RESUMEN
(analítico) Desde una mirada intercultural, se exploraron los significados de infancia en la agricultura familiar campesina, así como sus implicaciones en términos de trabajo y provisión de cuidados a niños y niñas. A partir de la tensión entre los significados universales de infancia basados en un enfoque de derechos y el trabajo en el campo del cual participan las personas desde temprana edad, se realizó un estudio cualitativo con diseño de teoría fundamentada y aplicación de entrevistas a mujeres cuidadoras y profesionales de programas de desarrollo rural en Chile. Se evidenció que a medida que la infancia aumenta en actoría social, disminuyen las prácticas de trabajo y se profundizan las de cuidado. Los resultados alientan a pensar en la proyección de una ontología de la niñez rural.
(analytical) Using an intercultural perspective, this study explores the meanings of childhood in the rural peasant population, as well as the implications of these meanings on the allocation of tasks and providing care to boys and girls. Taking into account the tension between universal meanings of childhood that draw on rights-based perspectives and the traditional practice of children working in agriculture, we conducted a qualitative study using a grounded theory methodology. Interviews were conducted with women caregivers and staff who work in rural development programs in Chile. The study's results show that as childhood has had an increasing value with children becoming more and more recognized as social actors, traditional child work practices in agriculture have decreased and care practices have been strengthened. The author concludes that the results of the research have consequences when thinking about an ontology for rural children.
(analítico) A partir de uma perspectiva intercultural, exploramos os significados da infância entre famílias voltadas para agricultura familiar camponesa, bem como suas implicações em termos de trabalho e prestação de cuidados às meninos e meninas. Considerando a tensão existente entre os significados universais da infância a partir de uma abordagem de direitos e o trabalho no campo, no qual as pessoas se engajam desde muito cedo, realizamos um estudo qualitativo, com base na teoria fundamentada, onde realizamos entrevistas com mulheres cuidadoras e profissionais dos programas de desenvolvimento rural no Chile. Evidenciamos que à medida que a infância adquiriu um valor ao nível da atuação social, as práticas de trabalho diminuíram e as práticas de cuidado se aprofundaram. Conclui-se sobre as consequências dos resultados para pensar uma ontologia da infância rural.
RESUMEN
Work-family interface (WFI) theory has identified many stressors that influence work-family dynamics from the standpoint of employees. However, work-family facilitators, as well as the effects of gender differences and the impact of sociocultural environments that differ from a formal employment situation, have received much less attention. Our research aimed to fill these theoretical gaps by analyzing the facilitators and stressors involved in work-family dynamics and determining their consequences for farm women's physical, psychological, and social health. We used a qualitative method with a grounded theory design to collect data via semi-structured interviews with 46 farm women from the region of Araucanía in Chile. Our results explain how facilitators, stressors, and outcomes take place in a process of work-family balance that, paradoxically, implies exhausting journeys, a gender-based overload, a risk of diffuse body pain and distress, and a lack of time for personal healthcare and productive autonomy. Addressing these issues requires a comprehensive approach involving improved healthcare infrastructure and services focused on changing the pressures that the farming WFI exerts on rural women.
RESUMEN
El sexismo ambivalente es un constructo multidimensional compuesto por creencias y actitudes hostiles y benévolas que se legitiman entre sí parajustificar el poder masculino estructural. Los estudios sobre sexismo en adolescentes cobran relevancia al ser una etapa evolutiva fundamental paraasentar creencias acerca de las relaciones de género. Sin embargo, los instrumentos para medir representaciones sexistas en este grupo son escasos.Este estudio evaluó las propiedades psicométricas del Inventario de Sexismo Ambivalente (ISA) en adolescentes chilenos, concretamente se analizóla estructura factorial y su fiabilidad, validez e invarianza factorial por sexo. La muestra estuvo conformada por 546 estudiantes entre 15 y 18 años(M=15.52; DT=.66), de los cuales el 58.8% fueron mujeres. Los métodos que se utilizaron fueron Análisis Factorial Exploratorio y Análisis FactorialConfirmatorio. El resultado del análisis exploratorio sugirió retener los 20 ítems de la escala original agrupados en dos factores. Los resultados delanálisis confirmatorio corroboraron la estructura original de la escala y precisaron un modelo de dos factores correlacionados, Sexismo Hostil y SexismoBenévolo (χ2(166) = 302.34; CFI = .99; TLI = .98, RMSEA = .05, SRMR = .07), que considera al Sexismo Benévolo como un factor de segundo ordencon tres subcomponentes (Paternalismo Protector, Intimidad Heterosexual y Diferenciación de Género). El modelo seleccionado coincidió con la pro-puesta teórica y explicó el 56% de la varianza. El análisis de fiabilidad indicó un alfa ordinal total de 0.93 y el análisis correlacional demostró evidencia devalidez discriminante. El análisis de invarianza factorial evidenció que el grado de equivalencia del instrumento por sexo es plausible a un nivel estricto.Se concluyó que el ISA presenta adecuadas propiedades psicométricas para su uso en adolescentes de Chile.(AU)
Ambivalent sexism is a multi-dimensional construct conformed by hostile and benevolent beliefs and attitudes that tend to legitimize each other justifying male structural power.Sexism studies in adolescent population become relevant as it is a fundamental evolutive stage for settle gender relations beliefs. However, thetools that measures sexist representations in adolescents are scarce. The main goal was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the AmbivalentSexism Inventory (ASI) in Chilean adolescents, and analyze invariance by sex. Sample was composed of 546 students between 1518 years (M=15.52; SD=.66), of which 58.8% were women. Exploratory factor analyses and confirmatory factor analyses were the method of the study. Theresults of the exploratory factor analyses suggested to hold back the 20 items from the original structure grouped in two factors. Confirmatory factoranalyses results showed suitability of the two factors theoretical proposal, hostile sexism and benevolent sexism (χ2(166) = 302.34; CFI = .99; TLI= .98; RMSEA = .05; SRMR = .07), which includes benevolent sexism as a second-order factor conformed by three subcomponents (protectivepaternalism, complementary gender differentiation, and heterosexual intimacy). The factorial structure of the selected model explained 56% of thetotal variance. The reliability of the ASI reached a satisfactory levels of ordinal alpha (αordinal = .93) for the complete instrument and the correlationanalyses provide evidences of discriminant validity. The Invariance factorial analyses showed that the equivalence level of the ASI is plausible in thestrict level. It is concluded that the ASI presents adequate psychometric properties for its use in Chilean adolescent population.(AU)
