A high-density linkage map and sex-determination loci in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei).

BACKGROUND: Expansion of genomic resources for the Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), such as the construction of dense genetic linkage maps, is crucial for the application of genomic tools in order to improve economically relevant traits. Sexual dimorphism exists in Pacific white shrimp, and the mapping of the sex-determination region in this species may help in future reproductive applications. We have constructed male, female, and sex-averaged high-density genetic maps using a 50 K single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array, followed by a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify genomic regions associated with sex in white shrimp. RESULTS: The genetic map yielded 15,256 SNPs assigned to 44 linkage groups (LG). The lengths of the male, female, and sex-averaged maps were 5,741.36, 5,461.20 and 5,525.26 cM, respectively. LG18 was found to be the largest for both sexes, whereas LG44 was the shortest for males and LG31 for females. A sex-determining region was found in LG31 with 21 statistically significant SNPs. The most important SNP was previously identified as a sex-linked marker and was able to identify 99% of the males and 88% of the females. Although other significant markers had a lower ability to determine sex, putative genes were intercepted or close to them. The oplophorus-luciferin 2-monooxygenase, serine/arginine repetitive matrix protein and spermine oxidase genes were identified as candidates with possible participation in important processes of sexual differentiation in shrimp. CONCLUSIONS: Our results provide novel genomic resources for shrimp, including a high-density linkage map and new insights into the sex-determining region in L. vannamei, which may be usefulfor future genetics and reproduction applications.

Assessment of the hemagglutinating activity of the Porcine orthorubulavirus.

Blue eye disease (BED) in pigs is caused by Porcine orthorubulavirus (PRV) of the Paramyxoviridae family. It is an endemic disease in swine production in the central region of Mexico and causes nervous signs and high mortality in suckling pigs, pneumonia in growing pigs, orchitis in boars and mummification during gestation. PRV hemagglutinates most red blood cells (RBCs) of domestic species. For serological diagnosis, the hemagglutination inhibition test is used, and in this test, guinea pig, bovine and chicken RBCs have been commonly used. In this investigation, hemagglutination with PRV was evaluated using the RBCs of seven domestic species (chicken, bovine, horse, pig, dog, guinea pig and rabbit). In the hemagglutination test, the following parameters were evaluated: temperature (25 °C and 37 °C), bottoms of the wells (V and U), erythrocyte concentration (0.5%, 0.75%, and 1%), and reading time (15, 30, 45, 60 and 90 min). Significant differences (P < 0.001) were found in most of the evaluated treatments. The best hemagglutination results were obtained with chicken, bovine and horse RBCs. The hemagglutination titer is higher (2 dilutions) when using chicken RBCs than when using bovine or horse RBCs. If chicken RBCs are used in the inhibition of hemagglutination, the test will be more sensitive, while it is more specific when bovine or horse RBCs are used. The hemagglutination readings are imprecise when using RBCs from dogs, pigs, guinea pigs and rabbits. RBCs from these species should not be used for the diagnosis or investigation of PRV.

[MIA 2021, Comprehensive Asthma Management. Guidelines for Mexico]. / MIA 2021, Manejo Integral del Asma. Lineamientos para México.

BACKGROUND: Asthma continues to be one of the most frequent chronic respiratory diseases in our country. New methods for diagnosis and treatment have been described; accordingly, the international guidelines were renewed. OBJECTIVE: To create a national platform for the development of updated guidelines, solidly based on evidence: Comprehensive Asthma Management (Spanish acronym: MIA). METHODS: MIA uses the ADAPTE method. The MIA development group consists of experts in pulmonology-allergology-methodology and representatives of 13 institutions and societies of specialties that manage asthma. The international reference guidelines (selected with AGREE-II): GINA 2020, GEMA 5.0, BTS/SIGN 2019 and ATS/ERS consensus document 2014-2019 on severe asthma. MIA covers suspected asthma, diagnosis, treatment, and special groups. Key clinical questions were formulated on treatment steps 1-3, biomarkers and severe asthma. RESULTS: Based on evidence, safety, cost and local reality, the core group developed responses. Through a Delphi process the broad MIA development group suggested adjustments until consensus was reached. CONCLUSION: A document was generated with multiple figures and algorithms, solidly based on evidence about asthma management, adjusted for Mexico with a broad base among different societies that participated in its development. It does not include guidelines for acute asthma.

Antecedentes: El asma sigue siendo una patología respiratoria crónica frecuente en México. Se han descrito nuevos métodos para el diagnóstico y tratamiento conforme se renuevan las guías internacionales. Objetivo: Crear la plataforma nacional Manejo Integral del Asma (MIA), para el desarrollo de lineamientos actualizados con base en evidencia. Métodos: Se utilizó el método ADAPTE. El grupo de desarrollo de MIA estuvo integrado por expertos en neumología, alergología y metodología y representantes de 13 instituciones y sociedades de especialidades que manejan asma. Las guías internacionales de referencia (seleccionadas con AGREE-II) fueron GINA 2020, GEMA 5.0, BTS/SIGN 2019 y consenso ATS/ERS 2014-2019. En MIA se aborda sospecha de asma, diagnóstico, tratamiento y grupos especiales. Se formularon preguntas clínicas clave sobre tratamiento en los pasos 1 a 3, biomarcadores y asma grave. Resultados: Con base en evidencia, seguridad, costo y realidad local, el grupo nuclear desarrolló respuestas. Mediante proceso Delphi, el grupo amplio de desarrollo sugirió ajustes hasta que se logró el consenso. Conclusión: El documento generado contiene múltiples figuras y algoritmos, está sólidamente basado en evidencia acerca del manejo del asma y fue ajustado para México con participación de diferentes sociedades para su desarrollo; no se incluyeron lineamientos para la crisis asmática.

Iniciación sexual en mujeres con prácticas homoeróticas en el eje cafetero colombiano / Iniciação sexual em mulheres com práticas homoeróticas na região cafeeira da Colômbia / Sexual initiation in women with homoerotic practices in the Colombian coffee triangle

Resumen: Objetivo Comprender la iniciación sexual en mujeres con prácticas homoeróticas en cuatro ciudades del Eje Cafetero Colombiano. Métodos . Una encuesta biográfica fue aplicada en 2012 a 308 mujeres haciendo uso de las técnicas de RDS (Respondent Driven Sampling) y bola de nieve. Resultados . El 83,7% de las mujeres manifestó sentir atracción por otra mujer antes de los 18 años; un 67.5% había tenido en su curso biográfico relaciones sexuales con hombres y con mujeres. Las mujeres mayores de 40 años tardaron más tiempo en reconocer su atracción homoerótica y presentan altos porcentajes de iniciación heterosexual (79,6%), previa a la homosexual. Conclusiones. El debut sexual entre mujeres presenta diferencias entre cohortes, notándose una aceleración del evento entre las jóvenes y una cada vez mayor iniciación sexual con personas del mismo sexo. Los hallazgos confirman que en la construcción del deseo se imbrican, de manera problemática, la homosexualidad y la heterosexualidad.

Resumo: O objetivo do estudo foi compreender a iniciação sexual em mulheres com práticas sexuais homoeróticas em quatro cidades na região cafeeira da Colômbia. Foi aplicado um levantamento biográfico, em 2012, a 308 mulheres usando técnicas RDS (Respondent Driven Sampling) e bola de neve. Para a análise das informações foram definidos coortes de nascimentos. 83,7% das mulheres relataram se sentirem atraídas por outra mulher antes dos 18 anos, 67,5% tiveram sexo com homens e mulheres no seu curso biográfico. Mulheres com mais de 40 anos de idade levaram mais tempo para reconhecer a sua atração homossexual e têm altas taxas de iniciação heterossexual (79,6%), pré-homossexual. Os resultados indicam que a iniciação sexual entre as mulheres apresenta diferenças entre coortes, observando-se uma aceleração do evento entre jovens e um crescimento na iniciação sexual com pessoas do mesmo sexo. Os resultados confirmam que na construção do desejo se sobrepõem problematicamente homossexualidade e heterossexualidade.

Abstract: Objective . The aim of the study was to understand sexual initiation in women who have sex with women in four cities of the Colombian Coffee triangle. Methods . A biographical survey was applied in 2012 to 308 women using the RDS (Respondent Driven Sampling) and snowball techniques. For information analysis birth cohorts were defined. Results . 83.7% of women said they felt attracted to another woman before the age of 18; 67.5% had had sex with men and women in their biographical course. Women over age 40 took longer to recognize their homosexual attraction and have high rates of heterosexual initiation (79.6%), before homosexual practices. Conclusions . The results indicate that sexual initiation among women are differences between cohorts, with a notable acceleration of the event among young people and a growing sexual initiation with people of the same sex. The findings confirm that the fields of homosexuality and heterosexuality overlap problematically in the construction of desire.

Genetic improvement of Pacific white shrimp [Penaeus (Litopenaeus) vannamei]: perspectives for genomic selection.

The uses of breeding programs for the Pacific white shrimp [Penaeus (Litopenaeus) vannamei] based on mixed linear models with pedigreed data are described. The application of these classic breeding methods yielded continuous progress of great value to increase the profitability of the shrimp industry in several countries. Recent advances in such areas as genomics in shrimp will allow for the development of new breeding programs in the near future that will increase genetic progress. In particular, these novel techniques may help increase disease resistance to specific emerging diseases, which is today a very important component of shrimp breeding programs. Thanks to increased selection accuracy, simulated genetic advance using genomic selection for survival to a disease challenge was up to 2.6 times that of phenotypic sib selection.

Decline of genetic variability in a captive population of Pacific white shrimp Penaeus (Litopenaeus) vannamei using microsatellite and pedigree information

Background: The objective of this study was to estimate the decline of genetic variability and the changes in effective population size in three shrimp populations. One was a wild population collected at several points in the Mexican Pacific Ocean. The other two populations were different generations (7 and 9) from a captive population selected for growth and survival. Microsatellite markers and pedigree were both used to assess genetic variability and effective population size. Results: Using 26 loci, both captive populations showed a decline in the expected heterozygosity (20%) and allelic diversity indices (48 to 91%) compared to the wild population (P < 0.05). The studied captive populations did not differ significantly from each other regarding their expected heterozygosity or allelic diversity indices (P > 0.05). Effective population size estimates based on microsatellites declined from 48.2 to 64.0% in cultured populations (P < 0.05) compared to the wild population. Conclusions: An important decline of genetic variability in the cultured selected population due to domestication, and evidence of a further smaller decline in effective population size across generations in the selected population were observed when analyzing pedigree (41%) and microsatellite data (37%). Pedigree keeping is required to prevent the decline of effective population size and maintain genetic variability in shrimp breeding programs, while microsatellites are useful to assess effective population size changes at the population level.

[Implications of AIDS on the biography of men with homoerotics practices in Mexico City]. / Implicaciones del VIH/SIDA en la biografía de varones con prácticas homoeróticas en la Ciudad de México.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the changes in the biography of men with homoerotic practices in the times of AIDS. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective (biographical) survey was administered during the first semester of 2006 to 250 gay/homosexual men in Mexico City. Based on this survey, 633 couple stories, taking place in different time periods, were reconstructed. In addition, taking into account the epidemiologic behavior of HIV-AIDS in Mexico, three couple cohorts were defined as: "before AIDS" 1970-1984; period of "exponential growth" 1985-1995; and "stabilization period" 1996-2005. The 633 stories are distributed along these time-frames, taking the starting date of each relationship as the criterion. RESULTS: During the period of this study, less sexual exclusivity and shorter duration of sexual relationships were found among couple cohorts. The latter process has been documented elsewhere and is called of "sexual distension". CONCLUSIONS: The research allows for understanding the social history of the epidemic and as well as its implications for HIV-AIDS prevention policies.

Implicaciones del VIH/SIDA en la biografía de varones con prácticas homoeróticas en la Ciudad de México / Implications of AIDS on the biography of men with homoerotics practices in Mexico City

OBJETIVO: Determinar los cambios en la configuración biográfica de un conjunto de varones con prácticas homoeróticas en la era del sida. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se aplicó una encuesta retrospectiva durante el primer semestre de 2006 a una muestra intencional de 250 varones en la Ciudad de México. Con ellos fue posible reconstruir 633 historias de pareja ocurridas en diferentes momentos del tiempo. Por otro lado, tomando como base el comportamiento epidemiológico del VIH/SIDA en México, se construyeron tres cohortes de emparejamiento: "antes del sida" 1970-1984; 1985-1995 o periodo de "crecimiento exponencial" y 1996-2005 o de "estabilización" de la epidemia. RESULTADOS: Durante el periodo en estudio se encontró una menor exclusividad sexual y una menor duración en las relaciones de pareja, entre cohortes de emparejamientos. Este proceso ha sido documentado en otros lugares y se le ha llamado de "distensión sexual". CONCLUSIONES: El estudio aporta elementos para una historia social de la epidemia y el mejoramiento de políticas públicas de prevención en torno al VIH/SIDA.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the changes in the biography of men with homoerotic practices in the times of AIDS. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective (biographical) survey was administered during the first semester of 2006 to 250 gay/homosexual men in Mexico City. Based on this survey, 633 couple stories, taking place in different time periods, were reconstructed. In addition, taking into account the epidemiologic behavior of HIV-AIDS in Mexico, three couple cohorts were defined as: "before AIDS" 1970-1984; period of "exponential growth" 1985-1995; and "stabilization period" 1996-2005. The 633 stories are distributed along these time-frames, taking the starting date of each relationship as the criterion. RESULTS: During the period of this study, less sexual exclusivity and shorter duration of sexual relationships were found among couple cohorts. The latter process has been documented elsewhere and is called of "sexual distension". CONCLUSIONS: The research allows for understanding the social history of the epidemic and as well as its implications for HIV-AIDS prevention policies.

Efectos de interacción genotipo por ambiente para peso corporal a los 130 días en camarón blanco del Pacífico [Penaeus (Litopenaeus) vannamei] / Genotype by environment interaction effects for body weight at 130 days of age in the Pacific white shrimp [Penaeus (Litopenaeus) vannamei]

Body weight of Pacific white shrimp [Penaeus (Litopenaeus) vannamei] at 130 days of age was analyzed in three environments corresponding to different management systems: semi-intensive (10 shrimp/m²) in Pozos, Sinaloa (POZOS10), intensive (30 shrimp/ m²) in Pozos, Sinaloa (POZOS30), and super-intensive (85 shrimp/m²) in Bahia de Kino, Sonora (KINO85). Data were obtained from 18 087 sibs from 113 sires and 143 dams. The aim of the study was to evaluate the presence of genotype by environment interaction effects (IGA) and the effect of the (co) variance between full-sibs family common effects on the genetic parameter estimates. Estimates of h² with a model including independent full-sibs family common effects were between 0.26 and 0.39 across environments, while the estimates for a model with correlated full-sibs family common effects were estimated between 0.14 and 0.23. No differences were found for h² values between environments. The genetic correlations between environments were not lower from unity with any model; therefore, it is concluded that no evidence of genotype-environment interaction exists for body weight at 130 days in Pacific white shrimp, under the environments used in this study. The inclusion of the (co)variance between full-sibs family common effects of different environments affected the parameter estimates. These results also indicate that ranking of the breeding animals will be similar in all the studied production environments.

Se analizó información de peso corporal de camarón blanco del Pacífico [Penaeus (Litopenaeus) vannamei] a los 130 días, en tres sistemas de manejo: semiintensivo (10 camarones/m²); intensivo (30 camarones/m²), ambos en Pozos, Sinaloa, y super-intensivo (85 camarones/m²), en Bahía de Kino, Sonora. Los registros corresponden a 18 087 individuos, hijos de 113 sementales y 143 hembras, con la finalidad de evaluar la existencia de interacciones genotipo por ambiente (IGA) y el efecto de la covarianza de los efectos comunes de familia de hermanos en la estimación de parámetros genéticos. Las estimaciones de h² con un modelo que consideró los efectos comunes de familia de hermanos como independientes, fueron de 0.26 a 0.39 y de 0.14 a 0.23, para un modelo que consideró dichos efectos como correlacionados. No existió diferencia significativa entre los valores de h² de los ambientes, y las correlaciones genéticas entre ambientes no fueron menores a uno con ninguno de ambos modelos, se concluye que no hay evidencia de IGA en el peso corporal a los 130 días de P. vannamei en los ambientes estudiados en este trabajo. La inclusión de la covarianza entre efectos de familias de hermanos en el análisis afectó los valores de los parámetros. Se concluye que el ordenamiento de los reproductores será similar en los ambientes estudiados.

Tratamiento médico versus quirúrgico en la enfermedad tromboembólica / Medical versus surgical treatment in thromboembolic disease

Se hizo un estudio retrospectivo de los casos de trombosis venosa profunda de los miembros inferiores, analizados los mecanismos etiológicos, tiempo de evolución, prevalencia de sexo y edad, infección asociada, localización, magnitud del daño y terapéutica. Se estableció el diagnóstico por clínica, antecedentes y/o estudios de gabinete, aun total de 43 pacientes; 28 mujeres y 15 hombres en edades entre 19 y 60 años; en el periodo de enero de 1988 a julio de 1991. El 28 por ciento de los casos correspondió a factores ginecológicos, y a cirugías previas otro 23 por ciento. Hubo un caso de embolismo paradojíco. Se encontró un sobrepeso general de 59 por ciento. La localización más frecuente correspondío al miembro inferior izquierdo (67 por ciento), con extensión a todo el eje iliofemoropopliteotibial en el 41 por iento. El tratamiento se dividió en quirúrgico (32 por ciento) y en médico (68 por ciento); esté, a su vez, desglosado en antitrombolítico (34 por ciento) y fibrinolítico (34 por ciento). Los objetivos del estudio fueron valorar las complicaciones durante o después del tratamiento. Nueve casos con manejo médico evolucionaron a tromboembolia pulmonar. En los operados no se encontró ningún caso. Se determinó además el tipo sanguíneo, siendo el B+ el predominante en un 42 por ciento de los pacientes. Hubo mortalidad con manejo médico de 6.6 por ciento y de 0 por ciento con el quirúrgico