RESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Characterize homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HoFH) individuals from Iberoamerica. Approach and Results: In a cross-sectional retrospective evaluation 134 individuals with a HoFH phenotype, 71 adults (age 39.3±15.8 years, 38.0% males), and 63 children (age 8.8±4.0 years, 50.8% males) were studied. Genetic characterization was available in 129 (96%). The majority (91%) were true homozygotes (true HoFH, n=79, 43.0% children, 46.8% males) or compound heterozygotes (compound heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, n=39, 51.3% children, 46.2% males) with putative pathogenic variants in the LDLR. True HoFH due to LDLR variants had higher total (P=0.015) and LDL (low-density lipoprotein)-cholesterol (P=0.008) compared with compound heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Children with true HoFH (n=34) tended to be diagnosed earlier (P=0.051) and had a greater frequency of xanthomas (P=0.016) than those with compound heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (n=20). Previous major cardiovascular events were present in 25 (48%) of 52 children (missing information in 2 cases), and in 43 (67%) of 64 adults with LDLR variants. Children who are true HoFH had higher frequency of major cardiovascular events (P=0.02), coronary heart (P=0.013), and aortic/supra-aortic valve diseases (P=0.022) than compound heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. In adults, no differences were observed in major cardiovascular events according to type of LDLR variant. From 118 subjects with LDLR variants, 76 (64%) had 2 likely pathogenic or pathogenic variants. In 89 subjects with 2 LDLR variants, those with at least one null allele were younger (P=0.003) and had a greater frequency of major cardiovascular events (P=0.038) occurring at an earlier age (P=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: There was a high frequency of cardiovascular disease even in children. Phenotype and cardiovascular complications were heterogeneous and associated with the type of molecular defect.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/epidemiología , LDL-Colesterol/sangre , Homocigoto , Hiperlipoproteinemia Tipo II/genética , Mutación , Proteínas Adaptadoras Transductoras de Señales/genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Apolipoproteína B-100/genética , Biomarcadores/sangre , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/diagnóstico , Niño , Preescolar , Estudios Transversales , Europa (Continente)/epidemiología , Femenino , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Humanos , Hiperlipoproteinemia Tipo II/sangre , Hiperlipoproteinemia Tipo II/diagnóstico , Hiperlipoproteinemia Tipo II/epidemiología , Masculino , México/epidemiología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Fenotipo , Proproteína Convertasa 9/genética , Receptores de LDL/genética , Estudios Retrospectivos , Factores de Riesgo , América del Sur/epidemiología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
To communicate effectively during a lecture or presentation it is necessary to follow simple rules, including the preparation of the conference with the audience in mind and with the definition of a specific message to leave the audience. The public's attention should be quickly captured and all subsequent actions should aim to keep it. The text must be accurate and sizes easily visible, the slides should provide good contrast with solid and simple backgrounds and should avoid excessive animations. At the close of the conference, the conclusions and question session offers the invaluable opportunity to reinforce the desired message.
RESUMEN
Introducción: Para la evaluación de una intervención (medicamento, terapia, técnica quirúrgica) se utilizan los experimentos clínicos aleatorizados, estudios que controlan de manera automática muchas fuentes de sesgos. Desarrollo: Deben tener siempre un grupo control; la asignación a los grupos de tratamiento debe hacerse mediante el azar, e idealmente, para la evaluación, debe cegarse al sujeto de estudio, al evaluador y a quien hace el análisis. Tanto la intervención experimental como la de control deben haber sido seleccionados con bases sólidas, y debe haber una incertidumbre genuina en relación con su efectividad y seguridad. Debe procurarse que las variables de medición del desenlace sean sólidas y objetivas (duras) o variables blandas que hayan sido obtenidas o transformadas mediante métodos ya definidos. Si no es posible cegar al sujeto o cegar la intervención, puede recurrirse a utilizar el método de doble simulación o a variables de desenlace duras...
Randomized Clinical Trials are used to evaluate interventions (drugs, therapies or surgical techniques), since they control for many possible sources of bias. Development: Clinical Trials must have a control group, assignation to treatment groups must be at random and it is ideal to blind the study subject, the researcher and the analyst for the evaluation. Both the experimental and the control interventions must be selected with solid bases, and there should be a genuine uncertainty about their effectiveness and safety. Outcome variables should be hard and objective, and if soft variables are used, they must be transformed using predefined methods to make them as objective as possible. If it is not possible to mask the subject or the intervention, double dummy methods should be employed or hard outcomes used. Key words: Randomized clinical trial, double-blind, hard outcomes, soft outcomes, assignation, ramdomization...
