RESUMEN
Severe acute mitral regurgitation after myocardial infarction includes partial and complete papillary muscle rupture or functional mitral regurgitation. Although its incidence is <1%, mitral regurgitation after acute myocardial infarction frequently causes hemodynamic instability, pulmonary edema, and cardiogenic shock. Medical management has the worst prognosis, and mortality has not changed in decades. Surgery represents the gold standard, but it is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Recently, transcatheter interventions have opened a new door for management that may improve survival. Mechanical circulatory support restores vital organ perfusion and offers the opportunity for a steadier surgical repair. This review focuses on the diagnosis and the interventional management, both surgical and transcatheter, with a glance on future perspectives to enhance patient management and eventually decrease mortality.
Asunto(s)
Insuficiencia de la Válvula Mitral , Infarto del Miocardio , Humanos , Insuficiencia de la Válvula Mitral/etiología , Insuficiencia de la Válvula Mitral/cirugía , Insuficiencia de la Válvula Mitral/complicaciones , Insuficiencia de la Válvula Mitral/terapia , Infarto del Miocardio/complicaciones , Infarto del Miocardio/terapia , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Cateterismo Cardíaco/métodos , Manejo de la EnfermedadRESUMEN
Right ventricular infarction (RVI) complicates 50% of cases of acute inferior ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, and is associated with high in-hospital morbidity and mortality. Ischemic right ventricular (RV) systolic dysfunction decreases left ventricular preload delivery, resulting in low-output hypotension with clear lungs, and disproportionate right heart failure. RV systolic performance is generated by left ventricular contractile contributions mediated by the septum. Augmented right atrial contraction optimizes RV performance, whereas very proximal occlusions induce right atrial ischemia exacerbating hemodynamic compromise. RVI is associated with vagal mediated bradyarrhythmias, both during acute occlusion and abruptly with reperfusion. The ischemic dilated RV is also prone to malignant ventricular arrhythmias. Nevertheless, RV is remarkably resistant to infarction. Reperfusion facilitates RV recovery, even after prolonged occlusion and in patients with severe shock. However, in some cases hemodynamic compromise persists, necessitating pharmacological and mechanical circulatory support with dedicated RV assist devices as a "bridge to recovery."
Asunto(s)
Ventrículos Cardíacos , Disfunción Ventricular Derecha , Humanos , Disfunción Ventricular Derecha/fisiopatología , Disfunción Ventricular Derecha/etiología , Ventrículos Cardíacos/fisiopatología , Infarto del Miocardio/fisiopatologíaRESUMEN
Ventricular septal rupture remains a dreadful complication of acute myocardial infarction. Although less commonly observed than during the prethrombolytic era, the condition remains complex and is often associated with refractory cardiogenic shock and death. Corrective surgery, although superior to medical treatment, has been associated with high perioperative morbidity and mortality. Transcatheter closure techniques are less invasive to surgery and offer a valuable alternative, particularly in patients with cardiogenic shock. In these patients, percutaneous mechanical circulatory support represents a novel opportunity for immediate stabilization and preserved end-organ function. Multimodality imaging can identify favorable septal anatomy for the most appropriate type of repair. The heart team approach will define optimal timing for surgery vs percutaneous repair. Emerging concepts are proposed for a deferred treatment approach, including orthotropic heart transplantation in ideal candidates. Finally, for futile situations, palliative care experts and a medical ethics team will provide the best options for end-of-life clinical decision making.
Asunto(s)
Infarto del Miocardio , Rotura Septal Ventricular , Humanos , Rotura Septal Ventricular/etiología , Rotura Septal Ventricular/terapia , Infarto del Miocardio/complicaciones , Infarto del Miocardio/terapia , Cateterismo Cardíaco/métodos , Procedimientos Quirúrgicos Cardíacos/métodosRESUMEN
Postinfarction ventricular free-wall rupture is a rare mechanical complication, accounting for <0.01% to 0.02% of cases. As an often-catastrophic event, death typically ensues within minutes due to sudden massive hemopericardium resulting in cardiac tamponade. Early recognition is pivotal, and may allow for pericardial drainage and open surgical repair as the only emergent life-saving procedure. In cases of contained rupture with pseudo-aneurysm (PSA) formation, hospitalization with subsequent early surgical intervention is warranted. Not uncommonly, PSA may go unrecognized in asymptomatic patients and diagnosed late during subsequent cardiac imaging. In these patients, the unsettling risk of complete rupture demands early surgical repair. Novel developments, in the field of transcatheter-based therapies and multimodality imaging, have enabled percutaneous PSA repair as a feasible alternate strategy for patients at high or prohibitive surgical risk. Contemporary advancements in the diagnosis and treatment of postmyocardial infarction ventricular free-wall rupture and PSA are provided in this review.
Asunto(s)
Aneurisma Falso , Rotura Cardíaca Posinfarto , Infarto del Miocardio , Humanos , Aneurisma Falso/etiología , Aneurisma Falso/terapia , Infarto del Miocardio/complicaciones , Rotura Cardíaca Posinfarto/etiología , Rotura Cardíaca Posinfarto/diagnóstico , Ventrículos Cardíacos/diagnóstico por imagen , Aneurisma Cardíaco/etiología , Aneurisma Cardíaco/cirugíaRESUMEN
Ventricular aneurysm represents a rare complication of transmural acute myocardial infarction, although other cardiac, congenital, or metabolic diseases may also predispose to such condition. Ventricular expansion includes all the cardiac layers, usually with a large segment involved. Adverse events include recurrent angina, reduced ventricular stroke volume with congestive heart failure, mitral regurgitation, thromboembolism, and ventricular arrhythmias. Multimodality imaging is paramount to provide comprehensive assessment, allowing for appropriate therapeutic decision-making. When indicated, surgical intervention remains the gold standard, although additional therapy (heart failure, anticoagulation, and advanced antiarrhythmic treatment) might be required. However, the STICH (Surgical Treatment for Ischemic Heart Failure) trial did not show any advantage from adding surgical ventricular reconstruction to coronary artery bypass surgery in terms of survival, rehospitalization or symptoms, compared with revascularization alone. Finally, implantable cardiac defibrillator may reduce the risk of fatal arrhythmias.
Asunto(s)
Aneurisma Cardíaco , Infarto del Miocardio , Humanos , Aneurisma Cardíaco/etiología , Aneurisma Cardíaco/cirugía , Ventrículos Cardíacos/diagnóstico por imagen , Infarto del Miocardio/complicacionesRESUMEN
El reemplazo de válvulas aórticas transcatéter es una opción de tratamiento excelente para pacientes con estenosis aórtica severa sintomática y riesgo alto o intermedio para cirugía. Con base en evidencia científica sólida en reemplazo de válvulas aórticas transcatéter, obtenida de estudios clínicos aleatorios y con ya cerca de ocho años de experiencia comercial, ¿por qué importaría pensar en la durabilidad de estas válvulas y por qué esta duda acaba de salir a la luz pública? La durabilidad a largo plazo de las válvulas utilizadas en reemplazo de válvulas aórticas transcatéter, ha sido motivo de interés como respuesta a diferentes factores: El desarrollo continuo de la tecnología reduce los riesgos del procedimiento y mejora la expectativa de vida. Cada vez el reemplazo de válvulas aórticas transcatéter se utiliza con más frecuencia en pacientes jóvenes, aun con patología congénita como la válvula aórtica bivalva, y en aquellas más complejas incluidas las bioprótesis disfuncionales, con estenosis regurgitación severa, procedimiento que se conoce como válvula en válvula1), (2. Sin embargo, pese a la penetración cada vez mayor de la técnica, una gran población con estenosis aórtica severa sintomática, que podría ser potencial candidata a reemplazo de válvulas aórticas transcatéter en un futuro, permanece sin diagnóstico y sin tratamiento.
Asunto(s)
Estenosis de la Válvula Aórtica , Intervención Coronaria Percutánea , Editorial , Técnicas de Imagen CardíacaRESUMEN
Resumen El término «cardiopatía isquémica¼ se refiere a la disfunción del ventrículo izquierdo secundaria a infarto del miocardio, miocardio isquémico viable o enfermedad coronaria severa documentada por arteriografía coronaria, la cual tiene un pobre pronóstico, con una supervivencia del 45% a 5 años. El tratamiento de la cardiopatía isquémica involucra la estimación de la viabilidad en el miocardio afectado para determinar si la revascularización puede generar una remodelación positiva que mejore la función del ventrículo izquierdo. Existen cuatro modalidades básicas usadas en la práctica clínica para calcular la viabilidad miocárdica: tomografía de emisión simple de positrones, tomografía por emisión de positrones, ecocardiograma estrés y resonancia magnética cardiaca. Hoy en día hay estudios que demuestran que la terapia médica mejora la función del ventrículo izquierdo en la cardiopatía isquémica, independiente de la presencia o no de viabilidad o de la revascularización miocárdica; por tanto es posible que otros factores como la cantidad de remodelado, los volúmenes del ventrículo izquierdo, la insuficiencia mitral y la fracción de eyección puedan afectar también los desenlaces. Se requiere definir de manera clara los estadios del remodelado ventricular izquierdo en los cuales la presencia de viabilidad es benéfica y las etapas en las que el remodelado es reversible con la revascularización miocárdica. En cuanto a los métodos para determinar la viabilidad, la resonancia magnética parece dar más respuestas al respecto, ya que puede aportar información adicional relacionada con dimensiones del ventrículo izquierdo, fracción de eyección, fibrosis miocárdica y anormalidades valvulares.
Abstract The term myocardial ischemia refers to a left ventricular dysfunction secondary to a myocardial infarction, viable ischemic myocardium or sever coronary disease documented by means of a coronary angiography, which has a poor prognosis, with five-year survival rate of 45%. Management of myocardial ischemia involves estimating viability of the affected myocardium in order to determine whether revascularization can generate a positive remodelling that improves left ventricle functioning. Four different basic modalities are used in clinical practice to assess myocardial viability: single-photon emission computed tomography, positron emission tomography, stress echocardiogram and cardiac magnetic resonance. Nowadays there are studies that have shown medical therapy improves left ventricle function in ischemic heart disease, regardless of the presence or not of the viability or the myocardial revascularization; therefore, it is possible that other factors such as the amount of remodelling, the left ventricle volumes, mitral insufficiency and ejection fraction could also afffect the outcomes. A clear definition of the left ventricle remodelling states where the presence of viability is beneficial and the stages where the remodelling is reversible with myocardial revascularization is required. With regards to methods for assessing viability, magnetic resonance seems to provide more answers, as it can give additional information related to the dimensions of the left ventricle, ejection fraction, myocardial fibrosis and valvular abnormalities.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedad Coronaria , Isquemia , Circulación Pulmonar , Isquemia Miocárdica , HibernaciónRESUMEN
Resumen La isquemia miocárdica puede ser irreversible o reversible dependiendo de diferentes factores moleculares y fisiológicos. En la isquemia miocárdica irreversible se presentan tres tipos de muerte celular a nivel miocárdico: la necrosis, la apoptosis y la autofagia; mientras en la isquemia reversible la restauración de la función de los miocitos está determinada por factores como el restablecimiento temprano del flujo sanguíneo coronario y fenómenos de pre y posacondicionamiento isquémico. Conceptos como el miocardio aturdido (disfunción mecánica temporal luego de una lesión isquémica pero con flujo sanguíneo normal en ausencia de cualquier lesión irreversible) y el miocardio hibernante (región miocárdica viable, sin contractilidad) son formas quiescentes de la función cardiaca y explican un poco la capacidad del miocardio de restablecer su funcionamiento normal luego de un episodio de isquemia.
Abstract Myocardial ischemia can be irreversible or reversible depending on multiple molecular and physiological factors. In irreversible myocardial ischemia there are three types of cell death on a myocardial level: necrosis, apoptosis and autophagy; whereas in reversible ischemia the restoration of the myocytes is determined by factors such as early recovery of coronary blood flow and pre- and postischemic conditioning phenomena. Concepts such as stunned myocardium (temporary mechanical dysfunction following an ischemic episode but with normal blood flow and without irreversible damage) and hibernating myocardium (viable myocardial region without contractility) are quiescent forms of the cardiac function and explain the ability of the myocardium to resume its normal functioning after an ischemic episode.
Asunto(s)
Isquemia Miocárdica , Enfermedad Coronaria , Autofagia , Velocidad del Flujo Sanguíneo , Apoptosis , Hibernación , NecrosisRESUMEN
Resumen La isquemia miocárdica es el conjunto de una serie de fenómenos fisiológicos que se manifiesta por condiciones clínicas como isquemia silente, angina estable y síndromes corona-rios agudos. Diversos mecanismos de la regulación del flujo sanguíneo, la demanda miocárdica, la liberación de adenosina y la función del endotelio en las arterias coronarias son claves para mantener la irrigación miocárdica y han sido la base fisiológica para el desarrollo de pruebas de detección de isquemia como lo es el flujo de reserva fraccional, que hoy día hace parte de las recomendaciones de las guías.
Abstract Myocardial ischaemia as a whole is a series of physiological phenomena manifested by clinical conditions such as silent ischaemia, stable angina and acute coronary syndromes. Various blood flow regulation mechanisms, myocardial demand, adenosine release and endot-helial function in the coronary arteries are vital for maintaining myocardial irrigation, and have been the physiological basis for tests like fractional flow reserve, developed to detect ischaemia, that today forms part of the guideline recommendations.
Asunto(s)
Isquemia Miocárdica , Enfermedad Coronaria , Circulación Pulmonar , Síndrome Coronario Agudo , CardiopatíasAsunto(s)
Humanos , Enfermedad de la Arteria Coronaria/diagnóstico , Enfermedad de la Arteria Coronaria/fisiopatología , Enfermedad de la Arteria Coronaria/rehabilitación , Isquemia Miocárdica/diagnóstico , Isquemia Miocárdica/terapia , Cardiomiopatías/terapia , Adenosina/administración & dosificación , Ultrasonografía Doppler/métodos , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X , Ecocardiografía de Estrés , DobutaminaRESUMEN
Fundamentos: A resposta de reparação vascular é um importante fator no desenvolvimento de reestenose e trombose no stent. O presente estudo foi planejado para avaliar a reparação vascular com stents não-farmacológicos (SNF) comparados a stents com liberação de everolimus (SLE) e de beta-estradiol (SLB) em um modelo experimental de fibroateroma de capa fina (FACF) em animais com aterosclerose crônica. Método: Foram analisados 16 coelhos hipercolesterolêmicos da raça Nova Zelândia acompanhados por quatro anos. Desses animais, 6 receberam SNF, 5 receberam SLE e 5, SLB (Guidant, Santa Clara, Califórnia, Estados Unidos). Um stent com polímero também foi implantado em cada animal. Resultados: Análises histológicas realizadas aos 28 dias, comparando FACF de novo com FACF com implante de SNF, SLE e SLB, demonstraram que os stents com polímero induziram escores mais altos de fibrina e hemorragia. Os SLB induziram escores mais altos de inflamação e fibrina e escores mais baixos de endotelização. Os SLE induziram escores mais altos de inflamação, fibrina e hemorragia. SLB e SLE induziram escores de reparação semelhantes. A porcentagem das áreas de colágeno tipo I foi semelhante nos quatro tipos de stents. A porcentagem das áreas de colágeno tipo III foi mais alta com SNF quando comparados ao polímero e aos stents farmacológicos. Conclusão: Os stents farmacológicos estão associados a inflamação reduzida, mas crescente, deposição de fibrina e hemorragia, que parecem estar relacionadas aos efeitos vasculares do polímero.
Background: The vascular healing response is an important factor in the development of restenosis and stent thrombosis. This study was designed to evaluate the vascular healing of bare metal stents (BMS) compared to everolimus (EES) and beta-estradiol (BES) eluting stents in a chronic atherosclerotic experimental animal model of thin cap fibroatheroma (TCFA). Methods: Sixteen New Zealand hypercholesterolemic rabbits followed for 4 years were studied. Six animals received BMS, 5 EES, and 5 BES (Guidant, Santa Clara, CA). One polymer stent per animal was also implanted. Results: Histologic analysis at 28 days of de-novo vs. BMS, EES, and BES stented TCFA showed polymer stents induced a higher fibrin and hemorrhage score. BES induced higher inflammation and fibrin scores and a lower endothelization score. EES induced higher inflammation, fibrin and hemorrhage scores. BES and EES induced similar healing scores. Percent collagen I areas were similar in all 4 types of stents. Percent collagen III areas were higher in BMS when compared to polymer and drugeluting stents. Conclusion: Drug-eluting stents are associated with low but increased inflammation, fibrin deposition and hemorrhage which seem to be related to the polymer's vascular effects.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Cobayas , Conejos , Stents , Aterosclerosis/complicaciones , Modelos Animales , ConejosRESUMEN
Introdução: Stents farmacológicos e stents não-farmacológicos (SNF) são utilizados no tratamento de placas ateroscleróticas instáveis e podem levar à estabilização dos fibroateromas de capa fina (FACF). Este estudo foi desenhado para avaliar os efeitos estabilizadores dos SNF e dos stents farmacológicos em modelo experimental de FACF. Método: O estudo avaliou 16 coelhos hipercolesterolêmicos da raça Nova Zelândia, acompanhados por quatro anos, dos quais 6 receberam SNF, 5 receberam stents SNF, 5 receberam stents com liberação de everolimus (SLE) e 5, stents com liberação de 17-b estradiol (SLB) (Guidant - Santa Clara, California, Estados Unidos). Um Stent com polímero também foi implantado em cada animal. Análises histológicas aos 28 dias dos FACF não tratados vs. FACF com implante de SLE, SLB e SNF foram realizadas. Resultados: Os FACF tratados com SNF, SLE e SLB mostraram redução da área lipídica de 62 por cento, 67 por cento e 61 por cento e aumento da espessura da capa de 188 por cento, 98 por cento e 140 por cento, respectivamente...
Background: Bare metal stents (BMS) and drug-eluting stents (DES) are used to treat unstable plaques and may stabilize thin cap fibroatheromas (TCFA). This study was designed to evaluate stabilizing effects of bare compared to Everolimus (EES) and Beta-Estradiol (BES) eluting stents in a chronic atherosclerotic experimental animal model of TCFA. Methods: Sixteen New Zealand hypercholesterolemic rabbits followed for 4 years were studied. Six animals received BMS, 5 EES and 5 BES (Guidant Santa Clara, CA, USA). One polymer stent per animal was also implanted. Histologic analysis at 28 days of de-novo vs. BMS, EES, and BES stented TCFA were performed. Results: BMS, EES, and BES stented TCFA showed reductions in lipid area by 62%, 67%, and 61%, and increases in cap thickness by 188%, 98%, and 140% respectively (p < 0.0001 for all). Strut-induced ruptured TCFA was found in 63% of stented sections and was associated with increased neointima in BMS (p = 0.03) but not in EES or BES (p = ns). Conclusions: Stenting thin cap fibroatheroma with BMS, EES and BES reduces lipid accumulation and increases cap thickness. Strut-induced fibrous cap rupture was frequently found...