Cancer pain patients do not successfully handle opioids.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate patterns of opioid handling as well as their associated -variables. DESIGN: A transversal study. SETTING: Institutional care. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred cancer pain patients aged 18 and above at diagnosis. INTERVENTIONS: Open and dichotomous questions related to opioid handling and a depression-anxiety scale. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): The percentage of patients who properly handled opioids. RESULTS: Of those surveyed, 42.1 percent of patients reported receiving opioid storage instructions, 73 percent did not receive any instructions related to proper opioid return/disposal, and 39 percent wrongly discarded them. The mean of patients with anxiety symptoms was 6.95 and of depression symptoms was 8.19. The Hebrew Version of the Hospital and Anxiety Scale total mean was 15.1. A significant relationship among patients with poor disposal habits was also found. CONCLUSIONS: Despite being aware of opioid's danger, patients' attitudes evidenced a poor safety responsibility. We believe that this might be due to the high percentage of disinformation and the influence of psychological symptoms on patients' decision-making.

Phase III study of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life cancer survivorship core questionnaire.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to develop a European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Group (EORTC QLG) questionnaire that captures the full range of physical, mental, and social health-related quality of life (HRQOL) issues relevant to disease-free cancer survivors. In this phase III study, we pretested the provisional core questionnaire (QLQ-SURV111) and aimed to identify essential and optional scales. METHODS: We pretested the QLQ-SURV111 in 492 cancer survivors from 17 countries with one of 11 cancer diagnoses. We applied the EORTC QLG decision rules and employed factor analysis and item response theory (IRT) analysis to assess and, where necessary, modify the hypothesized questionnaire scales. We calculated correlations between the survivorship scales and the QLQ-C30 summary score and carried out a Delphi survey among healthcare professionals, patient representatives, and cancer researchers to distinguish between essential and optional scales. RESULTS: Fifty-four percent of the sample was male, mean age was 60 years, and, on average, time since completion of treatment was 3.8 years. Eleven items were excluded, resulting in the QLQ-SURV100, with 12 functional and 9 symptom scales, a symptom checklist, 4 single items, and 10 conditional items. The essential survivorship scales consist of 73 items. CONCLUSIONS: The QLQ-SURV100 has been developed to assess comprehensively the HRQOL of disease-free cancer survivors. It includes essential and optional scales and will be validated further in an international phase IV study. IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER SURVIVORS: The availability of this questionnaire will facilitate a standardized and robust assessment of the HRQOL of disease-free cancer survivors.

Coeliac plexus radiosurgery for pain management in patients with advanced cancer : study protocol for a phase II clinical trial.

INTRODUCTION: Pancreatic cancer is characterised by severe mid-back and epigastric pain caused by tumour invasion of the coeliac nerve plexus. This pain is often poorly managed with standard treatments. This clinical trial investigates a novel approach in which high-dose radiation (radiosurgery) is targeted to the retroperitoneal coeliac plexus nerve bundle. Preliminary results from a single institution pilot trial are promising: pain relief is substantial and side effects minimal. The goals of this study are to validate these findings in an international multisetting, and investigate the impact on quality of life and functional status among patients with terminal cancer. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: A single-arm prospective phase II clinical trial. Eligible patients are required to have severe coeliac pain of at least five on the 11-point BPI average pain scale and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of two or better. Non-pancreatic cancers invading the coeliac plexus are also eligible. The intervention involves irradiating the coeliac plexus using a single fraction of 25 Gy. The primary endpoint is the complete or partial pain response at 3 weeks. Secondary endpoints include pain at 6 weeks, analgesic use, hope, qualitative of life, caregiver burden and functional outcomes, all measured using validated instruments. The protocol is expected to open at a number of cancer centres across the globe, and a quality assurance programme is included. The protocol requires that 90 evaluable patients" be accrued, based upon the assumption that a third of patients are non-evaluable (e.g. due to death prior to 3-weeks post-treatment assessment, or spontaneous improvement of pain pre-treatment), it is estimated that a total of 120 patients will need to be accrued. Supported by Gateway for Cancer Research and the Israel Cancer Association. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethic approval for this study has been obtained at eight academic medical centres located across the Middle East, North America and Europe. Results will be disseminated through conference presentations and peer-reviewed publications. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT03323489.

Single-Fraction Celiac Plexus Radiosurgery: A Preliminary Proof-of-Concept Phase 2 Clinical Trial.

BACKGROUND: Refractory epigastric/midback pain is associated with locally advanced abdominal malignancies, especially pancreatic cancer. The pain is caused by tumor infiltration of the celiac plexus, a nerve network attached to the abdominal aorta. Contemporary palliative approaches are often inadequate. We hypothesized that ablative radiation targeted to the celiac plexus would alleviate this pain. METHODS AND MATERIALS: We performed a single-arm prospective clinical trial (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02356406). Eligible and evaluable patients had celiac pain of at least 5 out of 10 on the Numerical Rating Scale, completed treatment per protocol, and had at least 1 posttreatment visit. The entire retroperitoneal celiac plexus was irradiated with a single 25-Gy fraction. The primary endpoint was change in the Numerical Rating Scale 3 weeks posttreatment. Toxic effects and pain interference (as measured with the Brief Pain Inventory) were secondary endpoints. RESULTS: For our study, 31 patients signed consent, and, of these, 18 patients were treated and evaluable. Median age was 68 years (range, 51-79); 89% of the patients had pancreatic cancer; the median Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status was 1; and the median interval from initial diagnosis to treatment was 9 months (range, 1-36), and, in this interval, patients received a median of 1 systemic treatment line (range, 0-3). Acute toxicity was limited to grade 1 to 2. Three weeks after treatment, 16 patients (84%) reported decreased celiac pain, with median pain level falling from 6 out of 10 (interquartile range [IQR], 5.0-7.5) at baseline to 3 out of 10 (IQR, 1.0-4.3); six weeks after treatment, the Numerical Rating Scale number fell further to 2.8 out of 10 (IQR, 0-3.3; both P < .005 vs baseline), including 4 patients who reported complete eradication of their celiac pain. Total daily morphine milligram equivalents decreased from 59 pretreatment to 50 at 3 weeks, and from 50 to 45 at 6 weeks. Significant improvement was seen in pain-interference scores. CONCLUSIONS: Celiac plexus radiosurgery appears to alleviate cancer-related pain. An international multicenter phase 2 trial is currently accruing.

Medical cannabis treatment for chronic pain: Outcomes and prediction of response.

BACKGROUND: Although studied in a few randomized controlled trials, the efficacy of medical cannabis (MC) for chronic pain remains controversial. Using an alternative approach, this multicentre, questionnaire-based prospective cohort was aimed to assess the long-term effects of MC on chronic pain of various aetiologies and to identify predictors for MC treatment success. METHODS: Patients with chronic pain, licensed to use MC in Israel, reported weekly average pain intensity (primary outcome) and related symptoms before and at 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months following MC treatment initiation. A general linear model was used to assess outcomes and identify predictors for treatment success (≥30% reduction in pain intensity). RESULTS: A total of 1,045 patients completed the baseline questionnaires and initiated MC treatment, and 551 completed the 12-month follow-up. At 1 year, average pain intensity declined from baseline by 20% [-1.97 points (95%CI = -2.13 to -1.81; p < 0.001)]. All other parameters improved by 10%-30% (p < 0.001). A significant decrease of 42% [reduction of 27 mg; (95%CI = -34.89 to 18.56, p < 0.001)] from baseline in morphine equivalent daily dosage of opioids was also observed. Reported adverse effects were common but mostly non-serious. Presence of normal to long sleep duration, lower body mass index and lower depression score predicted relatively higher treatment success, whereas presence of neuropathic pain predicted the opposite. CONCLUSIONS: This prospective study provides further evidence for the effects of MC on chronic pain and related symptoms, demonstrating an overall mild-to-modest long-term improvement of the tested measures and identifying possible predictors for treatment success.

Preliminary assessment of medical cannabis consumption by cancer survivors.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the motivation of cancer survivors to consume medical cannabis and to assess the patterns of use, perceived efficacy, as well as side and adverse effects. METHODS: Cross-sectional survey among 190 Israeli cancer survivors who were licensed to use medical cannabis in a single institution. In addition to demographic information, the questionnaire examined patterns of use (including dosage, type of cannabis and way of administration), motivation for medical cannabis consumption, perceived efficacy, adverse and side effects, motivation for ceasing cannabis consumption, and tobacco smoking. RESULTS: The mean monthly dosage of cannabis consumed was 42.4 grams; 95.8% of respondents reported not consuming cannabis regularly before being diagnosed with cancer; the most common way of administration was smoking, and most of the participants reported taking cannabis throughout the day. The most common symptoms for which participants took medical cannabis were pain (n = 169, 88.9%), sleeping disorder (n = 144, 75.8%) and anxiety (n = 79, 41.6%). Twenty patients (10.5%) reported on mild side (or adverse) effects. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that cancer survivors may indeed consume cannabis for symptom relief, and not merely for recreational purposes. Although our findings point to perceived safety and efficacy of medical cannabis for cancer survivors, more research is needed to study the adequate role that cannabis may have for treating symptoms associated with cancer survivorship.

Gender effects on quality of life and symptom burden in patients with lung cancer: results from a prospective, cross-cultural, multi-center study.

BACKGROUND: Lung cancer causes impairment of health-related quality of life (QoL), but little is known about gender aspects in QoL and symptom burden of lung cancer patients. The aim of this study was to investigate gender differences in QoL as assessed by the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) QLQ-C30 and the updated lung cancer module. METHODS: In a prospective, international, cross-cultural, multicenter study that was undertaken to update the lung cancer-specific module EORTC QLQ-LC13, patients filled in the core questionnaire EORTC QLQ-C30 and the updated lung cancer module. Gender differences were calculated for all QoL scores using ANCOVAs that controlled for known and suspected confounders. Comparisons with historic data were drawn. RESULTS: A total of 200 patients (82 female and 118 male, median age 65 years) were recruited. With the exception of coughing (estimated marginal means: women 33.86 and men 43.52, P=0.022) and diarrhea (estimated marginal means: women 26.01 and men 17.93, P=0.038) there were no significant QoL gender differences. Fatigue was the most pronounced symptom in both, men and women, outpacing typical respiratory symptoms. Quite generally, our sample of lung cancer patients showed considerably worse QoL in all scores when compared to EORTC reference data (lung cancer and combined cancer diagnoses, mean differences up to 13.70 and 21.54 score points, respectively) and to a German norm reference sample (up to 35.37 score points). CONCLUSIONS: This study adds to the literature in showing that the typical QoL gender difference effect (women doing worse than men) may not be generalizable across all patient samples.

Effect of the botanical compound LCS102 on innate immunity.

Innate immunity serves an important role in the healthy population, providing surveillance and protection against infections. Chemotherapy suppresses the body's immune system, including neutrophil and natural killer (NK) cell numbers and activity. This leads to an increased risk of infection which often requires the reduction or even discontinuation of the chemotherapeutic regimens. The botanical formula LCS102 was designed to stimulate the body's immune system. The effect of the formula on innate immunity was examined in human blood samples, as were its effect on the anti-cancer activity of chemotherapeutic agents on human cancer cells. Blood samples drawn from 20 volunteers (19 healthy subjects; 1 patient with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy) and were exposed to LCS102. The effects on neutrophil and NK cell activity were tested using FACS. The anti-cancer effects of LCS102 were tested on T24, A549, MCF7, PANC-1 and U2OS human cancer cell lines, as were the effects of the formula on doxorubicin, Taxol, etoposide and cisplatin-treated cells using a sulforodamine B viability assay. LCS102 was shown to significantly increase the percentage of activated neutrophils and NK cells in the blood samples tested. The formula did not inhibit the cytotoxic effects of the chemotherapeutic agents, and in certain cases increased their anti-cancer activity. Further research is required to improve our understanding of the clinical value of LCS102; however, it may serve as an adjuvant during chemotherapy, to reduce the effects of chemotherapy on innate immunity.

Psychometric properties of the updated EORTC module for assessing quality of life in patients with lung cancer (QLQ-LC29): an international, observational field study.

BACKGROUND: The European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Quality of Life Questionnaire-Lung Cancer 13 (QLQ-LC13) assesses quality of life (QOL) in patients with lung cancer and was the first EORTC module developed for use in international clinical trials. Since its publication in 1994, major treatment advances with possible effects on QOL have occurred. These changes called for an update of the module and its international psychometric validation. We aimed to investigate the scale structure and psychometric properties of the updated lung cancer module, QLQ-LC29, in patients with lung cancer. METHODS: This international, observational field study was done in 19 hospitals across 12 countries. Patients aged older than 18 years with a confirmed diagnosis of lung cancer and no other previous primary tumour, and who were mentally fit with sufficient language skills to understand and complete the questionnaire were included. Patients were asked during a hospital visit to fill in the paper versions of the core questionnaire EORTC QLQ-C30 plus QLQ-LC29, and investigators selected half of these patients to complete the questionnaire again 2-4 weeks later. Our primary aim was to assess the scale structure and psychometric properties of EORTC QLQ-LC29. We analysed scale structure using confirmatory factor analysis; reliability using Cronbach's α value (internal consistency) and intra-class coefficient (test-retest reliability); sensitivity using independent t tests stratified by Karnofsky performance status; and responsiveness to change over time by ANOVA. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02745691. FINDINGS: Between April 12, 2016, and Sept 26, 2018, 523 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of either non-small-cell lung cancer (n=442) or small-cell lung cancer (n=81) were recruited. Confirmatory factor analysis provided a solution composed of five multi-item scales (coughing, shortness of breath, fear of progression, hair problems, and surgery-related symptoms) plus 15 single symptom or side-effect items: χ2=370·233, root mean square error of approximation=0·075, and comparative-fit index=0·901. Cronbach's α for internal consistencies of all multi-item scales were above the threshold of 0·70. Intra-class coefficients for test-retest reliabilities ranged between 0·82 and 0·97. Three (shortness of breath, fear of progression, and hair problems) of the five multi-item scales showed responsiveness to change over time (p values <0·05), as did nine of 15 single symptom items. Four (coughing, shortness of breath, fear of progression, and surgery-related symptoms) of the five multi-item scales and ten of the 15 single symptom items were sensitive to known group differences (ie, lower vs higher Karnofsky performance status). INTERPRETATION: Results determined the psychometric properties of the updated lung cancer module, which is ready for use in international clinical studies. FUNDING: EORTC Quality of Life Group.

Understanding the quality of life (QOL) issues in survivors of cancer: towards the development of an EORTC QOL cancer survivorship questionnaire.

BACKROUND: The number of cancer survivors is growing steadily and increasingly, clinical trials are being designed to include long-term follow-up to assess not only survival, but also late effects and health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Therefore it is is essential to develop patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) that capture the full range of issues relevant to disease-free cancer survivors. The objectives of this project are: 1) to develop a European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) questionnaire that captures the full range of physical, mental and social HRQOL issues relevant to disease-free cancer survivors; and 2) to determine at which minimal time since completion of treatment the questionnaire should be used. METHODS: We reviewed 134 publications on cancer survivorship and interviewed 117 disease-free cancer survivors with 11 different types of cancer across 14 countries in Europe to generate an exhaustive, provisional list of HRQOL issues relevant to cancer survivors. The resulting issue list, the EORTC core questionnaire (QLQ-C30), and site-specific questionnaire modules were completed by a second group of 458 survivors. RESULTS: We identified 116 generic survivorship issues. These issues covered body image, cognitive functioning, health behaviors, negative and positive outlook, health distress, mental health, fatigue, sleep problems, physical functioning, pain, several physical symptoms, social functioning, and sexual problems. Patients rated most of the acute symptoms of cancer and its treatment (e.g. nausea) as no longer relevant approximately one year after completion of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Compared to existing cancer survivorship questionnaires, our findings underscore the relevance of assessing issues related to chronic physical side effects of treatment such as neuropathy and joint pain. We will further develop a core survivorship questionnaire and three site-specific modules for disease-free adult cancer survivors who are at least one year post-treatment.

[Use of herbal medicine for cancer treatment-related toxicities].

Cancer treatment-related toxicities often require dose reductions and delays. Herbal medicine use is prevalent among cancer patients. Though evidence is lacking regarding benefits in treatment outcomes and immunity, a large body of evidence supports the use of herbals for reducing treatment-induced toxicities. We present three cases where herbal medicine provided relief from side effects of anti-cancer treatment, enabling the completion of treatment protocols. In the first case, a 79 year-old female patient with metastatic breast cancer developed flushing and excessive sweating from Tamoxifen treatment. Herbal medicine reduced symptoms significantly, enabling the continuation of treatment with partial disease resolution. In the second case, a 69 year-old male with esophageal cancer terminated treatment on the adjuvant treatment protocol because of severe nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, peripheral neuropathy and fatigue. Herbal medicine reduced symptom severity and chemotherapy was reinstituted. In the third case, a 58 year-old female patient with advanced metastatic colon cancer was referred by her oncologist for treatment with herbal medicine for alleviation of fatigue and weakness, flushing and palpitations, mouth ulcers and dyspnea. Despite significant symptom reduction, with completion of treatment regimens, her disease progressed and she subsequently succumbed to the disease. In summary, the above cases illustrate potential benefits of herbal medicine in the reduction of cancer treatment-related symptoms, enabling patients to complete their anti-cancer treatment regimen. Further research examining the efficacy and safety of herbal compounds is needed, in light of potential toxicity and negative interactions with conventional treatment.

Preliminary report of the relationship between experience of death of a relative, illness perception, and psychological outcome among BRCA carriers.

With recent advances in mapping the genetic mutations involved in breast cancer and the availability of genetic testing, it has become necessary to explore the psychological consequences of women who have tested positive for the gene mutations involved in breast cancer (BReast CAncer gene one and two, BRCA1/2). Findings regarding psychological consequences of positive results in genetic testing for breast cancer are ambiguous and insufficient. The aim of the current study was to explore the relationship between experience of the death of a relative due to breast cancer, perception of the illness, distress, and well-being among BRCA1/2 mutation women carriers. Forty asymptomatic carriers who attended BRCA1/2 clinics in Israel completed self-administered questionnaires assessing socio-demographic variables, illness perception, and well-being. It was found that experiencing the death of a relative as a result of breast cancer was significantly correlated with illness perception. Carriers who experienced the death of a relative perceived breast cancer as having a stronger identity (i.e. as having severe symptoms), dire consequences, and as being uncontrollable in comparison to carriers who had not experienced the death of a relative. Nevertheless, psychological distress and well-being were not found to be significantly correlated to either an experience of death of a relative as a result of breast cancer or to illness perception. Implications and limitations are discussed in light of these findings. Among these is the need to consider the illness perception of healthy BRCA carriers women.