High-retention membrane bioreactors for sugarcane vinasse treatment: Opportunities for environmental impact reduction and wastewater valorization.

Ethanol production has increased over the years, and Brazil ranking second in the world using sugarcane as the main raw material. However, 10-15 L of vinasse are generated per liter of ethanol produced. Besides large volumes, this wastewater has high polluting potential due to its low pH and high concentrations of organic matter and nutrients. Given the high biodegradability of the organic matter, the treatment of this effluent by anaerobic digestion and membrane separation processes results in the generation of high value-added byproducts such as volatile fatty acids (VFAs), biohydrogen and biogas. Membrane bioreactors have been widely evaluated due to the high efficiency achieved in vinasse treatment. In recent years, high retention membrane bioreactors, in which high retention membranes (nanofiltration, reverse osmosis, forward osmosis and membrane distillation) are combined with biological processes, have gained increasing attention. This paper presents a critical review focused on high retention membrane bioreactors and the challenges associated with the proposed configurations. For nanofiltration membrane bioreactor (NF-MBR), the main drawback is the higher fouling propensity due to the hydraulic driving force. Nonetheless, the development of membranes with high permeability and anti-fouling properties is uprising. Regarding osmotic membrane bioreactor (OMBR), special attention is needed for the selection of a proper draw solution, which desirably should be low cost, have high osmolality, reduce reverse salt flux, and can be easily reconcentrated. Membrane distillation bioreactor (MDBR) also exhibit some shortcomings, with emphasis on energy demand, that can be solved with the use of low-grade and residual heat, or renewable energies. Among the configurations, MDBR seems to be more advantageous for sugarcane vinasse treatment due to the lower energy consumption provided by the use of waste heat from the effluent, and due to the VFAs recovery, which has high added value.

Wien effect in interfacial water dissociation through proton-permeable graphene electrodes.

Strong electric fields can accelerate molecular dissociation reactions. The phenomenon known as the Wien effect was previously observed using high-voltage electrolysis cells that produced fields of about 107 V m-1, sufficient to accelerate the dissociation of weakly bound molecules (e.g., organics and weak electrolytes). The observation of the Wien effect for the common case of water dissociation (H2O [Formula: see text] H+ + OH-) has remained elusive. Here we study the dissociation of interfacial water adjacent to proton-permeable graphene electrodes and observe strong acceleration of the reaction in fields reaching above 108 V m-1. The use of graphene electrodes allows measuring the proton currents arising exclusively from the dissociation of interfacial water, while the electric field driving the reaction is monitored through the carrier density induced in graphene by the same field. The observed exponential increase in proton currents is in quantitative agreement with Onsager's theory. Our results also demonstrate that graphene electrodes can be valuable for the investigation of various interfacial phenomena involving proton transport.

Sugarcane vinasse as organo-mineral fertilizers feedstock: Opportunities and environmental risks.

Fertigation using sugarcane vinasse is expected in the sugar and alcohol industries; however, its indiscriminate practice can trigger soil salinization and contamination of water sources. This review article appraises the vinasse use as a precursor material in producing organo-mineral fertilizers. Vinasse use could be an alternative for the increased demand for organo-mineral fertilizers. In that case, the vinasse reuse would be maintained but through controlled practices and lower environmental impact. The state-of-art points to possible advantages associated with the vinasse conversion into organo-mineral fertilizers, such as ease of transport and handling, low variability in its composition, and lower risks of soil and water resources contamination. It has been summarized and critically discussed the past ten years (2011-2021, total number papers revised: 175) of research data about vinasse composition, along with the limitations to be overcome in the near future to enable the application of organo-mineral fertilizers. Possible nutrients supplementation beyond those already present in vinasse composition would depend on the crop requirement, and the impact on the soil biota and integrity should be better understood. The aspects discussed along the manuscript would be aligned with circular economy principles, converting a residue (vinasse) into a potential resource for agricultural activities, including sugar and alcohol industries. After all, although promising, obtaining organo-mineral fertilizers from vinasse must be empirically validated and its feasibility proven by comparative studies between fertigation and the use of organo-mineral fertilizers.

Precision Design of Antimicrobial Surfaces.

The overall expectation from an antimicrobial surface has been high considering the need for efficiency in preventing the attachment and growth of pathogenic microbes, durability, safety to both humans and environment as well as cost-effectiveness. To date, antimicrobial surface design has been mostly conducted liberally, without rigorous consideration of establishing robust structure-activity relationships for each design strategy or of the use intended for a specific antimicrobial material. However, the variability among the domain bacteria, which is the most diverse of all, alongside the highly dynamic nature of the bacteria-surface interface have taught us that the likelihood of finding universal antimicrobial surfaces is low. In this perspective we discuss some of the current hurdles faced by research in this promising field, emphasizing the relevance and complexity of probing the bacteria-surface interface, and explain why we feel it would greatly benefit from a more streamlined ad-hoc approach.

Influence of contact configuration and lubricating conditions on the microtriboactivity of the zirconia-Ti6Al4V pair used in dental applications.

Loosening and fracture of implanted dental crowns is a consequence of relative micromovements between the zirconia abutment and the titanium alloy of the implant, in a biochemical aggressive environment. Thus, it is important to establish the in vitro tribological testing conditions that better mimics such environment. The present work aims to evaluate the effect of ball-on-plate tests configuration on the tribological behavior of ZrO2/Ti6Al4V pair in dry and lubricated conditions, using different lubricants: water, artificial saliva solution and human saliva. Ceramic balls sliding on metallic plates (TiPlate) and metallic balls sliding on ceramic plates (TiBall) were tested and the coefficient of friction (CoF) and wear response was monitored trough nanotribological tests. Open circuit potential was also measured during the tests carried out in saline solution (artificial saliva) to access the tribochemical response. The wear mechanisms were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy analysis. Relevant differences were found between the two configurations, with and without the presence of human saliva: TiPlate presented always a higher CoF than TiBall, which may have resulted from differences in the degradation and regeneration processes of the titanium passive film during sliding. TiBall demonstrated to be the best choice to reproduce the in vivo conditions, since the metallic surface contacts permanently with zirconia, impairing the titanium repassivation. Regarding the effect of the lubricants, it was observed that human saliva had a protective action of the surfaces, leading to the lowest CoF among the lubricants used (0.19 ±â€¯0.05 for TiBall and 0.35 ±â€¯0.08 for TiPlate) and neglectable wear.

Efficacy of plants extracts from the Cerrado against adult female of Dermacentor nitens (Acari: Ixodidae).

Dermacentor nitens tick is commonly found in the equine auditory canal, where it causes economic losses due to its direct damage, causing blood spoliation, stress, transmission of pathogens, and predisposition to myasis and secondary bacterial infection in its hosts. In this study we evaluated the effect of ethanolic extracts of Cerrado plants on biological parameters of engorged females of D. nitens. Ethanolic extracts were prepared from the leaves of Schinopsis brasiliensis, Piptadenia viridiflora, Ximenia americana, and Serjania lethalis at 25-150 mg mL-1. Groups of 10 engorged adult females were treated with these extracts and compared with a control containing distilled water and another control with organophosphate, using five replicates for each group. Compared with the control with water, S. lethalis and X. americana extracts at 100 and 150 mg mL-1 significantly inhibited the posture ability. Differently, extracts of S. brasiliensis and P. viridiflora were the most effective in inhibiting larval hatching. Extracts of X. americana and P. viridiflora showed effective inhibition of reproductive parameters of the tick, presenting dose-dependent effect with IC90 78.86 and 78.94 mg mL-1, respectively. Theses effective extracts contained low condensed tannin levels and their HPLC chromatograms revealed the presence of flavonoids. The efficacies of P. viridiflora and X. americana extracts were higher than 90% indicating that these extracts are promising as alternative agents for D. nitens control.

Avaliação das fibras colágenas de feridas dérmicas de coelhos tratadas com diferentes fontes de plasma rico em plaquetas / Evaluation of collagen in dermal wounds of rabbits treated with different sources of platelet-rich plasma

Para comparar a regeneração tecidual de feridas dérmicas em coelhos tratados e não tratados, de forma seriada, com diferentes fontes de plasma rico em plaquetas (PRP) gel, biópsias dérmicas foram feitas na região dorsal, com auxílio de um punch de 8mm, em que o lado direito foi tratado com NaCl 0,9%® e o lado esquerdo recebeu aplicação de diferentes fontes de PRPs (autóloga, heteróloga e homóloga), nos dias zero, três, sete, 10, 14, tendo sido acompanhadas durante 17 dias. Ao final do 17º dia, foi realizada avaliação histopatológica das feridas. Do total de 24 animais, seis coelhos (três machos e três fêmeas) foram utilizados somente como doadores para obtenção do PRP homólogo gel. Um cão adulto, saudável, foi utilizado como doador durante o experimento para o preparo do PRP gel do grupo heterólogo. As médias das fibras dos grupos autólogo e homólogo foram muito semelhantes (75,0±13,7 e 73,1±10,2, respectivamente), quando comparadas às médias obtidas no grupo controle (71,5±10,8). Já as fibras colágenas do grupo heterólogo foram inferiores (P<0,05) às dos demais grupos (59,4±11,3). Conclui-se que a fonte heteróloga produz fibras colágenas menos organizadas e menos homogêneas, sendo o último recurso a ser utilizado para promover uma cicatrização de boa qualidade.(AU)

In order to compare the tissue regeneration of dermal wounds in treated and untreated rabbits serially with different sources of platelet rich plasma (PRP) gel, dermal biopsies were made in the dorsal region with the aid of an 8mm punch. The right side was treated with 0.9% NaCl and, on the left side, the different sources of PRPs (autologous, heterologous and homologous) on days 0, 3, 7, 10, 14 were applied and monitored for 17 days. At the end of the 17th day, histopathological evaluation of the wounds was performed. From the total of 24 animals, six rabbits (3 males and 3 females) were used only as donors to obtain the homologous PRP gel. A healthy, adult dog was used as a donor during the experiment to prepare the PRP gel from the heterologous group. The mean values of the fibers of the autologous and homologous groups were very similar (75.0±13.7 and 73.1±10.2, respectively), when compared to the means obtained in the control group (71.5±10.8). The collagen fibers of the heterologous group were inferior (P<0.05) to the other groups (59.4±11.3). It is concluded that the heterologous source produces less organized and homogeneous collagen fibers and should be the last resource to be used in order to promote good quality healing.(AU)

Multistimuli Response Micro- and Nanolayers of a Coordination Polymer Based on Cu2 I2 Chains Linked by 2-Aminopyrazine.

A nonporous laminar coordination polymer of formula [Cu2 I2 (2-aminopyrazine)]n is prepared by direct reaction between CuI and 2-aminopyrazine, two industrially available building blocks. The fine tuning of the reaction conditions allows obtaining [Cu2 I2 (2-aminopyrazine)]n in micrometric and nanometric sizes with same structure and composition. Interestingly, both materials show similar reversible thermo- and pressure-luminescent response as well as reversible electrical response to volatile organic solvents such as acetic acid. X-ray diffraction studies under different conditions, temperatures and pressures, in combination with theoretical calculations allow rationalizing the physical properties of this compound and its changes under physical stimuli. Thus, the emission dramatically increases when lowering the temperature, while an enhancement of the pressure produces a decrease in the emission intensity. These observations emerge as a direct consequence of the high structural flexibility of the Cu2 I2 chains which undergo a contraction in CuCu distances as far as temperature decreases or pressure increases. However, the strong structural changes observed under high pressure lead to an unexpected effect that produces a less effective CuCu orbital overlapping that justifies the decrease in the intensity emission. This work shows the high potential of materials based on Cu2 I2 chains for new applications.

A experiência do tempo em Merleau-Ponty: contribuições para a fenomenologia clínica / Time experience in Merleau-Ponty: contributions for clinic penhomenology

A experiência do tempo é uma noção central na fenomenologia filosófica e clínica. O tempo nafenomenologia de Merleau-Ponty é uma experiência mundana, subjetiva e inseparável do sujeito. Ofilósofo entende a vivência do tempo como uma rede de intencionalidades e não como umasequência estrutural que se ultrapassa a si mesma. Este artigo descreve a experiência do tempo nopensamento de Merleau-Ponty como possível contribuição para a fenomenologia clínica. O tempo éa tensão dialética entre o passado e o futuro, que só se supera na medida em que, conjuntamente, seconserva, ou ainda, é a ambiguidade entre o retencional e o sucessivo. Propomos a noção deexperiência do tempo como processo ambíguo como contribuição para a fenomenologia clínica(AU)

Replication of PTPRC as genetic biomarker of response to TNF inhibitors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Genetic biomarkers could be useful for orienting treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but none has been convincingly validated yet. Putative biomarkers include 14 single nucleotide polymorphisms that have shown association with response to TNF inhibitors (TNFi) in candidate gene studies and that we assayed here in 755 RA patients. Three of them, in the PTPRC, IL10 and CHUK genes, were significantly associated with response to TNFi. The most significant result was obtained with rs10919563 in PTPRC, which is a confirmed RA susceptibility locus. Its RA risk allele was associated with improved response (B=0.33, P=0.006). This is the second independent replication of this biomarker (P=9.08 × 10(-8) in the combined 3003 RA patients). In this way, PTPRC has become the most replicated genetic biomarker of response to TNFi. In addition, the positive but weaker replication of IL10 and CHUK should stimulate further validation studies.

The role of TLR2 in the acute inflammatory response induced by Bothrops atrox snake venom

Envenomation by snakes of the species Bothrops atrox induces local and systemic effects. Local effects include drastic tissue damage and a marked inflammatory response as a result of the synthesis and release of a variety of protein and lipid mediators. Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathways can play an important role in this response, leading to synthesis of these inflammatory mediators. This study investigated the influence of TLR2 on the acute inflammatory response induced by Bothrops atrox venom. Wild-type C57BL/6 mice (WT) and TLR2 gene knockout mice (TLR2(-/-)) were injected with Bothrops atrox venom (BaV), and the following responses to the venom were assessed in peritoneal exudate: leukocyte accumulation; release of mediators, including CCL-2, IL-10, IL-1 beta, IL-6 and LTB4; protein expression of COX-1 and COX-2; and quantification of their products PGE(2) and TXA(2). After injection with BaV, the TLR2(-/-) mice (TLR2(Bav)(-/-)) had higher levels of IL-6 and CCL-2 than WT animals kept under the same conditions (WTBav), together with an accumulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), inhibition of IL-1 beta and LTB4 and reduced mononuclear leukocyte influx. However, no significant differences in COX 2 protein expression or PGE(2), TXA(2) and IL-10 production between the TLR2(Bav)(-/-) and WTBav animals were observed. Together, these results indicate that the signaling pathway activated by TLR2 acts by modulating the induced inflammatory response to BaV through the direct action of venom-associated molecular patterns (VAMPs) or indirectly by forming damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and that this may have important therapeutic implications. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Antimutagenic action of the triterpene betulinic acid isolated from Scoparia dulcis (Scrophulariaceae).

The mutagenic and antimutagenic activities of triterpene betulinic acid {3b-3-hydroxy-lup-20(29)-en-28-oic} isolated from the roots of Scoparia dulcis (Scrophulariaceae) were analyzed using the somatic mutation and recombination test (SMART) in the wings of Drosophila melanogaster. The mutagenic potential of betulinic acid was evaluated at 3 different concentrations (1.64, 3.28, and 6.57 mM). Antimutagenic activity evaluation was performed by co-treatment trials in which the flies received betulinic acid at 3 different concentrations in addition to 10 mM pro-mutagenic urethane. The results demonstrated that betulinic acid was not capable of causing DNA damage. However, the frequency of small single spots, large spots, and twin spots was significantly reduced. In the high bioactivation cross, betulinic acid was significantly active and exerted enhanced antimutagenic activity, possibly as a desmutagen.

Short communication: Substituting dry distillers grains with solubles and rumen-protected amino acids for soybean meal in late-lactation cows' diets based on corn silage or ryegrass silage.

Excess protein in dairy cattle diets increases production costs and contributes to environmental pollution. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of feeding dry distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) supplemented with rumen-protected Lys and Met in place of solvent-extracted soybean meal on the performance of late-lactation cows. Two experiments were carried out, with each using 24 late-lactating dairy cows distributed among 4 pens. In trial 1, corn silage was the main forage source. Control (HP1) total mixed ration (TMR) contained 16.3% crude protein (CP) with soybean meal as the main protein source. Treatment TMR (LP1) had 13.7% CP when soybean meal was replaced with DDGS and rumen-protected Lys and Met. Forage in trial 2 was ryegrass silage; control TMR (HP2; 15.4% CP) contained soybean meal and rumen-protected Met, whereas treatment TMR (LP2; 13.8% CP) contained DDGS and rumen-protected Lys and Met. Trials were analyzed as crossover design using the MIXED procedure of SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary NC) with cow as sampling unit and pen as the experimental unit. Treatments were similar in dry matter intake (21.0 and 20.4 kg/cow per day for HP1 and LP1, respectively) and milk yield (20.7 and 20.5 kg/cow per day for HP1 and LP1, respectively) during trial 1. Milk composition was similar between treatments, averaging 4.22, 3.73, 4.54, and 9.15, respectively, for fat, protein, lactose, and solids nonfat. Milk urea nitrogen decreased from 17.2 mg/dL for HP1 to 9.93 mg/dL for LP1. In trial 2, no significant differences were observed for dry matter intake (21.4 and 20.9 kg/cow per day for HP2 and LP2, respectively), milk yield (28.1 and 26.6 kg/d for HP2 and LP2, respectively), fat yield (0.99 vs. 0.92 kg/d for HP2 and LP2, respectively), protein yield (0.94 vs. 0.86 kg/d for HP2 and LP2, respectively) and lactose yield (1.37 vs. 1.28 for HP2 and LP2, respectively). Milk urea nitrogen decreased from 9.88 mg/dL with HP2 to 6.39 mg/dL with the LP2 treatment. Milk N efficiency tended to be higher for LP treatments in trial 1, but not in trial 2. Low milk urea N suggested nitrogen losses to the environment may be lower when cows were fed diets based on DDGS in both trials. The studies indicated that DDGS with rumen-protected Lys and Met could substitute solvent-extracted soybean meal in low-protein corn silage- and ryegrass silage-based diets for late-lactation dairy cows averaging 20.6 or 27.4 kg of milk/d, respectively.

Effect of condensed corn distillers solubles concentration on lactation performance of Holstein cows.

Forty-eight Holstein cows (32 multiparous and 16 primiparous) in mid to late lactation averaging 219±71 days in milk and 30.5±6.6 kg/d of 3.5% fat-corrected milk were used in a 56-d completely randomized design experiment to evaluate condensed corn distillers solubles (CCDS) inclusion in high-fiber total mixed rations (TMR). Inclusion rates evaluated were 0, 6.6, 13.2, and 19.8% CCDS as a percentage of dry matter (DM). Distiller solubles substituted for soybean meal, corn grain, and whole cottonseed such that diets were similar in protein (16.6%) and fat (4.50%). Water was added to 0, 6.6, and 13.2% CCDS treatments so that final TMR DM concentrations (47.8%) were similar across diets. The forage portion of the diet was kept constant at 19.6% annual ryegrass hay and 26.0% sorghum baleage. Diet in vitro true digestibility tended to increase as CCDS addition increased, but neutral detergent fiber digestibility trended lower in CCDS diets. Percent P (0.39, 0.55, 0.69, and 0.73%) and S (0.32, 0.35, 0.39, and 0.42%) in TMR increased as CCDS concentration increased. Milk yield (23.5, 24.7, 25.5, and 24.8 kg/d of 3.5% fat-corrected milk) was similar for control and CCDS diets. Milk fat (3.88, 3.73, 3.78, and 3.68%), protein (3.28, 3.27, 3.31, and 3.31%), and lactose (4.61, 4.66, 4.69, and 4.77) percentages were similar across diets. Milk urea nitrogen (16.60, 15.58, 15.43, and 14.75 mg/dL) declined with increasing CCDS addition. Animal activity, body weight, body condition scores, and locomotion scores were not influenced by CCDS. Day 28 poststudy locomotion scores were similar across diets. Ruminal acetate concentrations did not differ among diets, but propionate and butyrate concentrations were elevated in rumen fluid of cows receiving 19.6% CCDS. Although rumen fluid pH values were similar (6.5, 6.4, 6.3, and 6.2), the two highest CCDS diets exhibited depressed acetate:propionate ratios relative to controls. The results from this study indicate that CCDS may be included in high-fiber TMR for lactating dairy cows at up to nearly 20% of diet DM; however, caution is recommended because high CCDS P concentrations may create Ca:P imbalances and excess P may be introduced into the environment.

Protective effects of the antileishmanial extract of Tephrosia cinerea (L.) Pers. (Fabaceae) against cyclophosphamide-induced damage.

Tephrosia cinerea L. (Pers.) is a tropical species that exhibits antileishmanial activity in Leishmania amazonensis promastigote cultures and is commonly used to treat infections, inflammations, ulcers, nervous conditions, and diarrhea. However, no studies have investigated its effects on genetic material. Therefore, we evaluated the genotoxic potential, antigenotoxic potential, and cytotoxic effects of hydroalcoholic extracts of T. cinerea leaves. In an in vitro genotoxicity study, human peripheral blood leukocytes were treated for 3, 24 (comet assay), or 48 h (cell death assay) with 22, 44, or 88 µg/mL plant extract. In the in vivo assay, Swiss mice were treated with 500, 1000, or 2000 mg extract/kg body weight by intraperitoneal injection and were evaluated 24 h later. Antigenotoxicity was investigated in pre- and post-treatment assays in which the animals received the plant extract (2000 mg/kg) 24 h before or after receiving cyclophosphamide (50 mg/kg), respectively. The extract had no genotoxic effects in the in vitro or in vivo assays. However, the extract reduced apoptotic cell death and induced necrotic cell death at concentrations that presented leishmanicidal activity in vitro. The extract also had an antigenotoxic effect, reducing the levels of genomic damage that were caused by cyclophosphamide in Swiss mice by more than 80%.