The Arabidopsis holobiont: a (re)source of insights to understand the amazing world of plant-microbe interactions.

As holobiont, a plant is intrinsically connected to its microbiomes. However, some characteristics of these microbiomes, such as their taxonomic composition, biological and evolutionary role, and especially the drivers that shape them, are not entirely elucidated. Reports on the microbiota of Arabidopsis thaliana first appeared more than ten years ago. However, there is still a lack of a comprehensive understanding of the vast amount of information that has been generated using this holobiont. The main goal of this review was to perform an in-depth, exhaustive, and systematic analysis of the literature regarding the Arabidopsis-microbiome interaction. A core microbiota was identified as composed of a few bacterial and non-bacterial taxa. The soil (and, to a lesser degree, air) were detected as primary microorganism sources. From the plant perspective, the species, ecotype, circadian cycle, developmental stage, environmental responses, and the exudation of metabolites were crucial factors shaping the plant-microbe interaction. From the microbial perspective, the microbe-microbe interactions, the type of microorganisms belonging to the microbiota (i.e., beneficial or detrimental), and the microbial metabolic responses were also key drivers. The underlying mechanisms are just beginning to be unveiled, but relevant future research needs were identified. Thus, this review provides valuable information and novel analyses that will shed light to deepen our understanding of this plant holobiont and its interaction with the environment.

Setting up regional diagnostic reference levels for pediatric interventional cardiology in Latin America and the Caribbean countries: preliminary results and identified challenges.

The goal of the present study was to propose a set of preliminary regional diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) for pediatric interventional cardiology (IC) procedures in Latin America and the Caribbean countries, classified by age and weight groups. The study was conducted in the framework of the Optimization of Protection in Pediatric Interventional Radiology in Latin America and the Caribbean program coordinated by the World Health Organization and the Pan American Health Organization in cooperation with the International Atomic Energy Agency. The first step of the program was focused on pediatric IC. Dose data from diagnostic and therapeutic procedures were collected between December 2020 and December 2021. Regional DRLs were set as the third quartile of patient dose data (kerma area product) collected in 18 hospitals from 10 countries in an initial sample of 968 procedures. DRLs were set for four age bands and five weight ranges. The values obtained for the four age bands (<1 yr, 1 to <5 yr, 5 to <10 yr and 10 to <16 yr) were 2.9, 6.1, 8.8 and 14.4 Gy cm2for diagnostic procedures, and 4.0, 5.0, 10.0 and 38.1 Gy cm2for therapeutic procedures, respectively. The values obtained for the five weight bands (<5 kg, 5 to <15 kg, 15 to <30 kg, 30 to <50 kg and 50 to <80 kg) were 3.0, 4.5, 8.1, 9.2 and 26.8 Gy cm2for diagnostic procedures and 3.7, 4,3, 7.3, 16.1 and 53.4 Gy cm2for therapeutic procedures, respectively. While initial data were collected manually as patient dose management systems (DMSs) were not available in most of the hospitals involved in the program, a centralized automatic DMS for the collection and management of patient dose indicators has now been introduced and is envisaged to increase the sample size. The possibility of alerting on high dose values and introducing corrective actions will help in optimization.

Addressing the sublime scale of the microbial world: reconciling an appreciation of microbial diversity with the need to describe species.

There are fewer than 20,000 prokaryotic species with validly published names, meaning >99% of a reasonable estimate of microbial diversity remains formally unnamed. Here we explore the damaging consequences of the current practice in which each new species is described in a standardized publication, most typically a 'single strain species description'. This approach is both an impediment to scaling up progress in naming the microbial world and also a significant factor in the poor reputation of the discipline of microbial taxonomy. We conclude that significant changes in author habits are needed and make constructive suggestions as to how author practice should adapt.

Evidence for the existence of a new genus Chlamydiifrater gen. nov. inside the family Chlamydiaceae with two new species isolated from flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus): Chlamydiifrater phoenicopteri sp. nov. and Chlamydiifrater volucris sp. nov.

The family Chlamydiaceae currently comprises a single genus Chlamydia, with 11 validly published species and seven more taxa. It includes the human pathogens Chlamydia (C.) trachomatis, C. pneumoniae and C. psittaci, a zoonotic agent causing avian chlamydiosis and human psittacosis, as well as other proven or potential pathogens in ruminants, birds, snakes, reptiles and turtles. During routine testing of 15 apparently healthy captive flamingos in a zoo in 2011, an atypical strain of Chlamydiaceae was detected by real-time PCR of cloacal swab samples. Sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene revealed high similarity to the uncultured Chlamydiales bacterium clone 122, which previously had been found in gulls. As more samples were collected during annual campaigns of the flamingo ringing program in southern France from 2012 to 2015, Chlamydiaceae-specific DNA was detected by PCR in 30.9% of wild birds. From these samples, three strains were successfully grown in cell culture. Ultrastructural analysis, comparison of 16S and 23S rRNA gene sequences, whole-genome analysis based on de novo hybrid-assembled sequences of the new strains as well as subsequent calculation of taxonomic parameters revealed that the relatedness of the flamingo isolates to established members of the family Chlamydiaceae was sufficiently distant to indicate that the three strains belong to two distinct species within a new genus. Based on these data, we propose the introduction of Chlamydiifrater gen. nov., as a new genus, and Chlamydiifrater phoenicopteri sp. nov. and Chlamydiifrater volucris sp. nov., as two new species of the genus.

Thermal Degradation Kinetics of ZnO/polyester Nanocomposites.

ZnO particles were synthetized by the sol-gel method and subsequent heat treatment of 400, 500 and 600 °C was applied. The nano ZnO particles were incorporated to the unsaturated polyester resin by solution blending at 0.05 wt % concentration. X-ray diffraction detected the formation of a wurtzite-like structure. Viscoelastic behavior of neat polyester and nanocomposites revealed the nano ZnO particles does not promote better mechanical properties because of a weak interaction and the glass transition temperature of the polyester was favored by the presence of a higher quantity of nano-size ZnO particles. Thermogravimetric analysis at 5, 10 and 20 °C/min allowed determining the degradation kinetic parameters based on the Friedman and Kissinger models for neat polyester and nanocomposites. Heating rates promoted an increase in the temperature degradation and the addition of ZnO particles promoted a catalyst effect that reduce the amount of thermal energy needed to start the thermal degradation.

The World Organisation for Animal Health: notification of animal diseases.

In a globalised world, accurate, complete and timely notification of the presence of animal diseases plays a crucial role in international trade. It allows countries at risk to take appropriate action to prevent the spread of transboundary diseases or minimise their impact, and thus mitigate the associated risks to animal and public health. In this context, the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) is responsible for rapidly and transparently sharing accurate and complete information on the global animal health situation. To do so, it collects, verifies, validates and disseminates the animal health information provided by its Members. Information on animal diseases, including zoonoses, is notified to the OIE in compliance with legally binding instruments between the OIE and its Members. Since the creation of the OIE in 1924, the type of animal disease information to be notified and the communication channels for its subsequent distribution to Members have been standardised and improved over time, taking advantage of the available tools and methods of mass dissemination of information. The continuous improvement of the OIE disease notification process has had positive effects, both in terms of animal disease prevention, control and eradication at a global level, and by facilitating the international trade of animals, their products and by-products.

Dans un contexte de mondialisation, la notification exacte, complète et rapide de la présence des maladies animales joue un rôle crucial dans les échanges internationaux. Elle permet aux pays vulnérables de prendre les mesures appropriées pour empêcher la propagation des maladies transfrontalières ou pour en minimiser l'impact et atténuer ainsi les risques qu'elles représentent pour la santé animale et la santé publique. Dans ce contexte, l'Organisation mondiale de la santé animale (OIE) est responsable d'assurer un partage rapide et transparent d'informations exactes et complètes sur la situation de la santé animale dans le monde. L'OIE s'acquitte de cette tâche à travers la collecte, la vérification, la validation et la diffusion des informations fournies par les Membres sur leur situation zoosanitaire. L'information sur les maladies animales, zoonoses incluses, est notifiée à l'OIE conformément aux instruments juridiquement contraignants mis en place entre l'OIE et ses Membres. Depuis la création de l'OIE en 1924, tant le type d'informations sanitaires à notifier que les canaux utilisés pour diffuser ces informations aux Membres ont peu à peu fait l'objet d'une normalisation et ont été perfectionnés à la faveur de l'évolution des outils et des méthodes de dissémination de masse de l'information. L'amélioration continue des procédures de notification des maladies à l'OIE a eu des effets positifs tant sur la prévention, le contrôle et l'éradication des maladies animales à l'échelle mondiale que sur la facilitation des échanges internationaux d'animaux et de produits et sousproduits d'origine animale.

En un planeta mundializado, la notificación exacta, completa y puntual de la presencia de enfermedades animales cumple una función básica en el comercio internacional, pues permite a los países expuestos a riesgo adoptar medidas apropiadas para prevenir la propagación de enfermedades transfronterizas o reducir al mínimo sus consecuencias, y con ello mitigar los consiguientes riesgos zoosanitarios y de salud pública. En este ámbito, la Organización Mundial de Sanidad Animal (OIE) tiene la responsabilidad de compartir de forma rápida y transparente información exacta y completa sobre la situación zoosanitaria mundial. Para hacerlo reúne, verifica, valida y difunde la información sobre enfermedades animales, incluidas las zoonosis, que le hacen llegar sus Miembros en cumplimiento de los acuerdos jurídicamente vinculantes que la OIE tiene suscritos con ellos. Desde 1924, año de creación de la OIE, se ha ido estandarizando y definiendo cada vez con más precisión el tipo de datos zoosanitarios que se deben notificar y se han ido mejorando los canales de comunicación por los que luego se distribuye esta información a los Miembros, aprovechando los instrumentos y métodos existentes de difusión masiva de información. El perfeccionamiento continuo del proceso de notificación de enfermedades de la OIE ha tenido efectos positivos, por lo que respecta a la vez a prevenir, controlar y erradicar enfermedades animales en el mundo y a facilitar el comercio internacional de animales, productos de origen animal y productos derivados de ellos.

Survival outcome in severe left-sided congenital diaphragmatic hernia with and without fetal endoscopic tracheal occlusion in a country with suboptimal neonatal management.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of fetal endoscopic tracheal occlusion (FETO) on improving survival of fetuses with severe left-sided congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), as compared with contemporaneous cases managed expectantly during pregnancy, in a country with suboptimal neonatal management. METHODS: In this prospective cohort study, consecutive fetuses with isolated left-sided CDH, normal karyotype and severe pulmonary hypoplasia (defined as liver herniation and observed/expected lung-to-head circumference ratio below 26%) were selected for FETO at less than 32 weeks of gestation in a single tertiary referral center in Queretaro, Mexico. Postnatal outcome (survival up to 28 days after birth) was compared between fetuses treated with FETO and contemporaneous cases with similar lung size managed expectantly during pregnancy. RESULTS: Twenty-five fetuses with isolated severe left-sided CDH treated with FETO were matched individually with 25 cases managed expectantly during pregnancy. Endotracheal placement of the balloon was performed successfully on the first attempt in all cases. The median gestational age (GA) at balloon placement was 29.1 (range, 25.6-31.8) weeks and 34.1 (range, 30.0-36.1) weeks at balloon removal. There were no technical problems with the introduction or removal of the balloon in any cases. The median GA at delivery was significantly lower in the group treated with FETO than in those managed expectantly (35.3 vs 37.7 weeks; P = 0.04). The survival rate was significantly higher in the group treated with FETO than in those without fetal intervention (32% vs 0%; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: In settings with suboptimal neonatal management, FETO was associated with improved neonatal survival in fetuses with isolated left-sided CDH and severe pulmonary hypoplasia. Copyright © 2020 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Resultado de supervivencia en una hernia diafragmática congénita grave del lado izquierdo, con y sin oclusión traqueal endoscópica fetal en un país con un tratamiento neonatal subóptimo OBJETIVO: Evaluar el impacto de la oclusión traqueal endoscópica fetal (OTEF) en la mejora de la supervivencia de los fetos con hernia diafragmática congénita (HDC) grave del lado izquierdo, en comparación con los casos actuales tratados como embarazo gestante, en un país con un tratamiento neonatal subóptimo. MÉTODOS: En este estudio prospectivo de cohortes, se seleccionaron fetos consecutivos con HDC aislada del lado izquierdo, cariotipo normal e hipoplasia pulmonar grave (definida como hernia hepática y una proporción observada/esperada de la circunferencia pulmonar-cabeza inferior al 26%) para una OTEF antes de las 32 semanas de gestación, en un único centro de medicina especializada terciaria en Querétaro (México). El resultado postnatal (supervivencia hasta los 28 días después del nacimiento) se comparó entre fetos tratados con OTEF y los casos contemporáneos con tamaño pulmonar similar, tratados como embarazo gestante. RESULTADOS: Veinticinco fetos con HDC grave aislada del lado izquierdo que habían sido tratados con OTEF fueron emparejados individualmente con 25 casos tratados como embarazo gestante. La colocación endotraqueal del globo se realizó con éxito en el primer intento en todos los casos. La mediana de la edad gestacional (EG) en el momento de la colocación del globo fue de 29,1 (rango, 25,6-31,8) semanas y 34,1 (rango, 30,0-36,1) semanas cuando se retiró el globo. En ningún caso hubo problemas técnicos con la introducción o la retirada del globo. La mediana de la EG en el momento del parto fue significativamente menor en el grupo tratado con OTEF que en el grupo tratado como gestante (35,3 vs 37,7 semanas; P=0,04). La tasa de supervivencia fue significativamente más alta en el grupo tratado con OTEF que en los casos sin intervención fetal (32% vs 0%; P<0,001). CONCLUSIÓN: En los entornos con un tratamiento neonatal subóptimo, la OTEF se asoció con una mejora de la supervivencia neonatal en los fetos con HDC aislada del lado izquierdo y con hipoplasia pulmonar grave. Copyright © 2020 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

[Fixation of acetabulum posterior column fracture, arthroscopy assisted]. / Fijación de fractura de columna posterior de acetábulo, asistida por artroscopía.

Arthroscopic surgery of the hip has evolved significantly over the last years, offering an opportunity of treatment in several intra-articular pathologies. Recent methods and instrumental advances have allowed more frequent use of this procedure, with various indications such as: hip pain, acetabular labrum lesions, extraction of foreign bodies, debridement in septic arthritis, pincer impingement, and some extra-articular injuries. Another intra-articular hip pathology that benefits from arthroscopic assistance could be found in the management of simple acetabular fractures. Therefore, this report presents the case of a patient with a posterior column fracture treated with an arthroscopic approach. Arthroscopic techniques for the fixation of intra-articular fractures offer the advantage of a direct visualization of the articular surface, which results in an anatomical reduction. In addition, arthroscopic techniques also present a benefit for intra-articular injuries such as the posterior labral lesion in this case. In simple fractures of the posterior acetabular column with minimum displacement, where percutaneous screw fixation is useful as a definitive fixation method, hip arthroscopy is useful for the reduction process and verifies the extra-articular screw trajectory.

La cirugía artroscópica de la cadera ha evolucionado considerablemente en los últimos años, ofreciendo oportunidad de tratamiento a muchas patologías intraarticulares no reconocidas previamente. Con avances recientes en métodos e instrumentos quirúrgicos, se realiza cada vez más frecuentemente, con indicaciones que incluyen: diagnóstico de pacientes con dolor de cadera, lesiones del labrum acetabular, extracción de cuerpos extraños, desbridamiento en artritis séptica, pinzamiento femoroacetabular y algunos daños extraarticulares. Otra patología intraarticular de la cadera que se beneficia de la asistencia por artroscopía se podría encontrar en el manejo de fracturas acetabulares simples. Reportamos el caso de un paciente con fractura de columna posterior acetabular, tratado vía artroscópica, y los resultados obtenidos. Las técnicas artroscópicas para la fijación de fracturas intraarticulares ofrecen la ventaja de una visualización y reducción superiores de la superficie articular, ya que se hacen mediante observación del foco de fractura, permitiendo una reducción anatómica. Además, las técnicas de reducción artroscópica ofrecen otro beneficio para las lesiones intraarticulares, como en este caso la lesión de labrum posterior. En los trazos simples con poco desplazamiento de las fracturas de columna posterior acetabular, donde la fijación percutánea con tornillos es útil como método de fijación definitiva, la artroscopía de cadera es de utilidad con el fin de asistir durante el proceso de reducción y verificar que el trayecto del tornillo no se encuentre intraarticular.

[Structure and metric properties of a questionnaire to measure disability in mobility activities in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (DIAMO-COPD questionnaire)]. / Estructura y propiedades métricas de un cuestionario para medir discapacidad en las actividades de movilidad en pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (cuestionario DIAMO-EPOC).

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to adapt a disability questionnaire in mobility activities (DIAMO-EPOC) incorporating scales based on the conceptual framework of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, and to examine its structure, reliability and validity in a cohort of patients with COPD. METHODS: A total of 137 patients with stable COPD were recruited. Two scales of 4 items each were designed and their structure was verified by exploratory factor analysis and multitrait scaling analysis. Additionally, reliability indices (internal consistency and test-retest) were calculated. Construct validity was analysed by known groups and convergence-divergence. RESULTS: The questionnaire had 2 scales, with 4 items each, corresponding to the domains of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health "change and maintain the position of the body" and "walk and move". The reliability and internal consistency of the scales were acceptable and the test-retest was excellent with an ICC of 0.86 and 0.94, respectively. The scales showed a moderate association with dyspnoea, health status and muscle strength and a different score among participants with different physical performance in the Short Physical Performance Battery. CONCLUSIONS: The 2 scales of the DIAMO-EPOC questionnaire are one-dimensional and have a solid internal consistency, test-retest stability and validity, allowing the identification of specific areas of limited mobility in patients with COPD.

Estructura y propiedades métricas de un cuestionario para medir discapacidad en las actividades de movilidad en pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (cuestionario DIAMO-EPOC) / Structure and metric properties of a questionnaire to measure disability in mobility activities in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (DIAMO-COPD questionnaire)

OBJETIVO: El objetivo del estudio fue adaptar un cuestionario de discapacidad en actividades de movilidad (DIAMO-EPOC) incorporando escalas basadas en el marco conceptual de la Clasificación Internacional del Funcionamiento, Discapacidad y Salud, y examinar su estructura, fiabilidad y validez en una cohorte de pacientes con EPOC. MÉTODOS: Un total de 137 pacientes con EPOC estable fueron reclutados. Se diseñaron dos escalas de cuatro ítems cada una y se verificó su estructura mediante análisis factorial y de multirrasgo. Adicionalmente, se calcularon los índices de fiabilidad (consistencia interna y test-retest). La validez de constructo se analizó mediante grupos conocidos y la convergencia-divergencia. RESULTADOS: El cuestionario resultó tener 2 escalas, con 4 ítems cada una, correspondientes a los dominios de la Clasificación Internacional del Funcionamiento, Discapacidad y Salud «cambiar y mantener la posición del cuerpo» y «andar y moverse». La fiabilidad y consistencia interna de las escalas resultaron aceptables y el test-retest excelente con CCI de 0,86 y 0,94, respectivamente. Las escalas mostraron una asociación moderada con la disnea, el estado de salud y la fuerza muscular de los pacientes y una diferente puntuación entre sujetos con distinto desempeño físico en la Short Physical Performance Battery. CONCLUSIONES: Las dos escalas del cuestionario DIAMO-EPOC son unidimensionales y tienen una sólida consistencia interna, estabilidad test-retest y validez, permitiendo identificar áreas específicas de movilidad limitada en pacientes con EPOC

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to adapt a disability questionnaire in mobility activities (DIAMO-EPOC) incorporating scales based on the conceptual framework of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, and to examine its structure, reliability and validity in a cohort of patients with COPD. METHODS: A total of 137 patients with stable COPD were recruited. Two scales of 4 items each were designed and their structure was verified by exploratory factor analysis and multitrait scaling analysis. Additionally, reliability indices (internal consistency and test-retest) were calculated. Construct validity was analysed by known groups and convergence-divergence. RESULTS: The questionnaire had 2 scales, with 4 items each, corresponding to the domains of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health "change and maintain the position of the body" and "walk and move". The reliability and internal consistency of the scales were acceptable and the test-retest was excellent with an ICC of 0.86 and 0.94, respectively. The scales showed a moderate association with dyspnoea, health status and muscle strength and a different score among participants with different physical performance in the Short Physical Performance Battery. CONCLUSIONS: The 2 scales of the DIAMO-EPOC questionnaire are one-dimensional and have a solid internal consistency, test-retest stability and validity, allowing the identification of specific areas of limited mobility in patients with COPD

Widespread Occurrence of Black-Orange-Black Color Pattern in Hymenoptera.

Certain color patterns in insects show convergent evolution reflecting potentially important biological functions, for example, aposematism and mimicry. This phenomenon has been most frequently documented in Lepidoptera and Coleoptera, but has been less well investigated in Hymenoptera. It has long been recognized that many hymenopterans, especially scelionids (Platygastridae), show a recurring pattern of black head, orange/red mesosoma, and black metasoma (BOB coloration). However, the taxonomic distribution of this striking color pattern has never been documented across the entire order. The main objective of our research was to provide a preliminary tabulation of this color pattern in Hymenoptera, through examination of museum specimens and relevant literature. We included 11 variations of the typical BOB color pattern but did not include all possible variations. These color patterns were found in species belonging to 23 families of Hymenoptera, and was most frequently observed in scelionids, evaniids, and mutillids, but was relatively infrequent in Cynipoids, Diaprioids, Chalcidoids, and Apoids. The widespread occurrence of this color pattern in Hymenoptera strongly suggests convergent evolution and a potentially important function. The BOB color pattern was found in species from all biogeographic regions and within a species it was usually present in both sexes (with a few notable exceptions). In better studied tropical regions, such as Costa Rica, this color pattern was more common in species occurring at lower elevations (below 2,000 m). The biology of the tabulated taxa encompasses both ecto- and endoparasitoids, idiobionts and koinobionts, from a diversity of hosts, as well as phytophagous sawflies.

Inducción de membrana y trasposición de peroné ipsolateral no vascularizado en neoformación ósea postraumática. Reporte de caso / Membrane induction and transposition of non-vascularized ipsilateral fibula in posttraumatic bone neoformation. Case report

Resumen: Objetivo: Demostrar los resultados en la neoformación ósea de tibia utilizando la técnica de inducción de membrana más la transposición de peroné ipsolateral no vascularizado. Caso clínico: Masculino de 25 años, antecedente de sufrir impacto por arma de fuego en pierna izquierda dos años antes, presentó un diagnóstico inicial de fractura expuesta Gustilo IIIB AO 42C3 IO4NV1MT2 con pérdida ósea de 7 cm de diáfisis tibial. Durante su evolución se realizaron múltiples aseos quirúrgicos y colocación de injertos cutáneos con resultados no favorables, por lo que se emplea la técnica de membrana inducida más colocación de peroné ipsolateral no vascularizado, teniendo una evolución a los cuatro meses posterior a su última intervención con deambulación dependiente de bastón. Conclusión: La técnica de inducción de membrana con transposición de peroné ipsolateral no vascularizado podría ser una alternativa adecuada para el manejo de pérdidas óseas en los pacientes.

Abstract: Objective: To demonstrate the outcome of tibial bone neo formation, using induced-membrane technique and non-vascularized ipsolateral fibular graft transposition. Case report: A 25 years old male with a 2 years ago firearm injury in left leg, presenting an initial diagnosis of open fracture Gustilo IIIB AO 42C3 IO4NV1MT2 with a 7cm tibial diaphyseal bone defect. During his hospital evolution multiple interventions were made including surgical debridement and skin grafts placement, with unfavorable results. Therefore, we decided to use the induced-membrane technique and non-vascularized ipsolateral fibular graft transposition, resulting in a cane dependent ambulation, in 4 months evolution after last intervention. Conclusion: Induced-membrane technique and non-vascularized ipsolateral fibular graft transposition could be a successful alternative for the management of patients with severe bone loss.

Non-halophilic endophytes associated with the euhalophyte Arthrocnemum macrostachyum and their plant growth promoting activity potential.

Numerous microbial taxa establish natural relations with plants, and especially endophytes can be relevant in the development and growth promotion of their host. In this work, we explore the diversity of non-halophilic microorganisms inhabiting the endosphere of the halophyte Arthrocnemum macrostachyum. A total of 1045 isolates were recovered using standard non-saline media, which clustered into 22 operational phylogenetic units (OPUs) including 7 putative new species and 13 OPUs not previously detected as endophytes. The more abundant isolates corresponded to close relatives of Kushneria indalinina/K. marisflavi, Providencia rettgeri, Pseudomonas zhaodongensis and Bacillus safensis, which made up to ∼ 62% of the total isolates. We also isolated OPUs not detected by the culture-independent approach reinforcing the need of culturing to reveal the microbial diversity associated with plants. Additionally, the plant growth promoting activity was evaluated by representative strains of the more abundant OPUs (total = 94 strains) including also some previously isolated halophiles from the same plants. Under both saline and non-saline conditions, some strains principally those affiliated to Paenibacillus borealis, Staphylococcus equorum, Salinicola halophilus and Marinococcus tarijensis, presented growth promoting activity in Arabidopsis thaliana, which was evaluated as an increment of weight and root length.

Transoral glossoepiglottopexy in the treatment of adult obstructive sleep apnoea: a surgical approach.

SUMMARY: The treatment of obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) is still a matter of debate; among the different therapeutic alternatives, both surgical and conservative, treatment with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is considered the "gold standard". The recent scientific literature reports that even if CPAP represents an effective solution for sleep apnoeas, 12% of patients do not benefit from its use. In most cases, primary collapse of the epiglottis is responsible for failure. We developed a surgical technique that provides a stable support to the epiglottis without influencing its function during swallowing while preserving laryngeal anatomy and physiology. The procedure we propose is based on that conceived by Monnier for children affected by laryngomalacia. We analysed a group of 20 patients who underwent glossoepiglottopexy between January 2015 and September 2016 and compared data (AHI, ODI, t90, ESS, EAT10, etc.) collected before and 6 months after surgery to demonstrate the safety and effectiveness of our glossoepiglottopexy (GEP). The results allow us to consider GEP as a valid choice to treat adults who suffer from sleep apnoeas.

Biogeographical patterns of bacterial and archaeal communities from distant hypersaline environments.

Microorganisms are globally distributed but new evidence shows that the microbial structure of their communities can vary due to geographical location and environmental parameters. In this study, 50 samples including brines and sediments from Europe, Spanish-Atlantic and South America were analysed by applying the operational phylogenetic unit (OPU) approach in order to understand whether microbial community structures in hypersaline environments exhibited biogeographical patterns. The fine-tuned identification of approximately 1000 OPUs (almost equivalent to "species") using multivariate analysis revealed regionally distinct taxa compositions. This segregation was more diffuse at the genus level and pointed to a phylogenetic and metabolic redundancy at the higher taxa level, where their different species acquired distinct advantages related to the regional physicochemical idiosyncrasies. The presence of previously undescribed groups was also shown in these environments, such as Parcubacteria, or members of Nanohaloarchaeota in anaerobic hypersaline sediments. Finally, an important OPU overlap was observed between anoxic sediments and their overlaying brines, indicating versatile metabolism for the pelagic organisms.

[Membrane induction and transposition of non-vascularized ipsilateral fibula in posttraumatic bone neoformation. Case report]. / Inducción de membrana y trasposición de peroné ipsolateral no vascularizado en neoformación ósea postraumática. Reporte de caso.

OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the outcome of tibial bone neo formation, using induced-membrane technique and non-vascularized ipsolateral fibular graft transposition. CASE REPORT: A 25 years old male with a 2 years ago firearm injury in left leg, presenting an initial diagnosis of open fracture Gustilo IIIB AO 42C3 IO4NV1MT2 with a 7cm tibial diaphyseal bone defect. During his hospital evolution multiple interventions were made including surgical debridement and skin grafts placement, with unfavorable results. Therefore, we decided to use the induced-membrane technique and non-vascularized ipsolateral fibular graft transposition, resulting in a cane dependent ambulation, in 4 months evolution after last intervention. CONCLUSION: Induced-membrane technique and non-vascularized ipsolateral fibular graft transposition could be a successful alternative for the management of patients with severe bone loss.

OBJETIVO: Demostrar los resultados en la neoformación ósea de tibia utilizando la técnica de inducción de membrana más la transposición de peroné ipsolateral no vascularizado. CASO CLÍNICO: Masculino de 25 años, antecedente de sufrir impacto por arma de fuego en pierna izquierda dos años antes, presentó un diagnóstico inicial de fractura expuesta Gustilo IIIB AO 42C3 IO4NV1MT2 con pérdida ósea de 7 cm de diáfisis tibial. Durante su evolución se realizaron múltiples aseos quirúrgicos y colocación de injertos cutáneos con resultados no favorables, por lo que se emplea la técnica de membrana inducida más colocación de peroné ipsolateral no vascularizado, teniendo una evolución a los cuatro meses posterior a su última intervención con deambulación dependiente de bastón. CONCLUSIÓN: La técnica de inducción de membrana con transposición de peroné ipsolateral no vascularizado podría ser una alternativa adecuada para el manejo de pérdidas óseas en los pacientes.

Signos de alerta de desviación del desarrollo psicomotor y su relación con la afectación en las escalas deneurodesarrollo infantil / Warning signs of deviation of psychomotor development and their relationship with the involvement in neurodevelopment infantile scales

Objetivo: Describir la prevalencia de los signos de alerta según grupos de edades, identificar signos clínicos en niños con signos de alerta y comprobar mediante escalas del desarrollo infantil las afectaciones del desarrollo psicomotor en los mismos.Métodos: Se realizó estudio descriptivo en niños entre 0 a 5 años en el Policlínico “Robert Manuel Zulueta” nacidos entre los años 2010 -2013. La muestra fue de 243 niños y se identificaron los signos de alerta de retardo del desarrollo psicomotor. Se comprobó si existe tal desviación con la aplicación de las escalas de evaluación del desarrollo infantil. Se construyó una base de datos, los que fueron resumidosen tablas y gráficos. Se estimaron las frecuencias absolutas y los porcentajes.Resultados: Presentaron signos de alerta el 14,8 Por ciento de los niños, más frecuentes a los 12 meses de edad (16,7 Por ciento). Los signos de alertaen las áreas motora gruesa y del lenguaje fueron predominantes a los 3 años (13,9 Por ciento). Predominó la dislalia (44,4 Por ciento), la hipertonía, la hiperreflexia y el equinismo (13,9 Por ciento). El retardo del desarrollo psicomotor se identificó significativamente al aplicar la escala evaluativa “Prueba de pesquisa de desarrollo del lenguaje” (69,4 Por ciento), Escala Peabody Motor Grueso (58,4 Por ciento), escala Peabody Motor Fino (55,6 Por ciento) y Prueba de lenguaje de Peabody (58,3 Por ciento).Conclusiones: Se identificaron signos de alerta con mayor frecuencia a los 12 meses y a los tres años de vida. Los signos clínicos más evidentes fueron la dislalia, la hipertonía, la hiperreflexia y el equinismo. Se comprobó el retardo del desarrollo psicomotor en las áreasmotora gruesa, motora fina y del lenguaje(AU)

Objective: To describe the prevalence of alertness signs according to age groups, to identify symptoms - clinical signs, and to relate the alertness signs to the deviations from psychomotor development in each of its areas.Methods: A descriptive study in children aged 0 to 5 years born between 2010 and 2013 was made in "Robert Manuel Zulueta" Polyclinic. The sample was made up of 243 children and the signs of delayed alertness of the psychomotor development were identified. It waschecked whether there is such a deviation with the application of child development scales. A database was made, which was summarized in tables and charts. Absolute frequencies and percentages were estimated.Results: 14.8 per cent of the children showed signs of alertness, more frequent at 12 months of age (16.7 per cent). The signs of alertness in the grossmotor and language areas were predominant at 3 years (13.9 Per cent). There was a prevalence of dyslalia (44.4 Per cent), hypertonia, hiperreflexia and equinism (13.9 Per cent). The psychomotor development delay was significantly identified by applying the "Language Development Research Test" (69.4 Per cent), Peabody Gross Motor Scale (58.4 Per cent), Peabody Fine Motor Scale (55.6 Per cent) and Peabody Language Test (58.3 Per cent).Conclusions: Signs of alertness were identified more frequently at 12 months and at 3 years of age. The most obvious symptoms and clinical signs were dyslalia, hypertonia, hiperreflexia and equinism. The retardation of psychomotor development was verified in the gross motor, fine motor and language areas(AU)

The Annona muricata leaf ethanol extract affects mobility and reproduction in mutant strain NB327 Caenorhabditis elegans.

The C. elegans NB327 mutant strain is characterized for the knockdown of the dic-1 gene. The dic-1 gene is homologous to the dice-1 gene in humans, encoding the protein DICE-1 as a tumor suppressor. Absence or under-regulation of the dice-1 gene can be reflected in lung and prostate cancer [17], [18]. This study evaluated the effect of EEAML on the C. elegans NB327 mutant strain. Phenotypic aspects such as morphology, body length, locomotion, and reproductive behaviour were analyzed. It is important to emphasize that the strain presents a phenotype characteristic with respect to egg laying and hatching. Reported studies showed that Annona muricata extract and its active components evidence anti-cancer and anti-tumor effects, through experimentation in vivo and in vitro models. However, neurotoxicity has been reported as a side effect. The results showed that the mutant strain NB327 was exposed to EEAML (5 mg/ml) concentration, it showed a significant decrease in average locomotion, resulting in 13 undulations in 30 s. This contrasts with the control strain's 17.5 undulations in 30 s. Similarly, the number of progenies was reduced from 188 progenies (control strain) to 114 and 92 progenies at the dose of (1 mg/ml and 5 mg/m) EEAML. The results of this study suggest that EEAML has a possible neurotoxic effect in concentrations equal to or greater than 5 mg/ml. Also, it does not have positive effects on the mutant strain of Caenorhabditis elegans NB327 phenotype.

Obinutuzumab in follicular lymphoma.

The CD20 marker continues to be exploited as a therapeutic target for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Obinutuzumab is part of a new generation of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies, which are synthesized using molecular engineering technology, resulting in novel target epitopes and unprecedented optimization of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis. Rituximab is the current gold standard for anti-CD20 therapy, yet despite outstanding results published over the past decade, many patients continue to relapse after anti-CD20 regimens. Obinutuzumab is slowly positioning itself in the treatment of CD20+ B-cell neoplasms. On the basis of favorable results from the phase III GADOLIN trial, obinutuzumab was recently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in combination with bendamustine followed by obinutuzumab maintenance, for the treatment of follicular lymphoma (FL) patients who relapsed or are refractory to a rituximab-containing regimen. Additional phase III trials are underway to test obinutuzumab as a first-line anti-CD20 agent in FL with good preliminary results (GALLIUM trial); thus, it is likely that obinutuzumab will soon achieve a first-line indication. It is plausible that obinutuzumab will replace rituximab as the gold standard for chemoimmunotherapy in FL, although some safety concerns still need to be resolved. This review will address the preclinical pharmacology and the main aspects of the clinical development of obinutuzumab for the treatment of FL.

Pápulas rosadas de distribución lineal / Pink Papules Arranged Linearly

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