Studies on Neotropical crickets: Aclodes paz n. sp. a new phalangopsid cricket (Orthoptera: Phalangopsidae) from the Santander caves, Colombia.

Aclodes paz n. sp. a new troglophilous species from the caves of the municipalities of La Paz and San Vicente del Chucur, Santander, is described. An overview of the taxonomic history of the tribe Aclodini and the genus Aclodes is provided, to understand the recent taxonomic changes in the group. The species is named in honor of La Pazs municipality and the desire of Colombians and other inhabitants of the world who have conflicts in their territories (the cricket of peace). Finally, the habitat and taxonomy of the genus are discussed.

A mathematics-based new penalty area in football: tackling diving.

A novel penalty area (PA) for football (soccer) is proposed; it is based on considering mathematically the actual scoring possibility on the 2 dimensions near the goal. It is shown that the 150-year-old rectangular area is mathematically disproportionate; this can be causing too much diving or simulation by players around the goal and also too many matches that are decided unfairly. The goal or objective is to reduce these problems - and others - with a new PA based on the proposed scoring potential measure which is in turn based on the angle towards the goal line (between posts) and the distance to the centre of this line.

Trichomycterus uisae: a new species of hypogean catfish (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae) from the northeastern Andean Cordillera of Colombia

Trichomycterus uisae, a new species of hypogean catfish, is described from Cueva El Misterio located in the upper Sogamoso river basin of the Departamento de Santander in the northeastern portion of the Andean range of Colombia. The new species has a characteristic dark bluish-gray band from the head to the origin of the dorsal fin, five to nine opercular odontodes, and the anterior and posterior fontanels separated but connected by a narrow channel. A comparative analysis with epigean species from Colombia and troglobitic Trichomycterus from South America is presented.

Trichomycterus uisae, uma nova espécie de bagre hipógeo, é descrita da Caverna El Misterio, localizada na parte alta da bacia do rio Sogamoso, no Departamento de Santander na parte nordeste dos Andes da Colômbia. A nova espécie tem uma banda cinza-azulada caraterística que vai desde a cabeça até a origem da nadadeira dorsal; cinco a nove odontódeos operculares; e fontanelas anterior e posterior separadas, mas conectadas por um canal estreito. Uma análise comparativa com espécies epígeas da Colômbia e Trichomycterus troglóbios da América do Sul é apresentada.

Trichomycterus uisae: a new species of hypogean catfish (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae) from the northeastern Andean Cordillera of Colombia

Trichomycterus uisae, a new species of hypogean catfish, is described from Cueva El Misterio located in the upper Sogamoso river basin of the Departamento de Santander in the northeastern portion of the Andean range of Colombia. The new species has a characteristic dark bluish-gray band from the head to the origin of the dorsal fin, five to nine opercular odontodes, and the anterior and posterior fontanels separated but connected by a narrow channel. A comparative analysis with epigean species from Colombia and troglobitic Trichomycterus from South America is presented.(AU)

Trichomycterus uisae, uma nova espécie de bagre hipógeo, é descrita da Caverna El Misterio, localizada na parte alta da bacia do rio Sogamoso, no Departamento de Santander na parte nordeste dos Andes da Colômbia. A nova espécie tem uma banda cinza-azulada caraterística que vai desde a cabeça até a origem da nadadeira dorsal; cinco a nove odontódeos operculares; e fontanelas anterior e posterior separadas, mas conectadas por um canal estreito. Uma análise comparativa com espécies epígeas da Colômbia e Trichomycterus troglóbios da América do Sul é apresentada.(AU)