Diagnostic pathways to wild-type transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy: a multicentre network study.

AIM: Epidemiology of wild-type transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis (ATTRwt-CA) remains poorly defined. A better characterization of pathways leading to ATTRwt-CA diagnosis is of key importance, and potentially informative of disease course and prognosis. The aim of this study was to describe the characteristics of contemporary pathways leading to ATTRwt-CA diagnosis, and their potential association with survival. METHODS AND RESULTS: This was a retrospective study of patients diagnosed with ATTRwt-CA at 17 Italian referral centres for CA. Patients were categorized into different 'pathways' according to the medical reason that triggered the diagnosis of ATTRwt-CA (hypertrophic cardiomyopathy [HCM] pathway, heart failure [HF] pathway, incidental imaging or incidental clinical pathway). Prognosis was investigated with all-cause mortality as endpoint. Overall, 1281 ATTRwt-CA patients were included in the study. The diagnostic pathway leading to ATTRwt-CA diagnosis was HCM in 7% of patients, HF in 51%, incidental imaging in 23%, incidental clinical in 19%. Patients in the HF pathway, as compared to the others, were older and had a greater prevalence of New York Heart Association (NYHA) class III-IV and chronic kidney disease. Survival was significantly worse in the HF versus other pathways, but similar among the three others. In multivariate model, older age at diagnosis, NYHA class III-IV and some comorbidities but not the HF pathway were independently associated with worse survival. CONCLUSIONS: Half of contemporary ATTRwt-CA diagnoses occur in a HF setting. These patients had worse clinical profile and outcome than those diagnosed either due to suspected HCM or incidentally, although prognosis remained primarily related to age, NYHA functional class and comorbidities rather than the diagnostic pathway itself.

Pulmonary hypertension due to left heart disease: analysis of survival according to the haemodynamic classification of the 2015 ESC/ERS guidelines and insights for future changes.

AIMS: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a relevant complication of left heart disease (LHD). The 2015 ESC/ERS PH guidelines report two different haemodynamic subsets of PH due to LHD (PH-LHD) based on levels of pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and diastolic pressure gradient (DPG): isolated post-capillary PH (Ipc-PH) and combined post- and pre-capillary PH (Cpc-PH). The objective of this study is to evaluate the prognostic value of Ipc-PH and Cpc-PH. METHODS AND RESULTS: Data from 276 consecutive incident patients with PH-LHD were included. According to the guidelines, Ipc-PH is defined by DPG <7 mmHg and/or PVR ≤3 Wood units (WU) and Cpc-PH by DPG ≥7 mmHg and/or PVR >3 WU. Using this definition, we identified three patient groups: Ipc-PH with both normal PVR and DPG (108 patients); Cpc-PH with both increased PVR and DPG (66 patients); and an intermediate group with either increased PVR or DPG (102 patients). Survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared between groups using the log-rank test. Patients with Ipc-PH had better survival compared with the group of patients with Cpc-PH (P = 0.026) and the intermediate group (P = 0.025). No survival difference was detected between patients with Cpc-PH and the intermediate group (P = 0.891). Patients with normal PVR had a better survival compared with those with elevated PVR (P = 0.012); while no difference was observed according to the level of DPG (P = 0.253). CONCLUSION: Patients with Ipc-PH have a better prognosis compared with patients with Cpc-PH and with patients with isolated increase of PVR or DPG. Pulmonary vascular resistance has a better predictive value than DPG in patients with PH-LHD.

Left Main Coronary Artery Compression in Patients With Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension and Angina.

BACKGROUND: Left main coronary artery (LMCA) compression is increasingly recognized as a cause of angina in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of LMCA extrinsic compression from a dilated pulmonary artery (PA) in patients with PAH and angina or angina-like symptoms, determine the usefulness of screening with computed tomography coronary angiography (CTCA), and assess the safety and efficacy of percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs). METHODS: All patients with PAH and angina or angina-like symptoms attending the center between May 1, 2008, and December 31, 2013, underwent CTCA. Patients with confirmed LMCA stenosis on selective coronary angiography had PCI. RESULTS: Of 765 patients with PAH, 121 had angina or angina-like symptoms. Ninety-four patients had abnormal CTCA based on the relationship between the PA and the LMCA and underwent selective coronary angiography. LMCA stenosis ≥50% was detected in 48 of the 94 patients. Forty-five patients underwent PCI with stenting, of whom 41 had sustained angina symptom relief. The 3 other patients had surgical PA reduction plasty. Nine months after PCI, 5 patients had LMCA restenosis and PCI was successfully repeated. The best predictor of LMCA stenosis ≥50% was a PA diameter ≥40 mm. Rates for death or double-lung transplant and the composite rates for death, double-lung transplant, or restenosis at 36 months were 5% and 30%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of LMCA compression in patients with PAH and angina is high. These results suggest that CTCA is indicated in patients with PAH and angina or angina-like symptoms. PCI was well tolerated, improved symptoms, and resulted in favorable long-term outcomes.

Combining bosentan and sildenafil in pulmonary arterial hypertension patients failing monotherapy: real-world insights.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension is a severe disease with a complex pathogenesis, for which combination therapy is an attractive option.This study aimed to assess the impact of sequential combination therapy on both short-term responses and long-term outcomes in a real-world setting.Patients with idiopathic/heritable pulmonary arterial hypertension, or pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with congenital heart disease or connective tissue disease and who were not meeting treatment goals on either first-line bosentan or sildenafil monotherapy, were given additional sildenafil or bosentan and assessed after 3-4 months. Double combination therapy significantly improved clinical and haemodynamic parameters, independent of aetiology or the order of drug administration. Significant improvements in functional class were observed in patients with idiopathic/heritable pulmonary arterial hypertension. The 1-, 3- and 5-year overall survival estimates were 91%, 69% and 59%, respectively. Patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with connective tissue disease had significantly poorer survival rates compared to other aetiologies (p<0.003).The favourable short-term haemodynamic results and good survival rates, observed in patients receiving both bosentan and sildenafil, supports the use of sequential combination therapy in patients failing on monotherapy in a real-world setting.

Peripheral nerve stimulation: a percutaneous minimally invasive approach.

We report on the use of a new percutaneous technique for peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) treatment of chronic pain. A 56-year-old woman was diagnosed with algodystrophic syndrome, now called Complex Regional Pain Syndrome, type 2 (CRPS2), due to a lesion of the right medial nerve despite surgical revascularization, angioplasty and stent insertion. After a successful 10-day trial of PNS via a percutaneous quadripolar lead in the interscaline space, an implantable pulse generator was implanted in the abdominal subcutaneous tissue and connected to the subcutaneous lead via an extension. After one year of follow-up, the patient was still experiencing good pain relief. We conclude that this novel percutaneous PNS technique offers the advantage of being a minimally invasive approach that can be easily adopted for the management of chronic pain.