Using High Pressure and Alkaline pH for Refolding.

The expression of recombinant proteins as insoluble inclusion bodies (IB) has the advantage to separate insoluble aggregates from soluble bacterial molecules, thus obtaining proteins with a high degree of purity. Even aggregated, the proteins in IB often present native-like secondary and tertiary structures, which can be maintained as long as solubilization is carried out in non-denaturing condition. High pressure solubilizes IB by weakening hydrophobic interactions, while alkaline pH solubilizes aggregates by electrostatic repulsion. The combination of high pressure and alkaline pH is effective for IB solubilization at a mild, non-denaturing condition, which is useful for subsequent refolding. Here, we describe the expression of recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli using a rich medium to obtain high expression levels, bacterial lysis, and washing of the IB to obtain products of high purity, and, finally, the solubilization and high yield of refolded proteins using high pressure and alkaline pH.

Leptolysin, a Leptospira secreted metalloprotease of the pappalysin family with broad-spectrum activity.

Extracellular proteolytic enzymes are produced by a variety of pathogenic microorganisms, and contribute to host colonization by modulating virulence. Here, we present a first characterization of leptolysin, a Leptospira metalloprotease of the pappalysin family identified in a previous exoproteomic study. Comparative molecular analysis of leptolysin with two other pappalysins from prokaryotes, ulilysin and mirolysin, reveals similarities regarding calcium, zinc, and arginine -binding sites conservation within the catalytic domain, but also discloses peculiarities. Variations observed in the primary and tertiary structures may reflect differences in primary specificities. Purified recombinant leptolysin of L. interrogans was obtained as a ~50 kDa protein. The protease exhibited maximal activity at pH 8.0 and 37°C, and hydrolytic activity was observed in the presence of different salts with maximum efficiency in NaCl. Substrate specificity was assessed using a small number of FRET peptides, and showed a marked preference for arginine residues at the P1 position. L. interrogans leptolysin proteolytic activity on proteinaceous substrates such as proteoglycans and plasma fibronectin was also evaluated. All proteins tested were efficiently degraded over time, confirming the protease´s broad-spectrum activity in vitro. In addition, leptolysin induced morphological alterations on HK-2 cells, which may be partially attributed to extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation. Hemorrhagic foci were observed in the dorsal skin of mice intradermally injected with leptolysin, as a plausible consequence of ECM disarray and vascular endothelium glycocalyx damage. Assuming that leptospiral proteases play an important role in all stages of the infectious process, characterizing their functional properties, substrates and mechanisms of action is of great importance for therapeutic purposes.

Human growth hormone inclusion bodies present native-like secondary and tertiary structures which can be preserved by mild solubilization for refolding.

BACKGROUND: Native-like secondary structures and biological activity have been described for proteins in inclusion bodies (IBs). Tertiary structure analysis, however, is hampered due to the necessity of mild solubilization conditions. Denaturing reagents used for IBs solubilization generally lead to the loss of these structures and to consequent reaggregation due to intermolecular interactions among exposed hydrophobic domains after removal of the solubilization reagent. The use of mild, non-denaturing solubilization processes that maintain existing structures could allow tertiary structure analysis and increase the efficiency of refolding. RESULTS: In this study we use a variety of biophysical methods to analyze protein structure in human growth hormone IBs (hGH-IBs). hGH-IBs present native-like secondary and tertiary structures, as shown by far and near-UV CD analysis. hGH-IBs present similar λmax intrinsic Trp fluorescence to the native protein (334 nm), indicative of a native-like tertiary structure. Similar fluorescence behavior was also obtained for hGH solubilized from IBs and native hGH at pH 10.0 and 2.5 kbar and after decompression. hGH-IBs expressed in E. coli were extracted to high yield and purity (95%) and solubilized using non-denaturing conditions [2.4 kbar, 0.25 M arginine (pH 10), 10 mM DTT]. After decompression, the protein was incubated at pH 7.4 in the presence of the glutathione-oxidized glutathione (GSH-GSSG) pair which led to intramolecular disulfide bond formation and refolded hGH (81% yield). CONCLUSIONS: We have shown that hGH-IBs present native-like secondary and tertiary structures and that non-denaturing methods that aim to preserve them can lead to high yields of refolded protein. It is likely that the refolding process described can be extended to different proteins and may be particularly useful to reduce the pH required for alkaline solubilization.

Recombinant PilS: Cloning, Expression and Biochemical Characterization of a Pil-Fimbriae Subunit.

Pil-fimbriae is a type IV pili member, which is a remarkably versatile component with a wide variety of functions, including motility, attachment to different surfaces, electrical conductance, DNA acquisition, and secretion of a broad range of structurally distinct protein substrates. Despite the previous functional characterization of Pil, more studies are required to understand the regulation of Pil expression and production, since the exact mechanisms involved in these steps are still unknown. Therefore it is extremely important to have a protein with the correct secondary and tertiary structure that will enable an accurate characterization and a specific antisera generation. For this reason, the aim of this work was to generate potential tools for further investigations to comprehend the mechanisms involved in Pil regulation and its role in pathogenic E. coli infections with the obtaining of a precise native-like recombinant PilS and the corresponding antisera. The pilS gene was successfully cloned into an expression vector, and recombinant PilS (rPilS) was efficiently solubilized and purified by metal affinity chromatography. Protein characterization analyses indicated that rPilS presented native-like secondary and tertiary structures after the refolding process. The generated anti-rPilS sera efficiently recognized recombinant and native proteins from atypical enteropathogenic E. coli strains.

High level SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid refolding using mild condition for inclusion bodies solubilization: Application of high pressure at pH 9.0.

SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid (N) is the most abundant viral protein expressed in host samples and is an important antigen for diagnosis. N is a 45 kDa protein that does not present disulfide bonds. Intending to avoid non-specific binding of SARS-CoV-2 N to antibodies from patients who previously had different coronaviruses, a 35 kDa fragment of N was expressed without a conserved motif in E. coli as inclusion bodies (N122-419-IB). Culture media and IB washing conditions were chosen to obtain N122-419-IB with high yield (370 mg/L bacterial culture) and protein purity (90%). High pressure solubilizes protein aggregates by weakening hydrophobic and ionic interactions and alkaline pH promotes solubilization by electrostatic repulsion. The association of pH 9.0 and 2.4 kbar promoted efficient solubilization of N122-419-IB without loss of native-like tertiary structure that N presents in IB. N122-419 was refolded with a yield of 85% (326 mg/L culture) and 95% purity. The refolding process takes only 2 hours and the protein is ready for use after pH adjustment, avoiding the necessity of dialysis or purification. Antibody binding of COVID-19-positive patients sera to N122-419 was confirmed by Western blotting. ELISA using N122-419 is effective in distinguishing between sera presenting antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 from those who do not. To the best of our knowledge, the proposed condition for IB solubilization is one of the mildest described. It is possible that the refolding process can be extended to a wide range of proteins with high yields and purity, even those that are sensible to very alkaline pH.

Recombinant PilS: cloning, expression and biochemical characterization of a Pil-Fimbriae subunit

Pil-fimbriae is a type IV pili member, which is a remarkably versatile component with a wide variety of functions, including motility, attachment to different surfaces, electrical conductance, DNA acquisition, and secretion of a broad range of structurally distinct protein substrates. Despite the previous functional characterization of Pil, more studies are required to understand the regulation of Pil expression and production, since the exact mechanisms involved in these steps are still unknown. Therefore it is extremely important to have a protein with the correct secondary and tertiary structure that will enable an accurate characterization and a specific antisera generation. For this reason, the aim of this work was to generate potential tools for further investigations to comprehend the mechanisms involved in Pil regulation and its role in pathogenic E. coli infections with the obtaining of a precise native-like recombinant PilS and the corresponding antisera. The pilS gene was successfully cloned into an expression vector, and recombinant PilS (rPilS) was efficiently solubilized and purified by metal affinity chromatography. Protein characterization analyses indicated that rPilS presented native-like secondary and tertiary structures after the refolding process. The generated anti-rPilS sera efficiently recognized recombinant and native proteins from atypical enteropathogenic E. coli strains.

High level SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid refolding using mild condition for inclusion bodies solubilization: application of high pressure at pH 9.0

SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid (N) is the most abundant viral protein expressed in host samples and is an important antigen for diagnosis. N is a 45 kDa protein that does not present disulfide bonds. Intending to avoid non-specific binding of SARS-CoV-2 N to antibodies from patients who previously had different coronaviruses, a 35 kDa fragment of N was expressed without a conserved motif in E. coli as inclusion bodies (N122-419-IB). Culture media and IB washing conditions were chosen to obtain N122-419-IB with high yield (370 mg/L bacterial culture) and protein purity (90%). High pressure solubilizes protein aggregates by weakening hydrophobic and ionic interactions and alkaline pH promotes solubilization by electrostatic repulsion. The association of pH 9.0 and 2.4 kbar promoted efficient solubilization of N122-419-IB without loss of native-like tertiary structure that N presents in IB. N122-419 was refolded with a yield of 85% (326 mg/L culture) and 95% purity. The refolding process takes only 2 hours and the protein is ready for use after pH adjustment, avoiding the necessity of dialysis or purification. Antibody binding of COVID-19-positive patients sera to N122-419 was confirmed by Western blotting. ELISA using N122-419 is effective in distinguishing between sera presenting antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 from those who do not. To the best of our knowledge, the proposed condition for IB solubilization is one of the mildest described. It is possible that the refolding process can be extended to a wide range of proteins with high yields and purity, even those that are sensible to very alkaline pH.

Prime-boost with Chikungunya virus E2 envelope protein combined with Poly (I:C) induces specific humoral and cellular immune responses.

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an arbovirus transmitted to humans mainly by the bite of infected Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. CHIKV illness is characterized by fever and long-lasting arthritic symptoms, and in some cases it is a deadly disease. The CHIKV envelope E2 (E2CHIKV) glycoprotein is crucial for virus attachment to the cell. Furthermore, E2CHIKV is the immunodominant protein and the main target of neutralizing antibodies. To date, there is no available prophylactic vaccine or specific treatment against CHIKV infection. Here, we designed and produced a DNA vaccine and a recombinant protein containing a consensus sequence of E2CHIKV. C57BL/6 mice immunized twice with the E2CHIKV recombinant protein in the presence of the adjuvant Poly (I:C) induced the highest E2CHIKV-specific humoral and cellular immune responses, while the immunization with the homologous DNA vaccine pVAX-E2CHIKV was able to induce specific IFN-γ producing cells. The heterologous prime-boost strategy was also able to induce specific cellular and humoral immune responses that were, in general, lower than the responses induced by the homologous E2CHIKV recombinant protein immunization. Furthermore, recombinant E2CHIKV induced the highest titers of neutralizing antibodies. Collectively, we believe this is the first report to analyze E2CHIKV-specific humoral and cellular immune responses after immunization with E2CHIKV recombinant protein and DNA pVAX-E2CHIKV vaccine platforms.

Inactivation of the antimicrobial peptide LL-37 by pathogenic Leptospira.

Leptospires are aerobic, Gram-negative spirochetes with a high invasive capacity. Pathogenic leptospires secrete proteases that inactivate a variety of host's proteins including molecules of the extracellular matrix and of the human complement system. This strategy, used by several pathogens of medical importance, contributes to bacterial invasion and immune evasion. In the current work we present evidence that Leptospira proteases also target human cathelicidin (LL-37), an antimicrobial peptide that plays an important role in the innate immune response. By using six Leptospira strains, four pathogenic and two saprophytic, we demonstrated that proteases present in the supernatants of pathogenic strains were capable of degrading LL-37 in a time-dependent manner, whereas proteolytic degradation was not observed with the supernatants of the two saprophytic strains. Inactivation of LL-37 was prevented by using the 1,10-phenanthroline inhibitor, thus suggesting the involvement of metalloproteinases in this process. In addition, the antibacterial activity of LL-37 against two Leptospira strains was evaluated. Compared to the saprophytic strain, a greater resistance of the pathogenic strain to the action of the peptide was observed. Our data suggest that the capacity to inactivate the host defense peptide LL-37 may be part of the virulence arsenal of pathogenic Leptospira, and we hypothesize that its inactivation by the bacteria may influence the outcome of the disease.

Inactivation of the antimicrobial peptide LL-37 by pathogenic Leptospira

Leptospires are aerobic, Gram-negative spirochetes with a high invasive capacity. Pathogenic leptospires secrete proteases that inactivate a variety of host's proteins including molecules of the extracellular matrix and of the human complement system. This strategy, used by several pathogens of medical importance, contributes to bacterial invasion and immune evasion. In the current work we present evidence that Leptospira proteases also target human cathelicidin (LL-37), an antimicrobial peptide that plays an important role in the innate immune response. By using six Leptospira strains, four pathogenic and two saprophytic, we demonstrated that proteases present in the supernatants of pathogenic strains were capable of degrading LL-37 in a time-dependent manner, whereas proteolytic degradation was not observed with the supernatants of the two saprophytic strains. Inactivation of LL-37 was prevented by using the 1,10-phenanthroline inhibitor, thus suggesting the involvement of metalloproteinases in this process. In addition, the antibacterial activity of LL-37 against two Leptospira strains was evaluated. Compared to the saprophytic strain, a greater resistance of the pathogenic strain to the action of the peptide was observed. Our data suggest that the capacity to inactivate the host defense peptide LL-37 may be part of the virulence arsenal of pathogenic Leptospira, and we hypothesize that its inactivation by the bacteria may influence the outcome of the disease.

Natural versus Recombinant Viral Antigens in SARS-CoV-2 Serology: Challenges in Optimizing Laboratory Diagnosis of COVID-19.

OBJECTIVES: COVID-19 is a public health emergency of international concern whose detection in recovered asymptomatic patients is dependent on accurate diagnosis as it enables the estimation of the susceptibility of the population to the infection. This demand has resulted in the development of several commercial assays employing recombinant proteins, but the results of these assays are not reliable as they do not involve comparison with natural viral antigens. We independently used the SARS-CoV-2 whole viral antigen (WVA) and recombinant nucleocapsid protein (rNP) to develop in-house ELISAs for IgG detection; the results of these ELISAs were then compared to obtain reliable results. METHODS: WVA and rNP ELISAs were performed on COVID-19 negative sera from patients before the pandemic in Brazil, and on RT-qPCR-positive or SARS-CoV-2-IgG against rNP and IgG against WVA-positive samples from recently infected patients in Sao Paulo, Brazil. RESULTS: Both ELISAs detected a large fraction of infected patients but exhibited certain drawbacks. Higher signals and lower numbers of false-negatives were observed in rNP ELISA; however, a higher fraction of false-positives was observed in control groups. A high number of false-negatives was observed with WVA ELISA. Correlating the results of rNP and WVA ELISAs resulted in improved performance for COVID-19 diagnosis. CONCLUSION: The choice of antigen is an important aspect in optimizing the laboratory diagnosis of COVID-19. The use of rNP ELISA for the detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies seems promising, but comparison of the results with those of WVA ELISA is crucial for accurate test development prior to commercialization. IgG serology using several assays, and with the spectral patterns of SARS-CoV-2, resulted in confusing information that must be clarified before the establishment of diagnostic serology criteria.

Neurotology: definitions and evidence-based therapies - Results of the I Brazilian Forum of Neurotology / Otoneurologia: definições e terapias baseadas em evidências - Resultados do I Fórum Brasileiro de Otoneurologia

Abstract Introduction: Neurotology is a rapidly expanding field of knowledge. The study of the vestibular system has advanced so much that even basic definitions, such as the meaning of vestibular symptoms, have only recently been standardized. Objective: To present a review of the main subjects of neurotology, including concepts, diagnosis and treatment of Neurotology, defining current scientific evidence to facilitate decision-making and to point out the most evidence-lacking areas to stimulate further new research. Methods: This text is the result of the I Brazilian Forum of Neurotology, which brought together the foremost Brazilian researchers in this area for a literature review. In all, there will be three review papers to be published. This first review will address definitions and therapies, the second one will address diagnostic tools, and the third will define the main diseases diagnoses. Each author performed a bibliographic search in the LILACS, SciELO, PubMed and MEDLINE databases on a given subject. The text was then submitted to the other Forum participants for a period of 30 days for analysis. A special chapter, on the definition of vestibular symptoms, was translated by an official translation service, and equally submitted to the other stages of the process. There was then a in-person meeting in which all the texts were orally presented, and there was a discussion among the participants to define a consensual text for each chapter. The consensual texts were then submitted to a final review by four professors of neurotology disciplines from three Brazilian universities and finally concluded. Based on the full text, available on the website of the Brazilian Association of Otorhinolaryngology and Cervical-Facial Surgery, this summary version was written as a review article. Result: The text presents the official translation into Portuguese of the definition of vestibular symptoms proposed by the Bárány Society and brings together the main scientific evidence for each of the main existing therapies for neurotological diseases. Conclusion: This text rationally grouped the main topics of knowledge regarding the definitions and therapies of Neurotology, allowing the reader a broad view of the approach of neurotological patients based on scientific evidence and national experience, which should assist them in clinical decision-making, and show the most evidence-lacking topics to stimulate further study.

Resumo Introdução: A otoneurologia é uma área de conhecimento que tem se expandido muito rapidamente. O estudo do sistema vestibular tem avançado tanto que mesmo definições básicas, como o significado dos sintomas vestibulares, foram apenas recentemente padronizadas. Objetivo: Apresentar uma revisão dos principais assuntos da otoneurologia, inclusive conceitos, diagnóstico e tratamento da otoneurologia, definir a evidência científica atual para facilitar a tomada de decisões e demonstrar as áreas mais carentes de evidência para estimular novas pesquisas. Método: Este texto é fruto do I Fórum Brasileiro de Otoneurologia, que reuniu os principais pesquisadores brasileiros dessa área para uma revisão da literatura. Serão feitos três trabalhos de revisão a serem publicados. Este primeiro abordou as definições e as terapias, o segundo abordará as ferramentas diagnósticas e o terceiro definirá os principais diagnósticos. Cada autor fez um levantamento bibliográfico na base de dados da Lilacs, SciELO, Pubmed e Medline de um determinado assunto. O seu texto foi então submetido aos demais participantes do Fórum por 30 dias para análise. Um capítulo especial, da definição dos sintomas vestibulares, foi traduzido por serviço de tradução oficial e igualmente submetido às demais etapas do processo. Houve então uma reunião presencial em que todos os textos foram apresentados oralmente e houve uma discussão entre os participantes para a definição de um texto consensual para cada capítulo. Os textos consensuais foram então submetidos a uma revisão final por quatro professores de otoneurologia de três universidades brasileiras e, por fim, finalizado. A partir do texto completo, publicado no site da Associação Brasileira de Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia Cérvico-Facial, foi escrita esta versão-resumo como artigo de revisão. Resultado: O texto apresenta a tradução oficial para o português da definição dos sintomas vestibulares propostos pela Barany Society e agrupa as principais evidências científicas para cada um das principais terapias existentes para as doenças otoneurológicas. Conclusão: Este texto agrupou de forma racional os principais tópicos de conhecimento a respeito das definições e terapias da otoneurologia, permite ao leitor uma visão ampla da abordagem dos pacientes otoneurológicos baseada em evidências científicas e experiência nacional, que deverá auxiliá-lo na tomada de decisões clínicas, e mostra os assuntos mais carentes de evidência para estimular novos estudos.

Neurotology: definitions and evidence-based therapies - Results of the I Brazilian Forum of Neurotology.

INTRODUCTION: Neurotology is a rapidly expanding field of knowledge. The study of the vestibular system has advanced so much that even basic definitions, such as the meaning of vestibular symptoms, have only recently been standardized. OBJECTIVE: To present a review of the main subjects of neurotology, including concepts, diagnosis and treatment of Neurotology, defining current scientific evidence to facilitate decision-making and to point out the most evidence-lacking areas to stimulate further new research. METHODS: This text is the result of the I Brazilian Forum of Neurotology, which brought together the foremost Brazilian researchers in this area for a literature review. In all, there will be three review papers to be published. This first review will address definitions and therapies, the second one will address diagnostic tools, and the third will define the main diseases diagnoses. Each author performed a bibliographic search in the LILACS, SciELO, PubMed and MEDLINE databases on a given subject. The text was then submitted to the other Forum participants for a period of 30 days for analysis. A special chapter, on the definition of vestibular symptoms, was translated by an official translation service, and equally submitted to the other stages of the process. There was then a in-person meeting in which all the texts were orally presented, and there was a discussion among the participants to define a consensual text for each chapter. The consensual texts were then submitted to a final review by four professors of neurotology disciplines from three Brazilian universities and finally concluded. Based on the full text, available on the website of the Brazilian Association of Otorhinolaryngology and Cervical-Facial Surgery, this summary version was written as a review article. RESULT: The text presents the official translation into Portuguese of the definition of vestibular symptoms proposed by the Bárány Society and brings together the main scientific evidence for each of the main existing therapies for neurotological diseases. CONCLUSION: This text rationally grouped the main topics of knowledge regarding the definitions and therapies of Neurotology, allowing the reader a broad view of the approach of neurotological patients based on scientific evidence and national experience, which should assist them in clinical decision-making, and show the most evidence-lacking topics to stimulate further study.

Enhanced Immune Responses and Protective Immunity to Zika Virus Induced by a DNA Vaccine Encoding a Chimeric NS1 Fused With Type 1 Herpes Virus gD Protein.

Zika virus (ZIKV) is a globally-distributed flavivirus transmitted to humans by Aedes mosquitoes, usually causing mild symptoms that may evolve to severe conditions, including neurological alterations, such as neonatal microcephaly and Guillain-Barré syndrome. Due to the absence of specific and effective preventive methods, we designed a new subunit vaccine based on a DNA vector (pgDNS1-ZIKV) encoding the non-structural protein 1 (NS1) genetically fused to the Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) glycoprotein D (gD) protein. Recombinant plasmids were replicated in Escherichia coli and the expression of the target protein was confirmed in transfected HEK293 cells. C57BL/6 and AB6 (IFNAR1-/-) mice were i.m. immunized by electroporation in order to evaluate pgDNS1-ZIKV immunogenicity. After two doses, high NS1-specific IgG antibody titers were measured in serum samples collected from pgDNS1-ZIKV-immunized mice. The NS1-specific antibodies were capable to bind the native protein expressed in infected mammalian cells. Immunization with pgDNS1-ZIKV increased both humoral and cellular immune responses regarding mice immunized with a ZIKV NS1 encoding vaccine. Immunization with pgDNS1-ZIKV reduced viremia and morbidity scores leading to enhanced survival of immunodeficient AB6 mice challenged with a lethal virus load. These results give support to the use of ZIKV NS1 as a target antigen and further demonstrate the relevant adjuvant effects of HSV-1 gD.

Inactivation of the antimicrobial peptide LL-37 by pathogenic Leptospira

Leptospires are aerobic, Gram-negative spirochetes with a high invasive capacity. Pathogenic leptospires secrete proteases that inactivate a variety of host's proteins including molecules of the extracellular matrix and of the human complement system. This strategy, used by several pathogens of medical importance, contributes to bacterial invasion and immune evasion. In the current work we present evidence that Leptospira proteases also target human cathelicidin (LL-37), an antimicrobial peptide that plays an important role in the innate immune response. By using six Leptospira strains, four pathogenic and two saprophytic, we demonstrated that proteases present in the supernatants of pathogenic strains were capable of degrading LL-37 in a time-dependent manner, whereas proteolytic degradation was not observed with the supernatants of the two saprophytic strains. Inactivation of LL-37 was prevented by using the 1,10-phenanthroline inhibitor, thus suggesting the involvement of metalloproteinases in this process. In addition, the antibacterial activity of LL-37 against two Leptospira strains was evaluated. Compared to the saprophytic strain, a greater resistance of the pathogenic strain to the action of the peptide was observed. Our data suggest that the capacity to inactivate the host defense peptide LL-37 may be part of the virulence arsenal of pathogenic Leptospira, and we hypothesize that its inactivation by the bacteria may influence the outcome of the disease.

Video head impulse test (v-hit) em indivíduos com diabetes mellitus tipo 1 / Video head impulse test (v-hit) in individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus

RESUMO Objetivo Verificar a função dos canais semicirculares do labirinto de indivíduos com diabetes tipo 1, submetidos ao Video Head Impulse Test (v-HIT), e compará-los com indivíduos sem diabetes. Métodos Estudo transversal, observacional, analítico, realizado com uma amostra de conveniência, formada por 35 indivíduos diabéticos e 100 não diabéticos. Todos os participantes foram submetidos à avaliação vestibular por meio do v-HIT. Resultados A casuística foi composta por 135 participantes, divididos em dois grupos. O grupo de estudo foi composto por indivíduos com diabetes tipo 1, totalizando 21 mulheres e 14 homens. A idade variou entre 18 e 71 anos, com média de 35,37 anos e desvio padrão de 10,98. O grupo sem diabetes foi composto por 77 mulheres e 23 homens. A idade variou entre 20 e 83 anos, com média de 46,44 e desvio padrão de 19,82. Os grupos foram pareados entre si, com relação à idade (p=0,098) e sexo (p=0,052). Os pacientes diabéticos apresentaram ganho diminuído nos canais semicirculares posteriores e anterior esquerdo. A velocidade apresentou diferença significativa nos canais lateral esquerdo, anterior direito e posterior esquerdo no grupo com diabetes mellitus tipo 1, porém não apresentou correlação com o ganho dos canais semicirculares. Conclusão Os participantes com diabetes mellitus tipo 1 apresentaram um ganho diminuído nos canais semicirculares posteriores e no canal anterior esquerdo quando comparados com indivíduos não diabéticos.

ABSTRACT Purpose To verify the function of the labyrinth semicircular channels of type 1 diabetes individuals submitted to the Video Head Impulse Test (v-HIT) and to compare them with individuals without diabetes. Methods Cross-sectional, observational, analytical study conducted with a convenience sample of 35 diabetic and 100 non-diabetic individuals. All participants were submitted to vestibular evaluation using v-HIT. Results The sample consisted of 135 participants divided into two groups. The study group was composed of individuals with type 1 diabetes, totaling 21 women and 14 men. The age range was between 18 and 71 years, with a mean of 35.37 years and standard deviation of 10.98. The group without diabetes was composed of 77 women and 23 men. The age range was between 20 to 83 years, with a mean of 46.44 and standard deviation of 19.82. The groups were matched for age (p=0.098) and gender (p=0.052). Diabetic patients showed decreased gain in the posterior and left anterior semicircular canals. Velocity showed a significant difference in the left lateral, anterior right and posterior left canals in the group with DM1, however velocity did not show correlation with the gain of the semicircular canals. Conclusion participants with type 1 diabetes mellitus showed a decreased gain in the posterior semicircular canals and in the left anterior canal when compared to non-diabetic individuals.

Natural versus recombinant viral antigens in SARS-COV-2 serology: challenges in optimizing laboratory diagnosis of COVID19

OBJECTIVES: COVID-19 is a public health emergency of international concern whose detection in recovered asymptomatic patients is dependent on accurate diagnosis as it enables the estimation of the susceptibility of the population to the infection. This demand has resulted in the development of several commercial assays employing recombinant proteins, but the results of these assays are not reliable as they do not involve comparison with natural viral antigens. We independently used the SARS-CoV-2 whole viral antigen (WVA) and recombinant nucleocapsid protein (rNP) to develop in-house ELISAs for IgG detection; the results of these ELISAs were then compared to obtain reliable results. METHODS: WVA and rNP ELISAs were performed on COVID-19 negative sera from patients before the pandemic in Brazil, and on RT-qPCR-positive or SARS-CoV-2-IgG against rNP and IgG against WVA-positive samples from recently infected patients in Sao Paulo, Brazil. RESULTS: Both ELISAs detected a large fraction of infected patients but exhibited certain drawbacks. Higher signals and lower numbers of false-negatives were observed in rNP ELISA; however, a higher fraction of false-positives was observed in control groups. A high number of false-negatives was observed with WVA ELISA. Correlating the results of rNP and WVA ELISAs resulted in improved performance for COVID-19 diagnosis. CONCLUSION: The choice of antigen is an important aspect in optimizing the laboratory diagnosis of COVID-19. The use of rNP ELISA for the detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies seems promising, but comparison of the results with those of WVA ELISA is crucial for accurate test development prior to commercialization. IgG serology using several assays, and with the spectral patterns of SARS-CoV-2, resulted in confusing information that must be clarified before the establishment of diagnostic serology criteria.

Protein refolding based on high hydrostatic pressure and alkaline pH: Application on a recombinant dengue virus NS1 protein.

In this study we evaluated the association of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) and alkaline pH as a minimally denaturing condition for the solubilization of inclusion bodies (IBs) generated by recombinant proteins expressed by Escherichia coli strains. The method was successfully applied to a recombinant form of the dengue virus (DENV) non-structural protein 1 (NS1). The minimal pH for IBs solubilization at 1 bar was 12 while a pH of 10 was sufficient for solubilization at HHP: 2.4 kbar for 90 min and 0.4 kbar for 14 h 30 min. An optimal refolding condition was achieved by compression of IBs at HHP and pH 10.5 in the presence of arginine, oxidized and reduced glutathiones, providing much higher yields (up to 8-fold) than association of HHP and GdnHCl via an established protocol. The refolded NS1, 109 ± 9.5 mg/L bacterial culture was recovered mainly as monomer and dimer, corresponding up to 90% of the total protein and remaining immunologically active. The proposed conditions represent an alternative for the refolding of immunologically active recombinant proteins expressed as IBs.

Association of high pressure and alkaline condition for solubilization of inclusion bodies and refolding of the NS1 protein from zika virus.

BACKGROUND: Proteins in inclusion bodies (IBs) present native-like secondary structures. However, chaotropic agents at denaturing concentrations, which are widely used for IB solubilization and subsequent refolding, unfold these secondary structures. Removal of the chaotropes frequently causes reaggregation and poor recovery of bioactive proteins. High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) and alkaline pH are two conditions that, in the presence of low level of chaotropes, have been described as non-denaturing solubilization agents. In the present study we evaluated the strategy of combination of HHP and alkaline pH on the solubilization of IB using as a model an antigenic form of the zika virus (ZIKV) non-structural 1 (NS1) protein. RESULTS: Pressure-treatment (2.4 kbar) of NS1-IBs at a pH of 11.0 induced a low degree of NS1 unfolding and led to solubilization of the IBs, mainly into monomers. After dialysis at pH 8.5, NS1 was refolded and formed soluble oligomers. High (up to 68 mg/liter) NS1 concentrations were obtained by solubilization of NS1-IBs at pH 11 in the presence of arginine (Arg) with a final yield of approximately 80% of total protein content. The process proved to be efficient, quick and did not require further purification steps. Refolded NS1 preserved biological features regarding reactivity with antigen-specific antibodies, including sera of ZIKV-infected patients. The method resulted in an increase of approximately 30-fold over conventional IB solubilization-refolding methods. CONCLUSIONS: The present results represent an innovative non-denaturing protein refolding process by means of the concomitant use of HHP and alkaline pH. Application of the reported method allowed the recovery of ZIKV NS1 at a condition that maintained the antigenic properties of the protein.

Leptospira interrogans thermolysin refolded at high pressure and alkaline pH displays proteolytic activity against complement C3.

Enzymes from the thermolysin family are crucial factors in the pathogenesis of several diseases caused by bacteria and are potential targets for therapeutic interventions. Thermolysin encoded by the gene LIC13322 of the causative agent of leptospirosis, Leptospira interrogans, was shown to cleave proteins from the Complement System. However, the production of this recombinant protein using traditional refolding processes with high levels of denaturing reagents for thermolysin inclusion bodies (TL-IBs) solubilization results in poor recovery and low proteolytic activity probably due to improper refolding of the protein. Based on the assumption that leptospiral proteases play a crucial role during infection, the aim of this work was to obtain a functional recombinant thermolysin for future studies on the role of these metalloproteases on leptospiral infection. The association of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) and alkaline pH was utilized for thermolysin refolding. Incubation of a suspension of TL-IBs at HHP and a pH of 11.0 is non-denaturing but effective for thermolysin solubilization. Soluble protein does not reaggregate by dialysis to pH 8.0. A volumetric yield of 46 mg thermolysin/L of bacterial culture and a yield of near 100% in relation to the total thermolysin present in TL-IBs were obtained. SEC-purified thermolysin suffers fragmentation, likely due to autoproteolysis and presents proteolytic activity against complement C3 α-chain, possibly by a generation of a C3b-like molecule. The proteolytic activity of thermolysin against C3 was time and dose-dependent. The experience gained in this study shall help to establish efficient HHP-based processes for refolding of bioactive proteins from IBs.