[Effects of solar radiation and an update on photoprotection]. / Efectos de la radiación solar y actualización en fotoprotección.

Sunburn, immunodepression, photoaging, and photocarcinogenesis, are some of the most significant adverse effects of solar radiation in humans. Children are population group of special vulnerability, due to the fact that exposure to the sun has more pronounced biological effects compared to adults. Furthermore, childhood is a critical period for promoting the development of photo damage and photocarcinogenesis in the later stages of life if adequate measures at not put into place. This is because it is estimated that between 18 and 20 years of age is when 40% to 50% of the accumulative exposure to ultraviolet radiation up to 60 years of age is received. The most important strategy for the photoprotection of children is changes in behaviour and habits associated with exposure to the sun at all levels (school, society, family, etc.). Resorting to the shade, reduction in overall time of exposure to the sun, and physical protection (clothes, hats, and sunglasses) are the best and least costly photoprotection strategies. The photoprotectors must be incorporated into the daily routine of children in the same way as adults, and must complete a series of requirements in order to make them effective, safe, and in line with the environment.

Efectos de la radiación solar y actualización en fotoprotección / Effects of solar radiation and an update on photoprotection

Las quemaduras solares, la inmunodepresión, el fotoenvejecimiento y la fotocarcinogénesis son algunos de los efectos adversos más importantes de la radiación solar en el ser humano. Los niños son un grupo poblacional de especial vulnerabilidad debido a que en ellos la exposición solar tiene efectos biológicos más pronunciados en comparación con los adultos. Por otro lado, la infancia es un periodo crítico para promover el desarrollo de fotodaño y fotocarcinogénesis en etapas más tardías de la vida si no se ponen las medidas adecuadas, ya que se estima que entre los 18 y 20 años de edad se recibe del 40-50% de la exposición acumulativa a la radiación ultravioleta hasta la edad de 60 años. La estrategia más importante para la fotoprotección de los niños son las modificaciones de comportamiento y hábitos relacionados con la exposición al sol a todos los niveles (colegio, sociedad, familia, etc.). El recurso de la sombra, la reducción del tiempo global de exposición al sol y la protección física (ropa, sombreros y gafas de sol) representan las mejores y menos costosas estrategias de fotoprotección. Los fotoprotectores deben incorporarse a la rutina diaria de los niños, de la misma manera que los adultos, y deben cumplir una serie de requisitos que los hagan eficaces, seguros y comprometidos con el medio ambiente

Sunburn, immunodepression, photoaging, and photocarcinogenesis, are some of the most significant adverse effects of solar radiation in humans. Children are population group of special vulnerability, due to the fact that exposure to the sun has more pronounced biological effects compared to adults. Furthermore, childhood is a critical period for promoting the development of photo damage and photocarcinogenesis in the later stages of life if adequate measures at not put into place. This is because it is estimated that between 18 and 20 years of age is when 40% to 50% of the accumulative exposure to ultraviolet radiation up to 60 years of age is received. The most important strategy for the photoprotection of children is changes in behaviour and habits associated with exposure to the sun at all levels (school, society, family, etc.). Resorting to the shade, reduction in overall time of exposure to the sun, and physical protection (clothes, hats, and sunglasses) are the best and least costly photoprotection strategies. The photoprotectors must be incorporated into the daily routine of children in the same way as adults, and must complete a series of requirements in order to make them effective, safe, and in line with the environment

Estudio fase III de la seguridad y la eficacia de ciclopirox olamina crema en niños afectados de dermatomicosis / Phase III study of the efficacy and safety of ciclopirox olamine cream in small children with dermatomycosis

Antecedentes. La información disponible sobre el uso de ciclopirox olamina en niños es limitada. Objetivos. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la seguridad y eficacia de ciclopirox olamina crema al 1% en el tratamiento de la dermatomicosis en pacientes pediátricos. Métodos. Ensayo clínico fase iii multicéntrico, no controlado y abierto en pacientes de entre 3 meses y 9 años de edad diagnosticados de dermatomicosis mediante microscopía directa y cultivo, y tratados con ciclopirox olamina crema al 1% durante 28 días. Las evaluaciones clínicas y micológicas fueron realizadas antes del inicio del tratamiento, a los 7, 14 y 28 días de su inicio, y a los 28 días tras la finalización del mismo. Resultados. Se incluyeron 21 pacientes con una media de edad de 2,7 años (rango 3 meses-9 años). La localización más frecuente de la micosis fue la ingle (62%), y el agente causal más común Candida spp. (71%). El 62% de los pacientes no presentó ningún acontecimiento adverso; se notificaron acontecimientos adversos leves o moderados y únicamente uno, una dermatitis irritativa, se relacionó con el tratamiento. La seguridad global fue excelente en el 95% de los casos, y buena en el 5%. Tras la primera semana de tratamiento, 12 de 13 (92%) pacientes mostraron mejoría clínica, y en 5 de 7 (71%) se constató una eficacia clínica y micológica favorable. Al final del tratamiento, la curación clínica se observó en 7 de 9 (78%) pacientes. Ningún caso sufrió recidivas. Conclusiones. Ciclopirox olamina crema al 1% constituye un tratamiento seguro y efectivo de las micosis cutáneas superficiales, particularmente en infecciones por levaduras del género Candida, en niños de entre 3 meses y 10 años (AU)

Background. There is scarce information on the use of ciclopirox olamine in children. Aims. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ciclopirox olamine cream 1% for the treatment of dermatomycosis in pediatric patients. Methods. A multicenter, non-randomized, open-label, phase iii study was conducted on patients aged 3 months to 9 years diagnosed with dermatomycosis confirmed by direct microscopy and culture, and treated with ciclopirox olamine cream 1% for 28 days. Clinical and microbiological evaluations were performed before starting the treatment therapy, at 7, 14 and 28 days after starting the treatment, and 28 days after its completion. Results. Twenty-one patients with a median age of 2.7 years (range 3 months-9 years) were included. The most frequent mycosis location was the inguinal region (72%). The most frequently isolated etiological agent was Candida spp. (71%). No adverse events were reported in 62% of the patients. Among the mild and moderate reported adverse events, only one, irritative dermatitis, was considered as possibly related to the treatment. Safety evaluation was excellent in 95% of the patients, and good in 5%. After the first week of treatment, 12 patients out of 13 (92%) showed a clinical improvement, and 5 out of 7 (71%) had both clinical and mycological improvements. At the end of the treatment, clinical cure was observed in 7 out of 9 patients (78%). No relapses occurred. Conclusions. Ciclopirox olamine cream 1% is a safe and feasible treatment for superficial cutaneous mycotic infections, especially Candida spp. infection, in children aged between 3 months and 10 years (AU)

[Phase III study of the efficacy and safety of ciclopirox olamine cream in small children with dermatomycosis]. / Estudio fase III de la seguridad y la eficacia de ciclopirox olamina crema en niños afectados de dermatomicosis.

BACKGROUND: There is scarce information on the use of ciclopirox olamine in children. AIMS: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ciclopirox olamine cream 1% for the treatment of dermatomycosis in pediatric patients. METHODS: A multicenter, non-randomized, open-label, phase iii study was conducted on patients aged 3 months to 9 years diagnosed with dermatomycosis confirmed by direct microscopy and culture, and treated with ciclopirox olamine cream 1% for 28 days. Clinical and microbiological evaluations were performed before starting the treatment therapy, at 7, 14 and 28 days after starting the treatment, and 28 days after its completion. RESULTS: Twenty-one patients with a median age of 2.7 years (range 3 months-9 years) were included. The most frequent mycosis location was the inguinal region (72%). The most frequently isolated etiological agent was Candida spp. (71%). No adverse events were reported in 62% of the patients. Among the mild and moderate reported adverse events, only one, irritative dermatitis, was considered as possibly related to the treatment. Safety evaluation was excellent in 95% of the patients, and good in 5%. After the first week of treatment, 12 patients out of 13 (92%) showed a clinical improvement, and 5 out of 7 (71%) had both clinical and mycological improvements. At the end of the treatment, clinical cure was observed in 7 out of 9 patients (78%). No relapses occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Ciclopirox olamine cream 1% is a safe and feasible treatment for superficial cutaneous mycotic infections, especially Candida spp. infection, in children aged between 3 months and 10 years.

Subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis due to Alternaria infectoria in a renal transplant patient: surgical treatment with no long-term relapse / Feohifomicosis subcutánea debida a Alternaria infectoria en un paciente sometido a un trasplante renal: tratamiento quirúrgico sin recidivas a largo plazo

Background. Phaeohyphomycosis can be caused by a number of different species, being the most common Alternaria alternata and Alternaria infectoria. The biggest risk factor for the development of the infection is immunosuppression. Aims. We present the case of a 64-year-old male renal transplant patient who came to hospital for presenting a tumour in the Achilles region which had been gradually growing in size. Methods. A skin biopsy was taken for histological study and culture of fungi and mycobacteria. Blood tests and imaging studies were performed. Results. Histopathology study and cultures identified A. infectoria as the causal agent. Imaging studies ruled out internal foci of infection. The lesion was surgically removed with no signs of recurrence after 24 months of follow-up. Conclusions. There are no treatment guidelines at present for cutaneous and subcutaneous Alternaria spp. infections. Various systemic antifungals have been used, either in combination with surgical removal or alone, with varying results. Surgery alone could be useful in the treatment of solitary, localised lesions in transplant patients in whom there are difficulties in controlling immunosuppression (AU)

Antecedentes. La feohifomicosis está causada por diversas especies de hongos, siendo las más habituales Alternaria alternata y Alternaria infectoria. El factor de riesgo principal en la aparición de la infección es la inmunosupresión. Objetivos. Presentamos el caso de un hombre de 64 años de edad, sometido a un trasplante renal, que se presentó en el hospital con un tumor en la región del tendón de Aquiles que había aumentado gradualmente de tamaño. Métodos. Se obtuvo una biopsia de piel para estudio histológico y cultivo de hongos y micobacterias. Se efectuaron análisis de sangre y estudios de diagnóstico por imagen. Resultados. El estudio histopatológico y los cultivos permitieron la identificación de A. infectoria como del patógeno causal. Los estudios por imagen descartaron focos internos de infección. Se procedió a la exéresis quirúrgica de la lesión sin signos de recidiva después de 24 meses de seguimiento. Conclusiones. En la actualidad no se dispone de guías de tratamiento para las infecciones cutáneas y subcutáneas por Alternaria spp. Se han utilizado diversos antimicóticos sistémicos, combinados con la exéresis quirúrgica o solos, con diferentes resultados desiguales. La cirugía sola podría ser útil en el tratamiento de las lesiones localizadas, solitarias, en los pacientes sometidos a un trasplante en los que es difícil controlar la inmunosupresión (AU)

Subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis due to Alternaria infectoria in a renal transplant patient: surgical treatment with no long-term relapse.

BACKGROUND: Phaeohyphomycosis can be caused by a number of different species, being the most common Alternaria alternata and Alternaria infectoria. The biggest risk factor for the development of the infection is immunosuppression. AIMS: We present the case of a 64-year-old male renal transplant patient who came to hospital for presenting a tumour in the Achilles region which had been gradually growing in size. METHODS: A skin biopsy was taken for histological study and culture of fungi and mycobacteria. Blood tests and imaging studies were performed. RESULTS: Histopathology study and cultures identified A. infectoria as the causal agent. Imaging studies ruled out internal foci of infection. The lesion was surgically removed with no signs of recurrence after 24 months of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: There are no treatment guidelines at present for cutaneous and subcutaneous Alternaria spp. infections. Various systemic antifungals have been used, either in combination with surgical removal or alone, with varying results. Surgery alone could be useful in the treatment of solitary, localised lesions in transplant patients in whom there are difficulties in controlling immunosuppression.

"Buen Rayito Study": awareness, attitudes and behavior of teenagers to sunlight through a web based system in Spain.

BACKGROUND: The exponential rise in cutaneous cancers underscores the need to promote primary prevention, emphasising exposure to ultraviolet radiation as the main modifiable risk factor. Children and adolescents are especially vulnerable to radiation. OBJECTIVES: Our objectives were to determine the knowledge and behavior of a Spanish adolescent population in relation to sun exposure thorough a web-based system. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 1525 school students aged 12-15 yrs. Students completed the survey via the website, with 23 questions and three information blocks on: physical characteristics and general state of health; sun exposure habits and effects; and knowledge of the sun and its effects. RESULTS: Adolescents displayed a good level of knowledge on the risks of sun exposure, but this did not correlate with healthy sun protection habits. 63.1% of students reported suffering from sunburn in the previous summer and 15.8% reported sunburn with blisters.Sunburn risk increased with the frequency of sun exposure between 12 and 6 pm "always or almost always" (OR of 1.29; p = 0.001), the use of sun protection cream (OR of 1.38; p = 0.034) and decreased with physical sun protection measures (shade) with an OR of 0.85 (p = 0.032) in a multivariate study. LIMITATION: The retrospective gathering of sunburn data is a study limitation because of the possibility of a recall bias and potential inter-individual variation in the concept of burn. CONCLUSION: The high percentage of sunburns suffered by adolescents in the previous summer underscores the need for skin cancer preventive programs.

Extensive tinea in a patient with severe combined immunodeficiency.

Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by a defect of T and B cell immunity with a genetic origin in most cases. Although the X-linked recessive form is most common (60-70%), there are autosomal recessive forms (20%) and spontaneous mutations. While SCID may present with many nosocomial infections, dermatophyte infections are not common. We reported a case of SCID which was associated with a widespread skin infection with Trichophyton mentagrophytes.

[Angiosarcoma in chronic lymphedema]. / Angiosarcoma sobre linfedema crónico.

Angiosarcoma that develops on a limb with chronic lymphedema is called Stewart-Treves syndrome. This typically appears as a complication of a long course lymphedema located on the arm, after mastectomy and/or radiotherapy due to breast cancer. There are cases of Stewart-Treves syndrome in chronic lymphedema in the upper limb contralateral to the breast treated for cancer and in chronic lymphedema of the leg. We present two cases of this syndrome. The first corresponds to a typical syndrome of Stewart-Treves in an 83-year-old woman who was diagnosed of angiosarcoma in a chronic lymphedema territory secondary to mastectomy and radiotherapy due to breast cancer. The second case is much rarer, since it is a case of diffuse angiosarcoma of the leg in a 42-year-old man with a history of lymphedema. Due to the aggressive nature of this syndrome, knowledge and research on its treatment are necessary.

Angiosarcoma sobre linfedema crónico / Angiosarcoma in chronic lymphedema

El angiosarcoma que se desarrolla sobre una extremidad con linfedema crónico se denomina síndrome de Stewart-Treves. Éste aparece típicamente como una complicación de un linfedema de larga evolución localizado en el brazo, tras mastectomía y/o radioterapia por un cáncer de mama. Existen casos de síndrome de Stewart-Treves sobre linfedema crónico en la extremidad superior contralateral al cáncer de mama tratado y sobre linfedema crónico de pierna. Presentamos dos casos de este síndrome. El primero corresponde a un típico síndrome de Stewart-Treves en una mujer de 83 años, que fue diagnosticada de angiosarcoma en el territorio de un linfedema crónico secundario a mastectomía y radioterapia por un cáncer de mama. El segundo caso es mucho más raro, ya que se trata de un caso de angiosarcoma difuso de pierna, en un hombre de 42 años e historia de linfedema. La naturaleza agresiva de este síndrome precisa de su conocimiento e investigación de tratamientos para prevenirlo

Angiosarcoma that develops on a limb with chronic lymphedema is called Stewart-Treves syndrome. This typically appears as a complication of a long course lymphedema located on the arm, after mastectomy and/or radiotherapy due to breast cancer. There are cases of Stewart-Treves syndrome in chronic lymphedema in the upper limb contralateral to the breast treated for cancer and in chronic lymphedema of the leg. We present two cases of this syndrome. The first corresponds to a typical syndrome of Stewart-Treves in an 83-year-old woman who was diagnosed of angiosarcoma in a chronic lymphedema territory secondary to mastectomy and radiotherapy due to breast cancer. The second case is much rarer, since it is a case of diffuse angiosarcoma of the leg in a 42-year-old man with a history of lymphedema. Due to the aggressive nature of this syndrome, knowledge and research on its treatment are necessary

Minoxidil: quince años después, del 2% al 5% / Minoxidil: fifteen years later, from 2% to 5%

No disponible

Síndrome de Maffucci / Maffucci's Syndrome

El síndrome de Maffucci se caracteriza por ser una displasia mesodérmica en la que se presentan de forma simultánea lesiones vasculares subcutáneas (fundamentalmente hemangiomas) y encondromas. Los encondromas son tumores óseos caracterizados por la persistencia de cartílago en las metáfisis y diáfisis de los mismos. En líneas generales provocan deformidad y acortamiento del miembro afecto debido a la expansión del cartílago en el interior del hueso. Los hemangiomas son lesiones vasculares profundas que histológicamente corresponden a hemangiomas de células fusiformes. A propósito de una enferma de 26 años con múltiples lesiones vasculares (hemangiomas) y óseas (encondromas) típicas de síndrome de Maffucci revisamos las características clínicas, histológicas, epidemiológicas y asociativas del proceso (AU)

Reacción exagerada a picadura de insectos en pacientes afectos de leucemia linfoide crónica / Exaggerated reaction to insect bites in patients suffering from chronic lymphoid leukemia

Las manifestaciones cutáneas de la leucemia linfoide crónica (LLC) pueden ser muy variadas, clasificándose clásicamente en específicas e inespecíficas. Dentro de estas últimas se describe recientemente la reacción exagerada a picaduras de insectos. Presentamos el caso de un varón de 66 años con LLC que durante 2 años presentaba brotes continuos de lesiones polimorfas secundarias a picaduras de insectos (AU)

Contribución al estudio epidemiológico de las dermatofitosis en Córdoba (1994-1996) / Contribution to epidemiologic study of dermatophytoses in Córdoba (1994-1996)

Hemos efectuado estudio micológico durante 3 años (1994-96) a 783 enfermos, hallando 555 cultivos positivos, de los cuales 95 correspondieron a dermatofitos. Las especies aisladas fueron: T. mentagrophytes (45), T. rubrum (24), M. canis (16), M. gypseum (tres), T. tonsurans (tres), E.floccosum (dos), T. violaceum (uno), T. terrestre (uno) y M. persicolor (uno). Las formas clínicas halladas fueron T. corporis (37 casos), T. faciei (16 casos), T. cruris (14 casos), T. capitis (12 casos), T. pedis (ocho casos), T. unguium (cinco casos) y T manuum (tres casos). En cuanto a la frecuencia por sexos, los varones son los más afectados (AU)