Autism Spectrum Disorders: Potential Neuro-Psychopharmacotherapeutic Plant-Based Drugs.

Over the years, scientific researches have validated the healing benefits of many psychopharmacotherapeutic plant-based drugs to ameliorate psychiatric disorders. In contrast, the use of chemical procedures to isolate and purify specific compounds from plants that have been used to treat autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and its clinical features may contribute to improve the quality of life of many patients. Also, herbal pharmacological treatments could improve the core symptoms of autism with fewer side effects. This review will focus on the uses and actions of phytopharmaceuticals in the behavioral conditions of ASDs. A large number of natural compound-based plant drugs have been tested in murine models of autism and in clinical trials with remarkable success in reversing the core and associated behaviors with autism such as flavonoids, cannabinoids, curcuminoids, piperine, resveratrol, and bacosides. This plant-based drug alternative is safer given that many psychiatric disorders and neurodegenerative pathologies do not often respond well to currently prescribed medications or have significant side effects. However, it is noteworthy to consider the need for large clinical trials to determine safety and efficacy. Many results are based on case reports or small size samples, and often the studies are open label. Standardization of procedures (i.e., purity and concentrations) and quality controls are strictly required to ensure the absence of side effects.

[Association between HSV-2 infection and serum anti-rat brain antibodies in patients with autism]. / Infecciones por HSV-2 y su relación con anticuerpos antiencéfalo de rata en suero de pacientes con autismo.

Some cases of autism could be linked to viral infections able to induce autoimmune mechanisms directed against the encephalon. Neurothophic virus infections in animals are associated with clinical signs that are similar to those observed in neurodevelopment disorders. Thus, in this study, we determined the co-existence of antibodies against nerve tissue and viruses with neurothophic competence (HSV-1/2, Epstein-Barr-EBV, cytomegalovirus, measles and rubella) in serum of forty autistic children and forty healthy children. The presence of antibodies against nerve tissue was detected in slices of rat encephalic tissue by indirect immunofluorescence. The levels of anti-viral IgG and IgM antibodies were measured by indirect ELISA. The proportion of autistics with anti-encephalon IgG antibodies (77% anti-amygdala, 70% anti-caudate nucleus, 47.5% anti-cerebellum y anti-brain stem, 45% anti-hippocampus, 40% anti-corpus callosum and 17,5% anti-cortex) was significantly greater than that of controls (10% anti- amygdala y 5% anti- cerebellum) and was directly related to the severity of the autism. The proportion of children with positive levels (greater than 1.1.mg/dL) for anti-HSV IgM antibodies (indicative of acute infection) was significantly greater in autistics (65%) than in healthy children (17.5%). Ninety six percent of the autistics with anti-HSV antibodies also had anti-encephalon antibodies, percentage that was significantly greater than that of autistics negative to the anti-HSV-antibody (43%). In contrast, there were no significant differences for IgG and IgM antibodies for EBV, cytomegalovirus, measles and rubella. This suggests that autoimmunity against encephalic structures elicited by HSV infections could be involved in autism.

Infecciones por HSV-2 y su relación con anticuerpos antiencéfalo de rata en suero de pacientes con autismo / Association between HSV-2 infection and serum anti-rat brain antibodies in patients witn autism

Algunos casos de autismo podrían estar vinculados a infecciones virales capaces de inducir mecanismos autoinmunes dirigidos contra el encéfalo. Las infecciones de virus neurotrópicos en animales se acompañan de síntomas similares a los observados en los trastornos del neurodesarrollo. Así, en este estudio evaluamos la co-existencia de anticuerpos contra tejido nervioso y contra virus con capacidad neurotrópica [HSV-1/2, Epstein-Barr (EBV), citomegalovirus, sarampión y rubéola] en el suero de cuarenta niños autistas y cuarenta niños sanos. La presencia de anticuerpos contra tejido nervioso se detectó en cortes de tejido encefálico de rata mediante inmunofluorescencia indirecta. Los niveles de anticuerpos IgG e IgM anti-virales se midieron por ELISA indirecta. La proporción de autistas con anticuerpos IgG anti-encéfalo (77% anti-amígdala, 70% anti-núcleo caudado, 47,5% anti-cerebelo y anti-tallo cerebral, 45% anti-hipocampo, 40% anti-cuerpo calloso y 17,5% anti-corteza) fue significativamente mayor que aquella de los controles (10% anti-amígdala y 5% anti-cerebelo) y se relacionó directamente con la severidad del autismo. La proporción de niños con niveles positivos (mayores a 1,1 mg/dL) para anticuerpos IgM anti-HSV (indicativo de infección aguda) fue significativamente mayor en autistas (65%) que en sanos (17,5%). El 96% de los autistas con anticuerpos anti-HSV también presentó anticuerpos anti-encéfalo, porcentaje que fue significativamente mayor que el de los autistas negativos al anticuerpo anti-HSV (43%). En contraste, no hubo diferencias significativas para los anticuerpos IgG e IgM para EBV, citomegalovirus, sarampión y rubéola. Esto sugiere que una autoinmunidad contra estructuras encefálicas desencadenada por infecciones por HSV podría estar involucrada en el autismo.

Some cases of autism could be linked to viral infections able to induce autoimmune mechanisms directed against the encephalon. Neurothophic virus infections in animals are associated with clinical signs that are similar to those observed in neurodevelopment disorders. Thus, in this study, we determined the co-existence of antibodies against nerve tissue and viruses with neurothophic competence (HSV-1/2, Epstein-Barr-EBV, cytomegalovirus, measles and rubella) in serum of forty autistic children and forty healthy children. The presence of antibodies against nerve tissue was detected in slices of rat encephalic tissue by indirect immunofluorescence. The levels of anti-viral IgG and IgM antibodies were measured by indirect ELISA. The proportion of autistics with anti-encephalon IgG antibodies (77% anti-amygdala, 70% anti-caudate nucleus, 47.5% anti-cerebellum y anti-brain stem, 45% anti-hippocampus, 40% anti-corpus callosum and 17,5% anti-cortex) was significantly greater than that of controls (10% anti- amygdala y 5% anti- cerebellum) and was directly related to the severity of the autism. The proportion of children with positive levels (greater than 1.1.mg/dL) for anti-HSV IgM antibodies (indicative of acute infection) was significantly greater in autistics (65%) than in healthy children (17.5%). Ninety six percent of the autistics with anti-HSV antibodies also had anti-encephalon antibodies, percentage that was significantly greater than that of autistics negative to the anti-HSV-antibody (43%). In contrast, there were no significant differences for IgG and IgM antibodies for EBV, cytomegalovirus, measles and rubella. This suggests that autoimmunity against encephalic structures elicited by HSV infections could be involved in autism.

Aspectos inmunológicos del desnutrido I: el desnutrido en recuperación nutricional / Immunological aspects of malnutrition I: the undernourished after nutritional recovery

La desnutrición es un determinante crítico de la inmunocompetencia con alteraciones de la respuesta inmunitaria y de riesgo de enfermedad durante la edad pediátrica especialmente en los países en desarrollo. Los niños con malnutrición o desnutrición proteico-calórica muestran un aumento de su mortalidad y morbilidad debido principalmente a enfermedades infecciosas. Con la finalidad de investigar el comportamiento inmunológico en el desnutrido, se estudiaron en un lapso de año y medio, 12 desnutridos (5 kwashiorkor, 5 marasmáticos, 1 marasmo/kwashiorkor y 1 desnutrido moderado) de edades comprendidas entre 5 y 24 meses, sometidos a terapia nutricional en el servicio de recuperación nutricional (SERN) del Hospital Chinquinquirá de Maracaibo, Venezuela. Para ello se realizaron diferentes pruebas de laboratorio al momento del ingreso y a las 4 y 8 semanas de estar bajo terapia nutricional, se cuantificaron las inmunoglobulinas séricas (IgG, IgA e IgM), la IgA secretora, los componentes C3 y C4 del complemento, las subpoblaciones linfocitarias CD3, CD4 y CD8, se realizaron pruebas cutáneas de hipersensibilidad tardia y se determinaron anticuerpos (antinucleares, antitiroideos y factor reumatoide). Como grupo control se incluyeron 10 niños de igual edad y sexo. Se encontró que los valores de inmunoglobulinas séricas al ingreso, no difirieron significativamente del grupo control y que igualmente no mostraron variación a lo largo del estudio. Hubo valores muy bajos para la IgA secretora en la primera determinación, los cuales permanecieron por debajo del grupo control hasta el final del estudio. Se encontraron valores inferiores estadísticamente significativos para el complemento C3 pero no para el C4 y estos valores se normalizaron al final del estudio. Se encontró una disminución estadísticamente significativa en el porcentaje de las poblaciones linfocitarias CD4 y CD3 las cuales alcanzaron el valor normal antes de finalizar el estudio. Las pruebas cutáneas fueron positivas solo en dos pacientes. La investigación de anticuerpos fue negativa. Se concluye en este estudio que la competencia inmunitaria en el desnutrido se encuentra alterada especialmente para el C3, la IgA secretora y las poblaciones linfocitarias CD3 y CD4 y que estas alteraciones son reversibles en un tiempo variable para cada una de ellas