Spanish Version of the Bedtime Procrastination Scale: Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Psychometric Evaluation in a Sample of Nursing Students.

A recent line of research concerns bedtime procrastination, its effects on sleep quality and duration, and the associated repercussions for health and wellbeing. The Bedtime Procrastination Scale is a brief, self-report instrument developed by Kroese et al. with the aim of evaluating this behavior and exploring its association with insufficient sleep, and hence with health. The aim was to develop and validate a Spanish version of the Bedtime Procrastination Scale (BPS-Sp) and to examine the relationship between bedtime procrastination and both general procrastination and self-control. The original BPS was translated from English into Spanish in accordance with international guidelines on the cross-cultural adaptation of measurement instruments. The sample for the validation study comprised 177 nursing students who completed a questionnaire requesting demographic data and which included the following instruments: the newly developed BPS-Sp, the Tuckman Procrastination Scale, and the Brief Self-Control Scale. Statistical analysis involved tests of normality (Kolmogorov-Smirnov), reliability (Cronbach's alpha, test-retest), construct validity, and confirmatory factor analysis. Scores on the BPS-Sp showed excellent internal consistency (α = .83) and temporal stability (test-retest r = .84), as well as significant correlations with general procrastination (r = .26; p < .01) and self-control (r = -.17; p < .05). Confirmatory factor analysis showed an adequate fit for the single-factor solution proposed by Kroese et al. The results suggest that the BPS-Sp is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing bedtime procrastination in the Spanish-speaking population.

The suicidal behaviors questionnaire-revised. Spanish form.

This study consists of a translation, intercultural adaptation and analysis of the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of Suicide Behavior Questionnaire Revised using a sample of 325 undergraduates. Internal consistency, reliability and temporal stability, calculated through Cronbach's alpha (α =.81) and test-retest correlations (ICC =. 88), respectively, were excellent. The criterion-related validity of the SBQ-R was established by correlating SBQ-R with other psychological constructs. A confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated adequate fit of the measurement model. This SBQ-R Spanish adaptation is a reliable and valid tool that might be useful to researchers and clinicians wishing to identify young people at a high risk of suicide.

Procrastinación académica y riesgo de conducta suicida en jóvenes universitarios: el papel de la regulación emocional / Academic procrastination and risk of suicidal behavior in university students: The role of emotional regulation

ANTECEDENTES Y OBJETIVO: El suicidio es la primera causa de muerte evitable entre los jóvenes de 15 a 24 años. El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer la prevalencia de la conducta suicida (CS) en estudiantes universitarios, analizar la relación entre la regulación emocional (RE), la procrastinación académica (PA) y la CS, y si la RE podría actuar como una variable moduladora entre ambas. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional transversal con una muestra incidental de 350 estudiantes universitarios de 21.13 años (DT = 6,15) de edad, rango entre los 17 y 28 años, que participaron voluntariamente respondiendo las escalas de procrastinación académica de Tuckman, de conducta suicida revisada (SBQR) y la Subescala de regulación emocional percibida. RESULTADOS: Un 16.3% de los estudiantes presentaba riesgo de CS. Se observaron correlaciones positivas entre la PA y la CS, y negativas entre la RE, la CS y la PA. Los sujetos que presentaban altos valores en RE mostraban menor CS y PA. Las mujeres presentaban mayores niveles de RE. Los análisis de regresión descartaron el posible efecto moderador de la RE entre la PA y la CS, aunque ambas variables (PA y RE) mantenían una relación directa, pero no interactiva con la CS. CONCLUSIONES: La CS presenta una alta incidencia. La RE y la PA tienen un efecto directo sobre la CS. La RE parece ejercer un papel protector de la CS y de la PA. Se propone diseñar programas de aprendizaje centrados en la RE en el ámbito sanitario y educativo

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Suicide is the leading preventable cause of death among young people aged 15-24. The aim of this study was to calculate the prevalence of suicidal behavior (SB) in university students, to study the relationship between emotion regulation (ER), academic procrastination (AP) and SB, and analyze whether the ER could act as a modulating variable of the SB. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted with an incidental sample of 350 university students of 21.13 years (SD = 6.15) of age and with a range between 17 and 28 years who voluntarily participated in the study. The students answered the Trait Meta Mood Scale-24 perceived emotional regulation subscale, the Tuckman Academic Procrastination Scale and the revised Suicidal Behavior Scale. RESULTS: Sixteen point three percent of the students presented risk of BS. Positive correlations were observed between AP and SB, and negative between ER, SB and AP. Subjects with high ER values showed lower levels of SB and AP. The regression analyses performed discarded the possible moderating effect of ER on AP and BS, although both variables (AP and ER) had a direct but non-interactive relationship with SB. CONCLUSIONS: High incidence of BS among university students was observed. Both ER and AP have a direct effect on SB. ER seems to play a protective role against SB and PA. Emotion regulation learning programs could be designed to promote health and improve education

Procrastinación académica en estudiantes de enfermería. Adaptación española de la Academic Procrastination Scale-Short Form (APS-SF) / Academic procrastination in nursing students. Spanish adaptation of the Academic Procrastination Scale-Short Form (APS-SF)

OBJETIVO: El objetivo de este trabajo fue realizar la traducción y adaptación al español de la Escala breve de procrastinación académica (APS-SF) de McClosky/Yockey y determinar sus propiedades psicométricas preliminares de validez y fiabilidad en una muestra de estudiantes de enfermería. MÉTODO: Participaron en el estudio 178 estudiantes de enfermería, 143 mujeres y 35 hombres, que respondieron un cuestionario anónimo y autoadministrado, que contenía datos demográficos, la APS-SF y la escala de procrastinación de Tuckman. RESULTADOS: Se obtuvo un coeficiente alfa de Cronbach de consistencia interna de 0,87 y un coeficiente test-retest a 2semanas de 0,89. La correlación entre las 2escalas administradas fue de 0,70. En el análisis factorial confirmatorio se observa un ajuste adecuado al modelo unifactorial propuesto para la versión original de la escala. No aparecen efectos suelo o techo significativos en las puntuaciones de la APS-SF. DISCUSIÓN: Los resultados del estudio permiten considerar que la versión española de la APS-SF es un instrumento válido y fiable, que por sus características puede ser de utilidad para evaluar de forma rápida las conductas rocrastinadoras relacionadas con las actividades académicas de los estudiantes de habla hispana

AIM: The aim of this paper was the translation and adaptation to Spanish of the Academic Procrastination Scale-Short Form of McClosky / Yockey, and to determine its preliminary psychometric properties of validity and reliability in a sample of nursing students. METHOD: 178 nursing students, 143 female and 35 male, participated in the study. They answered an anonymous and self-administered questionnaire, which contained demographic data, the Academic Procrastination Scale-Short Form (APS-SF) and the Tuckman Procrastination Scale (TPS). RESULTS: A Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.87 and a two-week test-retest coefficient of 0.89 was obtained. The correlation between the 2administered scales was 0.70. The confirmatory factor analysis shows a suitable fit to the unifactorial model proposed for the original version of the scale. No significant floor or ceiling effects were observed in the APS-SF scores. DISCUSSION: The results of the study seem to confirm that the Spanish version of the Brief Scale of Academic Procrastination is a valid and reliable instrument, which, due to its characteristics, can be useful to quickly evaluate procrastinating behaviours related to the academic activities of Spanish-speaking students

Relación de la procrastinación académica con la competencia percibida, el afrontamiento, la autoestima y la autoeficacia en estudiantes de enfermería / Relationship of academic procrastination with perceived competence, coping, self-esteem and self-efficacy in nursing students

OBJETIVO: El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar el papel que pueden presentar, como factores protectores de la procrastinación académica de los estudiantes de enfermería, la competencia percibida, el afrontamiento resiliente, la autoestima y la autoeficacia. MÉTODO: Participaron en el estudio 237 estudiantes de enfermería, 202 mujeres y 35 hombres. Los participantes respondieron un cuestionario que contenía las formas españolas de los siguientes instrumentos: Escala de Procrastinación de Tuckman (TPS), Escala de Competencia Personal Percibida (PPC), Escala Breve de Afrontamiento Resiliente (BRCS), Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg (RSES) y Escala de Autoeficacia General (GSE). RESULTADOS: Se obtuvieron coeficientes de correlación negativos y significativos (p < 0,01) entre la escala de procrastinación y el resto de medidas utilizadas. El análisis de regresión lineal identificó la competencia percibida (PPC) como la única variable predictora de la conducta procrastinadora, explicando un 21,5% (R2aj) de la varianza. DISCUSIÓN: Los resultados del estudio ponen en evidencia el importante papel protector que las variables asociadas a la psicología «positiva» tienen sobre las conductas procrastinadoras. Especial relevancia para la teoría y la práctica de la docencia es el resultado que indica el papel predictor de la competencia percibida sobre la procrastinación académica de los estudiantes

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to study the role that perceived competence, resilient coping, self-esteem and self-efficacy can have as protective factors of the academic procrastination of nursing students. METHOD: Participants were 237 nursing students, 202 women and 35 men. The participants answered a questionnaire that contained the Spanish forms of the following instruments: Tuckman Procrastination Scale (TPS), Perceived Personal Competence Scale (PPC), Brief Resilient Coping Scale (BRCS), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) and General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE). RESULTS: Significant and negative correlation coefficients (p<.01) were obtained between the procrastination scale and the rest of the measures used. The linear regression analysis identified Perceived Competence (PPC) as the only predictive variable of procrastinating behaviour, explaining 21.5% (R2aj) of the variance. DISCUSSION: The results of the study show the important protective role that the variables associated with 'positive' psychology have on procrastination. Of special relevance for the theory and practice of teaching is the result that indicates the predictive role of Perceived Competence on the academic procrastination of students

Procrastinación y salud / Procrastination and health

No disponible

Academic procrastination in nursing students. Spanish adaptation of the Academic Procrastination Scale-Short Form (APS-SF). / Procrastinación académica en estudiantes de enfermería. Adaptación española de la Academic Procrastination Scale-Short Form (APS-SF).

AIM: The aim of this paper was the translation and adaptation to Spanish of the Academic Procrastination Scale-Short Form of McClosky / Yockey, and to determine its preliminary psychometric properties of validity and reliability in a sample of nursing students. METHOD: 178 nursing students, 143 female and 35 male, participated in the study. They answered an anonymous and self-administered questionnaire, which contained demographic data, the Academic Procrastination Scale-Short Form (APS-SF) and the Tuckman Procrastination Scale (TPS). RESULTS: A Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.87 and a two-week test-retest coefficient of 0.89 was obtained. The correlation between the 2administered scales was 0.70. The confirmatory factor analysis shows a suitable fit to the unifactorial model proposed for the original version of the scale. No significant floor or ceiling effects were observed in the APS-SF scores. DISCUSSION: The results of the study seem to confirm that the Spanish version of the Brief Scale of Academic Procrastination is a valid and reliable instrument, which, due to its characteristics, can be useful to quickly evaluate procrastinating behaviours related to the academic activities of Spanish-speaking students.

Relationship of academic procrastination with perceived competence, coping, self-esteem and self-efficacy in nursing students. / Relación de la procrastinación académica con la competencia percibida, el afrontamiento, la autoestima y la autoeficacia en estudiantes de enfermería.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to study the role that perceived competence, resilient coping, self-esteem and self-efficacy can have as protective factors of the academic procrastination of nursing students. METHOD: Participants were 237 nursing students, 202 women and 35 men. The participants answered a questionnaire that contained the Spanish forms of the following instruments: Tuckman Procrastination Scale (TPS), Perceived Personal Competence Scale (PPC), Brief Resilient Coping Scale (BRCS), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) and General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE). RESULTS: Significant and negative correlation coefficients (p<.01) were obtained between the procrastination scale and the rest of the measures used. The linear regression analysis identified Perceived Competence (PPC) as the only predictive variable of procrastinating behaviour, explaining 21.5% (R2aj) of the variance. DISCUSSION: The results of the study show the important protective role that the variables associated with 'positive' psychology have on procrastination. Of special relevance for the theory and practice of teaching is the result that indicates the predictive role of Perceived Competence on the academic procrastination of students.

Relación entre inteligencia emocional, afecto negativo y riesgo suicida en jóvenes universitarios / Relationship between emotional intelligence and negative affect on suicide risk in young university students

OBJETIVO: Se analiza la relación entre la inteligencia emocional percibida, el afecto negativo y la satisfacción con la vida, sobre el riesgo suicida en jóvenes. MÉTODO: Un total de 144 universitarios de primer curso de Psicología con una edad media de 17.94 años (DT = 0.269) respondieron a un cuestionario que contenía datos demográficos y las escalas de inteligencia emocional percibida; riesgo suicida, depresión; ansiedad, y satisfacción con la vida. RESULTADOS: Diecisiete estudiantes (11.8%) presentaban riesgo suicida y 8 (5.6%) habían intentado previamente suicidarse. El alto riesgo de suicidio se asociaba a menores niveles de claridad y regulación emocionales y satisfacción con la vida, y altos niveles de ansiedad y depresión. El riesgo suicida correlacionaba positiva y significativamente con el afecto negativo (depresión, ansiedad) y negativamente con la claridad y regulación emocionales, y la satisfacción con la vida. El análisis de regresión indicó que el riesgo suicida era predicho por la regulación emocional (17.2%), la depresión (14.9%) y la satisfacción con la vida (4%), explicando el 36.1% de la varianza. CONCLUSIONES: Sería necesario diseñar intervenciones psicológicas preventivas para reducir la ideación y el riesgo suicida basado en los resultados obtenidos, en especial, en el papel de la inteligencia emocional

AIM: The aim of this work is to analyze the relationship between perceived emotional intelligence, negative affect, satisfaction with life, and resilience on suicide risk in youth. METHOD: 144 college students of first year of Psychology with a mean age of 17.94 years (SD = .269) responded to a questionnaire containing demographic data and scales of perceived emotional intelligence; suicide risk, depression; anxiety; and life satisfaction. RESULTS: 17 students (11.8%) had suicide risk and 8 (5.6%) had previously attempted suicide. A high risk of suicide was associated with lower levels of clarity and emotion regulation, resilience and life satisfaction, and high levels of anxiety and depression. Suicide risk significantly and positively correlated with negative affect (depression, anxiety) and negatively with the clarity and emotional regulation and life satisfaction. The regression analysis indicated that suicide risk was predicted by emotion regulation (17.2%), depression (14.9%) and life satisfaction (4%) accounting for 36.1% of its variance. CONCLUSIONS: It is necessary to design psychological interventions aimed at preventing or reducing suicidal ideation and suicide risk based on the results obtained, particularly regarding emotional intelligence

Diseño y validación de un instrumento para medir actitudes machistas, violencia y estereotipos en adolescentes / Design and validation of a tool to measure sexist attitudes, violence and stereotypes among adolescents

OBJETIVO: diseño y validación psicométrica de un instrumento para evaluar las actitudes machistas, violencia y estereotipos en adolescentes. MÉTODO: a partir de las consideraciones teóricas se construyó un banco de ítems preliminares que fue sometido a la consideración de un panel de expertos, para garantizar la validez de contenido. El cuestionario formado por los 26 ítems se administró a una muestra de estudiantes de Educación Secundaria, junto con instrumentos que permitían medir: doble moral, bienestar subjetivo, autoestima y resiliencia. Para medir la consistencia interna (fiabilidad) de la escala se utilizó el coeficiente alfa de Cronbach. La validez de constructo se evaluó mediante un análisis factorial exploratorio. La tabulación y análisis de los datos se realizó con el programa SPSS 21.0. RESULTADOS: la muestra estuvo formada por 283 estudiantes (174 mujeres y 109 hombres), con una media de edad (DE) de 16,68 (0,85). La escala definitiva, EVAMVE, formada por 20 ítems, presentó un coeficiente alfa de Cronbach de 0,878 (IC95% 0,860-0,895) y correlaciones positivas y significativas (p< 0,05) con las medidas de: doble moral, bienestar subjetivo y resiliencia. EVAMVE presentó correlación positiva con la medida de la autoestima, pero no fue significativa. CONCLUSIONES: la escala presenta propiedades satisfactorias de fiabilidad y validez, que permite su uso en la identificación de actitudes machistas, violentas y estereotipos en la población adolescente, y la diferenciación de los diferentes componentes del fenómeno. Se considera que este instrumento puede ser útil en la evaluación de actividades orientadas a la prevención de la violencia de género en dicha población

OBJECTIVE: the design and psychometric validation of a tool to evaluate sexist attitudes, violence and stereotypes among adolescents. METHOD: based on theoretical considerations, a preliminary bank of items was built and then submitted to a panel of experts for consideration, in order to guarantee the validity of its contents. The questionnaire including these 26 items was administered to a sample of High School students, together with tools that allowed to measure: double standards, subjective wellbeing, self-esteem and resilience. Cronbach's Alpha Coefficient was used in order to measure the internal consistency (reliability) of the scale. Construct validity was evaluated through exploratory factor analysis. Tabulation and data analysis was conducted with the SPSS 21.0 program. RESULTS: the sample included 283 students (174 women and 109 men), with 16.68 (0.85) as mean age (SD). The final 20-item scale, EVAMVE, presented a Cronbach's Alpha Coefficient of 0.878 (CI 95% 0,860-0,895) and positive and significant correlations (p< 0.05) with the following measures: double standards, subjective wellbeing and resilience. EVAMVE showed positive correlation with the self-esteem measure, but this was not significant. CONCLUSIONS: the scale presents satisfactory features of reliability and validity, allowing its use for detecting sexist and violent attitudes and stereotypes among the adolescent population, as well as the differentiation of their different components. It is considered that this tool might be useful for assessing activities targeted to prevention of gender violence in said population

Instruments to assess self-care among healthy children: A systematic review of measurement properties.

AIM: To identify, critically appraise and summarize the measurement properties of instruments to assess self-care in healthy children. BACKGROUND: Assessing self-care is a proper consideration for nursing practice and nursing research. No systematic review summarizes instruments of measurement validated in healthy children. DESIGN: Psychometric review in accordance with the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) panel. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Web of Science and Open Grey were searched from their inception to December 2016. REVIEW METHODS: Validation studies with a healthy child population were included. Search was not restricted by language. Two reviewers independently assessed the methodological quality of included studies using the COSMIN checklist. RESULTS: Eleven studies were included in the review assessing the measurement properties of ten instruments. There was a maximum of two studies per instrument. None of the studies evaluated the properties of test-retest reliability, measurement error, criterion validity and responsiveness. Internal consistency and structural validity were rated as "excellent" or "good" in four studies. Four studies were rated as "excellent" in content validity. Cross-cultural validity was rated as "poor" in the two studies (three instruments) which cultural adaptation was carried out. CONCLUSION: The evidence available does not allow firm conclusions about the instruments identified in terms of reliability and validity. Future research should focus on generate evidence about a wider range of measurement properties of these instruments using a rigorous methodology, as well as instrument testing on different countries and child population.

Versión española de la Escala multidimensional de locus de control de la salud en estudiantes de enfermería / Spanish version of the Multidimensional health locus of control scale innursing students

OBJETIVO: Determinar las propiedades métricas preliminares de la forma española de la Escala multidimensional de locus de control de la salud (MHLC), formada por 3 subescalas: 1) internalidad; 2) otras personas relevantes, y 3) suerte/azar, y estudiar la relación que la atribución del control de la salud interno o externo tiene con autoestima, autoeficacia y competencia percibidas, en una muestra de estudiantes de enfermería. MÉTODO: Estudio observacional transversal en el que participaron 109 estudiantes, que respondieron un cuestionario anónimo que contenía datos demográficos y las versiones españolas de la MHLC, la Escala de autoestima de Rosenberg, la Escala de autoeficacia general y la Escala de competencia general percibida. RESULTADOS: Se obtuvo un alfa de Cronbach de 0,713 para internalidad, 0,665 para suerte/azar y 0,728 para otras personas. La correlación test-retest para los 18 ítems de la MHLC, fue de 0,866. La internalidadcorrelaciona positiva y significativamente con autoeficacia y competencia, mientras que azar/suertepresenta correlaciones negativas y significativas con autoestima y competencia. No aparecen diferencias significativas por género en ninguna de las 3 subescalas, mientras que los sujetos más jóvenes manifiestan mayor tendencia a la atribución externa. La estructura factorial confirma la hipótesis trifactorial. CONCLUSIONES: Puede concluirse que la forma española de la MHLC presenta una adecuada validez de constructo y propiedades métricas aceptables. Asimismo, se evidencia la relación entre el control interno de la salud con el bienestar percibido y la autoconfianza

AIM: To determine the preliminary psychometric properties of the Spanish form of the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale (MHLC), which consists of three subscales: (1) Internalitu, (2) Powerful other externality, and (3) Chance externality. It also aims to study the relationship that the internal/external health control beliefs has with self-esteem, self-efficacy and perceived competence in a sample of nursing undergraduates. Method: An observational and cross-sectional study including 109 nursing students who completed an anonymous questionnaire containing the demographic variables and the Spanish versions of the MHLC, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, the General Self-Efficacy Scale, and the Perceived personal competence Scale. RESULTS: A Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.713 for Internality, 0.665 for Chance and 0.728 for Powerful otherwere obtained. The test-retest correlation for the 18 items of the MHLC was 0.866. Internality subscale was positively and significantly correlated with self-efficacy and competence. By contrast, chance externality has negative and significant correlations with self-esteem and competence. There are no significant gender differences in any of the subscales. Younger subjects show greater tendency to external attribution. Factor analysis confirms the three-factor hypothesis. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the Spanish form of the MHLC has adequate construct validity and acceptable metric properties. Also, they evidence the relationship between the attribution of health-related internal control with the perceived well-being and confidence in their own skills and abilities

Autoestima, resiliencia, locus de control y riesgo suicida en estudiantes de enfermería / Self-esteem, resilience, locus of control and suicide risk in nursing students

OBJETIVO: Bajo el presupuesto de que el suicidio es la consecuencia de una serie de factores que actúan de forma acumulativa, el objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar la asociación de la autoestima, resiliencia y locus de control con el riesgo de conducta suicida en una muestra de estudiantes de enfermería. MÉTODO: Estudio observacional, transversal, correlacional, con 186 estudiantes de enfermería que respondieron un cuestionario que contenía, además de datos demográficos, las formas españolas de la escala de autoestima de Rosenberg, escala breve de afrontamiento resiliente, escala de riesgo suicida de Plutchik y escala de locus de control interno-externo de Rotter. RESULTADOS: Las puntuaciones de hombres y mujeres son similares en todas las escalas, excepto en locus de control, donde se aprecia una significativa mayor tendencia de las mujeres a la atribución de control externa. El 6,4% de los estudiantes presentan puntuaciones que indican riesgo suicida. Las puntuaciones en riesgo suicida correlacionan negativa y significativamente con autoestima y resiliencia y positivamente con el locus de control. El análisis de regresión lineal identifica la autoestima como principal variable relacionada con el riesgo suicida. CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados sugieren que los estudiantes que presentan baja autoestima tienen dificultades para adaptarse a situaciones adversas y tienden a la atribución externa de las consecuencias de sus acciones pueden presentar un mayor riesgo de conducta suicida. Asimismo, la identificación de la autoestima como importante factor implicado en el riego suicida puede ayudar en el diseño de programas de prevención

AIM: Assuming that suicide is the result of a series of factors acting cumulatively, the aim of this paper was to study the association of self-esteem, resilience and locus of control with the risk of suicidal behavior in a sample of nursing students. Method: Observational, cross-sectional and correlational study with 186 nursing students who answered a questionnaire that contained, in addition to demographic data, the Spanish forms of Rosenberg self-esteem scale, the brief resilient coping scale, the Plutchik scale of suicide risk and the Rotter's internal-external locus of control scale. RESULTS: The scores of males and females are very similar on all scales except Locus of Control, where a significantly greater tendency of females attributed to external control.6.4% of students have scores indicating suicide risk. Suicide risk scores correlated negatively and significantly with self-esteem and resilience and positively with locus of control. The multiple linear regression analysis identified self-esteem as the main variable related to suicide risk. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that students who have low self-esteem, have difficulty in adjusting to adverse situations and tend to the external attribution of the consequences of their actions may have an increased risk of suicidal behavior. Furthermore, the identification of self-esteem as the important factor involved in suicide risk can help in designing prevention programs

Cardiovascular risk assessment in patients with a severe mental illness: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular risk (CVR) has been observed to be higher in patients with severe mental illness (SMI) than in the general population. However, some studies suggest that CVR is not equally increased in different subgroups of SMI. The purposes of this review are to summarise CVR scores of SMI patients and to determine the differences in CVR between patients with different SMIs and between SMI patients and the control-population. METHODS: MEDLINE (via PubMed) was searched for literature published through August 28, 2014, followed by a snowball search in the Web of Science. Observational and experimental studies that reported CVR assessments in SMI patients using validated tools were included. The risk of bias was reported using STROBE and CONSORT criteria. Pooled continuous data were expressed as standardized mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Two reviewers independently selected studies, extracted data and assessed methodological quality. RESULTS: A total of 3,608 articles were identified, of which 67 full text papers were assessed for eligibility and 35 were finally included in our review, in which 12,179 psychiatric patients and 225,951 comparative patients had been assessed. The most frequent diagnoses were schizophrenia and related diagnoses (45.7%), depressive disorders (14.7%), SMI (11.4%) and bipolar disorders (8.6%). The most frequent CVR assessment tool used was the Framingham risk score. Subgroups analysis showed a higher CVR in schizophrenia than in depressive disorder or in studies that included patients with multiple psychiatric diagnoses (SMD: 0.63, 0.03, and 0.02, respectively). Six studies were included in the meta-analysis. Total overall CVR did not differ between SMI patients and controls (SMD: 0.35 [95% CI:-0.02 to 0.71], p = 0.06); high heterogeneity was observed (I (2) = 93%; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The summary of results from studies that assessed CVR using validated tools in SMI patients did not find sufficient data (except for limited evidence associated with schizophrenia) to permit any clear conclusions about increased CVR in this group of patients compared to the general population. The systematic review is registered in PROSPERO: CRD42013003898 .

[Self-esteem, resilience, locus of control and suicide risk in nursing students]. / Autoestima, resiliencia, locus de control y riesgo suicida en estudiantes de enfermería.

AIM: Assuming that suicide is the result of a series of factors acting cumulatively, the aim of this paper was to study the association of self-esteem, resilience and locus of control with the risk of suicidal behavior in a sample of nursing students. METHOD: Observational, cross-sectional and correlational study with 186 nursing students who answered a questionnaire that contained, in addition to demographic data, the Spanish forms of Rosenberg self-esteem scale, the brief resilient coping scale, the Plutchik scale of suicide risk and the Rotter's internal-external locus of control scale. RESULTS: The scores of males and females are very similar on all scales except Locus of Control, where a significantly greater tendency of females attributed to external control. 6.4% of students have scores indicating suicide risk. Suicide risk scores correlated negatively and significantly with self-esteem and resilience and positively with locus of control. The multiple linear regression analysis identified self-esteem as the main variable related to suicide risk. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that students who have low self-esteem, have difficulty in adjusting to adverse situations and tend to the external attribution of the consequences of their actions may have an increased risk of suicidal behavior. Furthermore, the identification of self-esteem as the important factor involved in suicide risk can help in designing prevention programs.

[Spanish version of the Multidimensional health locus of control scale innursing students]. / Versión española de la Escala multidimensional de locus de control de la salud en estudiantes de enfermería.

AIM: To determine the preliminary psychometric properties of the Spanish form of the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale (MHLC), which consists of three subscales: (1) Internalitu, (2) Powerful other externality, and (3) Chance externality. It also aims to study the relationship that the internal/external health control beliefs has with self-esteem, self-efficacy and perceived competence in a sample of nursing undergraduates. METHOD: An observational and cross-sectional study including 109 nursing students who completed an anonymous questionnaire containing the demographic variables and the Spanish versions of the MHLC, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, the General Self-Efficacy Scale, and the Perceived personal competence Scale. RESULTS: A Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.713 for Internality, 0.665 for Chance and 0.728 for Powerful other were obtained. The test-retest correlation for the 18 items of the MHLC was 0.866. Internality subscale was positively and significantly correlated with self-efficacy and competence. By contrast, chance externality has negative and significant correlations with self-esteem and competence. There are no significant gender differences in any of the subscales. Younger subjects show greater tendency to external attribution. Factor analysis confirms the three-factor hypothesis. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the Spanish form of the MHLC has adequate construct validity and acceptable metric properties. Also, they evidence the relationship between the attribution of health-related internal control with the perceived well-being and confidence in their own skills and abilities.

Suicidio en Enfermería. El riesgo es real / Suicide in nurses. The risk is real

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