui o Secretariado um campo de pesquisa? Deve ser dito que sí, por causa do sistema de saúde local partem assuntos e serviços que caracterizam completamente para a saúde e para a cidade. Entre 2008 e 2011, o número total de projetos apresentados para o trabalho em estabelecimentos de saúde foi 282, do trabalho de graduação e pós-graduação. A Secretaria representa a ação do governo local para monitorar as atividades de pesquisa no sistema de saúde local e, ao mesmo tempo, atrai a atenção dos funcionários públicos, como os pesquisadores em seu próprio ambiente de trabalho. Esta ação ajuda a identificar problemas internamente e revela a maneira em que a sociedade de Manaus vê o sistema de saúde.

Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hypoglycemic effects of the leaf extract from Passiflora nitida Kunth.

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease characterized by abnormally high plasma glucose levels, leading to major complications, such as insulin resistance, obesity, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension, also with alterations in the immune and neuronal systems. Brazilian plants have been studied as important sources for new molecules with medicinal properties. The genus Passiflora known as "Maracujá" has been used as a traditional folk medicine for a long time, so an investigation was performed regarding an endemic kind of passion fruit (Passiflora nitida Kunth) from Amazonas, Brazil. Here, we aimed to determine its potential biological activity against metabolic syndrome, oxidative stress, pain, and inflammation. The hydroethanol leaf extract revealed an in vitro α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of 50 % inhibitory concentration (IC50) = 6.78 ± 0.31 µg/mL and an α-amylase inhibition of IC50= 93.36 ± 4.37. In vivo, experiments of different saccharide tolerance resulted in significant glycemia control and, with alloxan-diabetic mice, resulted in a decrease of total cholesterol, a hypoglycemic effect, and an antioxidant activity by thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances measurement. Also, it decreased the carrageenan-induced edema volume and the rate of writhing as a nociceptive response. These results indicate positive effects of P. nitida extract and its potential to inhibit metabolic syndrome.