RESUMEN
The aim of the study was to track the spread of antimicrobial resistance among the different sectors of One Health through the detection of Multidrug-Efflux-System in multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) and methicillin-resistant (MRSA) S. aureus isolates were selected: 25 of human, one of animal and eight of food origin. The efflux system genes norA, norB, norC, LmrS, tet38 and msrA were screened by PCR. The activity of the efflux systems was determined by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of tetracycline and ciprofloxacin in the presence and absence of CCCP and in the quantification of ethidium bromide efflux. Furthermore, biofilm formation was determined in the presence and absence of the CCCP. The molecular epidemiology of the isolates was traced with the aid of PFGE. The gene norC was the most prevalent, detected in all isolates and msrA was the least prevalent, detected in only two isolates from humans. There was no difference in the MICs of tetracycline and ciprofloxacin in the presence of CCCP, but 55.9% of isolates showed ethidium bromide efflux. The presence of CCCP decreased the biofilm formation. Regarding the molecular epidemiology, in three clusters was a mixture of the isolates from different origins. Therefore, S. aureus MDR with active multidrug efflux systems are circulating between One Health domains and it is necessary to consider strategies to decrease this circulation in order to prevent the dissemination of resistance mediated by MES.
Asunto(s)
Staphylococcus aureus Resistente a Meticilina , Salud Única , Infecciones Estafilocócicas , Animales , Humanos , Staphylococcus aureus/genética , Carbonil Cianuro m-Clorofenil Hidrazona , Etidio , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente a Meticilina/genética , Tetraciclina/farmacología , Ciprofloxacina/farmacología , Antibacterianos/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Infections caused by multidrug resistant bacteria represent a therapeutic challenge both in clinical settings and in livestock production, but the prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes among the species of bacteria that colonize the gastrointestinal tract of ruminants is not well characterized. Here, we investigate the resistome of 435 ruminal microbial genomes in silico and confirm representative phenotypes in vitro. We find a high abundance of genes encoding tetracycline resistance and evidence that the tet(W) gene is under positive selective pressure. Our findings reveal that tet(W) is located in a novel integrative and conjugative element in several ruminal bacterial genomes. Analyses of rumen microbial metatranscriptomes confirm the expression of the most abundant antibiotic resistance genes. Our data provide insight into antibiotic resistange gene profiles of the main species of ruminal bacteria and reveal the potential role of mobile genetic elements in shaping the resistome of the rumen microbiome, with implications for human and animal health.
Asunto(s)
Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana/genética , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/genética , Rumen/microbiología , Actinobacteria/genética , Aminoglicósidos , Animales , Proteínas Bacterianas/genética , Bacteroidetes/genética , Biología Computacional , Simulación por Computador , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana Múltiple/genética , Firmicutes/genética , Glicopéptidos , Fragmentos de Péptidos , Proteobacteria/genética , Toxina Tetánica , Resistencia a la Tetraciclina/genética , Resistencia betalactámica/genéticaRESUMEN
In the present study, we present normative ratings of free association for 139 European Portuguese (EP) words among 7- to 8-, 9- to 10-, and 11- to 12-year-old children attending the 3rd, 5th, and 7th grades of elementary and middle school in Portugal. For each word, five indices are presented: (a) the percentage of associates, (b) the strength of the first associate, (c) the strength of the second associate, (d) the distance between the first and second associates, and (e) the percentage of idiosyncratic responses. Additionally, grade-level frequency values for each word from the ESCOLEX database (Soares et al., in press) are also provided. As expected, the results revealed developmental changes in the knowledge organization of the children, which occurred at the ages of 9-10 (5th grade) and remained stable in the 11- to 12-year-old children (7th grade). Specifically, we observed a decrease in the percentages of associates and idiosyncratic responses, as well as an increase in the strengths of the first and second associates from the 3rd to the 5th grade. Moreover, a comparative analysis with the previous work of Carneiro, Albuquerque, Fernandez, and Esteves (2004) on EP and Macizo, Gómez-Ariza, and Bajo (2000) on Spanish, for the subsets of common words (16 and 58, respectively), showed that the present norms fit well with previous EP data, but differ from the Spanish data.
Asunto(s)
Asociación Libre , Desarrollo del Lenguaje , Vocabulario , Análisis de Varianza , Niño , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Portugal , Lectura , Valores de Referencia , Estudiantes/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
O objetivo deste estudo foi adaptar um instrumento brasileiro para a avaliação do ciúme romântico no contexto cultural português e avaliar as suas propriedades psicométricas. O instrumento adaptado foi respondido por 808 participantes, divididos em duas amostras equivalentes quanto ao número e ao sexo. Análises fatoriais exploratórias revelaram grande similaridade entre as estruturas fatoriais obtidas com as amostras portuguesas e destas com a estrutura encontrada em um estudo prévio com participantes brasileiros. Todos os fatores apresentaram índices de fidedignidade superiores a 0,8. Análises com base na Teoria de Resposta ao Item evidenciaram um bom uso das categorias de resposta empregadas e mostraram que a maioria das escalas é mais discriminativa para características relacionadas com a manifestação patológica do ciúme. Concluiu-se que a escala apresenta validade baseada na estrutura interna e boa fidedignidade, podendo ser recomendada para utilização em investigações.(AU)
The objective of this study was to adapt a Brazilian instrument for romantic jealousy assessment to the Portuguese cultural context, and to evaluate its psychometric properties. The adapted instrument was answered by 808 participants, divided in two equivalent samples regarding number and gender. Simultaneous factor analysis with those samples showed high similarity both with each other and with previous results obtained with a Brazilian sample. All factors showed reliability indices above 0.8. IRT based analysis revealed a good use of the response categories and showed that the majority of the scales are more discriminative for pathologic jealousy manifestation. It was concluded that the scale shows validity based on internal structure and good reliability, and can be recommended for research purposes.(AU)
El objetivo de este estudio fue adaptar un instrumento brasileño para la evaluación de los celos románticos en el contexto cultural portugués y evaluar sus propiedades psicométricas. El instrumento adaptado fue respondido por 808 participantes, divididos en dos muestras equivalentes en cuanto al número y al sexo. Análisis factoriales exploratorias revelaron gran similitud entre las estructuras factoriales obtenidas con las muestras portuguesas y de estas con la estructura encontrada en un estudio preliminar con participantes brasileños. Todos los factores presentaron índices de fiabilidad superiores a 0.8. Análisis basadas en la Teoría de Respuesta al Ítem evidenciaron un buen uso de las categorías de respuesta empleadas y mostraron que la mayoría de las escalas es más discriminativa para características relacionadas con la manifestación patológica de los celos. Se concluye que la escala presenta validez basada en la estructura interna y buena fiabilidad, siendo recomendada para utilización en investigaciones.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adolescente , Adulto Joven , Adulto , Celos , Relaciones Interpersonales , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , PsicometríaRESUMEN
O objetivo deste estudo foi adaptar um instrumento brasileiro para a avaliação do ciúme romântico no contexto cultural português e avaliar as suas propriedades psicométricas. O instrumento adaptado foi respondido por 808 participantes, divididos em duas amostras equivalentes quanto ao número e ao sexo. Análises fatoriais exploratórias revelaram grande similaridade entre as estruturas fatoriais obtidas com as amostras portuguesas e destas com a estrutura encontrada em um estudo prévio com participantes brasileiros. Todos os fatores apresentaram índices de fidedignidade superiores a 0,8. Análises com base na Teoria de Resposta ao Item evidenciaram um bom uso das categorias de resposta empregadas e mostraram que a maioria das escalas é mais discriminativa para características relacionadas com a manifestação patológica do ciúme. Concluiu-se que a escala apresenta validade baseada na estrutura interna e boa fidedignidade, podendo ser recomendada para utilização em investigações.
The objective of this study was to adapt a Brazilian instrument for romantic jealousy assessment to the Portuguese cultural context, and to evaluate its psychometric properties. The adapted instrument was answered by 808 participants, divided in two equivalent samples regarding number and gender. Simultaneous factor analysis with those samples showed high similarity both with each other and with previous results obtained with a Brazilian sample. All factors showed reliability indices above 0.8. IRT based analysis revealed a good use of the response categories and showed that the majority of the scales are more discriminative for pathologic jealousy manifestation. It was concluded that the scale shows validity based on internal structure and good reliability, and can be recommended for research purposes.
El objetivo de este estudio fue adaptar un instrumento brasileño para la evaluación de los celos románticos en el contexto cultural portugués y evaluar sus propiedades psicométricas. El instrumento adaptado fue respondido por 808 participantes, divididos en dos muestras equivalentes en cuanto al número y al sexo. Análisis factoriales exploratorias revelaron gran similitud entre las estructuras factoriales obtenidas con las muestras portuguesas y de estas con la estructura encontrada en un estudio preliminar con participantes brasileños. Todos los factores presentaron índices de fiabilidad superiores a 0.8. Análisis basadas en la Teoría de Respuesta al Ítem evidenciaron un buen uso de las categorías de respuesta empleadas y mostraron que la mayoría de las escalas es más discriminativa para características relacionadas con la manifestación patológica de los celos. Se concluye que la escala presenta validez basada en la estructura interna y buena fiabilidad, siendo recomendada para utilización en investigaciones.
