RESUMEN
Introduction:Variations in blood pressure (BP) are, in part, genetically determined and some polymorphisms of renin-angiotensin- aldosterone system (RAAS) and synthase of endothelial nitric oxide (eNOS) have been related to hypertension (HT). Conversely, physical exercise is considered a non-pharmacological tool for HT control, treatment, and prevention.Objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between eNOS and RAAS polymorphisms, their epistatic interaction, and the respective humoral factors in the BP control in normotensive/pre-hypertension and hypertensive older adults and how this relationship can be modulated by training status (TS) level.Methods:A total of 155 older adults (66.94 ± 6.83 years old) performed the following evaluations: AAHPERD battery test to determine the general functional fitness index (GFFI), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP), blood collection for DNA extraction, analysis of eNOS gene polymorphisms rs2070744; rs61722009 and rs1799983 and RAAS polymorphisms rs699; rs1799752 and rs5186, and quantification of ACE activity (Fluorimetric Assay) and nitrite concentration (Chemiluminescence Method).Results and Conclusion:Good TS level appears to exert greater influence on SBP for G2 and G3 (G1: 125.79 ± 14.03/ G2: 119.91 ± 11.72/G3: 119.71 ± 10.85) and on NO2 for G3 (G1: 0.42 ± 0.25/ G2: 0.54 ± 0.45/ G3: 0.71 ± 0.52). No associations were observed between eNOS and RAAS polymorphisms, but the epistasis was identified between eNOS polymorphism, rs2070744, and RAAS polymorphism, rs699, revealing a statistically significant interaction (p = .0235) with training score of 0.63, a training test accuracy of 0.61 and a cross-validation consistency of 10/10. This result suggests an increased risk of hypertension.
Asunto(s)
Hipertensión , Prehipertensión , Anciano , Presión Sanguínea/genética , Humanos , Hipertensión/genética , Persona de Mediana Edad , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo III/genética , Proyectos Piloto , Polimorfismo Genético , Sistema Renina-Angiotensina/genéticaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: This study aimed to analyze the acute effect of physical exercise on nitric oxide concentration and blood pressure (BP) in older adults with different levels of training status (TS) and verified the influence of endothelial nitric oxide synthase polymorphisms on these variables. METHODS: A total of 145 older adults were divided into good TS (G1) and weak TS (G2). Participants were subjected to a 40-minute treadmill walk (40%-60% of maximum oxygen consumption) with BP measurements and blood collections for plasma nitrite and oxidative stress biomarkers at pretest and posttest moments. Data were analyzed by 2-way repeated-measures with Sidak post hoc test (P < .05) and multivariate linear analysis. RESULTS: After acute exercise, G2 showed an increase in oxidative stress biomarkers (P = .008), and both groups showed an increase in systolic BP (P < .001). Polymorphisms 894G > T and intron 4b/a had no association with nitrite and BP. However, -786T > C polymorphism showed an association with reduced systolic and diastolic BP (TT genotype) and increased diastolic BP (TC genotype). Higher TS level was also associated with lower BP. CONCLUSION: The maintenance of good TS levels may have a protective effect on cardiovascular risks regardless of the genetic profile.
Asunto(s)
Envejecimiento , Presión Sanguínea/fisiología , Endotelio Vascular/fisiología , Ejercicio Físico/fisiología , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa/genética , Óxido Nítrico/sangre , Anciano , Biomarcadores/sangre , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/genética , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/metabolismo , Endotelio Vascular/metabolismo , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad/genética , Genotipo , Humanos , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo III/genética , Polimorfismo Genético/genéticaRESUMEN
ABSTRACT As the population ages, health conditions, including hypertension (HT), which is one of the most prevalent diseases in the elderly population, increase. Regular physical exercise has been recommended for hypertensive individuals; however, due to the variety of factors involved in exercise, different acute responses can be achieved. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to perform a systematic review of the acute effect of physical exercise on blood pressure (BP) in elderly hypertensive patients and of its applicability to the treatment of HT. The search was performed in electronic databases available at Pubmed/Medline, Scopus and Bireme from 2008 to 2018, using the terms "acute physical exercise and hypertension and elderly". A total of 592 articles were found, and after applying the inclusion criteria, 9 articles were selected to form the analysis. All studies evaluated the acute effect of the exercise session and the acute effect of the session after a training period in male and female hypertensive individuals aged 60 years or over. The results indicate that in spite of the heterogeneity of training methods, all intervention protocols used in these studies were effective in promoting BP reduction post exercise when compared to the control group. However, there is still a gap in the reviewed literature regarding the maintenance time of post exercise hypotension (PEH) in the elderly. This information could suggest how long individuals undergoing physical exercise would be "protected" from high blood pressure values and their health risks, and help plan physical exercise sessions at the precise time the hypotensive effect ceases to be present. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies-Investigation of treatment results.
RESUMO À medida que a população envelhece, aumentam os agravos de saúde, entre eles, a hipertensão arterial (HA) destaca-se como uma das doenças de maior prevalência na população idosa. O exercício físico regular tem sido recomendado para indivíduos hipertensos, entretanto devido à variedade com que o exercício pode ser realizado, diferentes respostas agudas podem ser obtidas. Sendo assim, o objetivo do presente estudo consistiu em realizar uma revisão sistemática sobre o efeito agudo do exercício físico na pressão arterial (PA) em idosos hipertensos e sua aplicabilidade para o tratamento da HA. A busca foi realizada a partir de bancos de dados eletrônicos disponíveis no Pubmed/Medline, Scopus e Bireme de 2008 a 2018, utilizando os termos "acute physical exercise and hypertension and elderly". Foram encontrados 592 artigos e, após aplicar os critérios de inclusão, foram selecionados nove artigos que fizeram parte da análise, os quais avaliaram o efeito agudo da sessão de exercício e o efeito agudo da sessão após um período de treinamento em indivíduos hipertensos, com idade a partir de 60 anos, de ambos os sexos. Os resultados apontam que apesar da heterogeneidade nos métodos de treinamento, todos os protocolos de intervenção utilizados nesses estudos foram eficazes na promoção da redução da PA pós-exercício quando comparados ao grupo controle. No entanto, ainda existe uma lacuna na literatura revisada em relação ao tempo de manutenção da hipotensão pós-exercício (HPE) em idosos. Essa informação poderia sugerir por quanto tempo os praticantes estariam "protegidos" dos elevados valores pressóricos e seus riscos para a saúde e auxiliar no planejamento das sessões de exercício físico, justamente quando o efeito hipotensor estivesse deixando de se manifestar. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos-Investigação dos resultados do tratamento.
RESUMEN A medida que la población envejece, aumentan los agravios de salud, entre ellos, la hipertensión arterial (HA) se destaca como una de las enfermedades de mayor prevalencia en la población anciana. El ejercicio físico regular ha sido recomendado para individuos hipertensos, sin embargo, debido a la variedad con que el ejercicio puede ser realizado, diferentes respuestas agudas pueden ser obtenidas. Siendo así, el objetivo del presente estudio consistió en realizar una revisión sistemática sobre el efecto agudo del ejercicio físico en la presión arterial (PA) en ancianos hipertensos y su aplicabilidad para el tratamiento de la HA. La búsqueda fue realizada a partir de bancos de datos electrónicos disponibles en el Pubmed/Medline, Scopus y Bireme de 2008 a 2018, utilizando los términos "acute physical exercise and hypertension and elderly".Se encontraron 592 artículos y, después de aplicar los criterios de inclusión, se seleccionaron nueve artículos que formaron parte del análisis, los cuales evaluaron el efecto agudo de la sesión de ejercicio y efecto agudo de la sesión después de un período de entrenamiento en individuos hipertensos, con edad a partir de 60 años, de ambos sexos. Los resultados apuntan que, a pesar de la heterogeneidad en los métodos de entrenamiento, todos los protocolos de intervención utilizados en estos estudios fueron eficaces en la promoción de la reducción de la PA postejercicio cuando comparados con el grupo control. Sin embargo, todavía existe un vacío en la literatura revisada con relación al tiempo de mantenimiento de la hipotensión postejercicio (HPE) en ancianos. Esta información podría sugerir por cuánto tiempo los practicantes estarían "protegidos" de los elevados valores presóricos y sus riesgos para la salud y auxiliar en la planificación de las sesiones de ejercicio físico, justamente cuando el efecto hipotensor estuviera dejando de manifestarse. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos-Investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.
