ß-Hydroxybutyrate, a ketone body, reduces the cytotoxic effect of cisplatin via activation of HDAC5 in human renal cortical epithelial cells.

AIMS: ß-Hydroxybutyrate (ßOHB) is a metabolic intermediate that constitutes about 70% of ketone bodies produced in liver from oxidation of fatty acids released from adipose tissue. A recent study showed that ßOHB inhibits HDAC1, 3 and 4 (classes I and IIa) in human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells. Therefore, ßOHB could regulate epigenetics via modulating HDACs. However, little is known about the protective effect of ßOHB on renal cells through epigenetics. The aim of this study is to investigate whether ßOHB reduces cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in human renal cortical epithelial (HRCE) cells by modulating HDACs. MAIN METHODS: In this study, we used human renal cortical epithelial (HRCE) cells. The anti-apoptotic effect of ßOHB was evaluated using flow cytometry analysis. The expression of apoptosis-related proteins and HDACs was evaluated by western immunoblot. KEY FINDINGS: The results showed that ßOHB significantly reduced cisplatin-induced apoptosis in HRCE cells. Furthermore, ßOHB significantly reduced cisplatin-induced cleavage of caspase-3, acetylation of histone H3, and phosphorylation of AMP-activated kinase. This anti-apoptotic effect of ßOHB was markedly attenuated by an inhibitor of HDAC4/5, and ßOHB-mediated suppression of cleavage of caspase3 was significantly blocked by siRNA-induced gene silencing of HDAC5. SIGNIFICANCE: ßOHB attenuates cisplatin-induced apoptosis by activation of HDAC5 in HRCE cells, suggesting that ßOHB may be a new therapeutic agent for cisplatin nephropathy.

Elevated Levels of Urinary Extracellular Vesicle Fibroblast-Specific Protein 1 in Patients with Active Crescentic Glomerulonephritis.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, are present in various bodily fluids, including urine. We and others previously reported that cells expressing fibroblast-specific protein 1 (FSP1) accumulate within damaged glomeruli, and that urinary FSP1, as well as urinary soluble CD163, could potentially serve as a biomarker of ongoing glomerular injury. METHODS: To test that idea, we collected urine samples from 37 patients with glomerular disease; purified the urinary EVs; characterized them using Nanosight, western blotting, and immunoelectron microscopy; and determined FSP1 and soluble CD163 levels using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. RESULTS: Deemed to be mainly exosomes based on their size distribution, the EVs in urine contained FSP1, and a portion of the FSP1-positive vesicles was also positive for podocalyxin. FSP1 levels in urinary EVs were (1) positively correlated with rates of biopsy-proven cellular crescent formation (r = 0.562, p < 0.001) and total crescent formation (r = 0.448, p = 0.005) among total glomeruli; (2) significantly higher in patients with cellular crescents affecting 20% or more of their glomeruli than in those with fewer affected glomeruli (p = 0.003); and (3) significantly decreased after glucocorticoid and immunosuppressant therapy (p < 0.05). A positive correlation between FSP1 levels in urinary EVs and urinary soluble CD163 levels was confirmed (r = 0.367, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: These data suggest that a portion of urinary FSP1 is secreted as EVs originating from podocytes, and that FSP1 levels reflect active and ongoing glomerular injury and disease activity, such as cellular crescent formation.

Tubulointerstitial Nephritis with IgM-Positive Plasma Cells.

Infiltration by IgG-positive plasma cells is a common finding in tubulointerstitial nephritis. Indeed, it has been thought that CD138-positive mature plasma cells secrete mainly IgG, and the occurrence of tubulointerstitial nephritis with CD138-positive plasma cells secreting IgM has rarely been reported. Routine immunofluorescence of fresh frozen sections is considered the gold standard for detection of immune deposits. However, the immunoenzyme method with formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections is superior for detecting IgM- or IgG-positive cells within the renal interstitium, thus histologic variants may often go undetected. We recently discovered a case of tubulointerstitial nephritis showing IgM-positive plasma cell accumulation within the interstitium. To further explore the morphologic and clinical features of such cases, we performed a nationwide search for patients with biopsy-proven tubulointerstitial nephritis and high serum IgM levels. We identified 13 patients with tubulointerstitial nephritis and IgM-positive plasma cell infiltration confirmed with the immunoenzyme method. The clinical findings for these patients included a high prevalence of distal renal tubular acidosis (100%), Fanconi syndrome (92%), and anti-mitochondrial antibodies (82%). The pathologic findings were interstitial nephritis with diffusely distributed CD3-positive T lymphocytes and colocalized IgM-positive plasma cells, as well as tubulitis with CD3-positive T lymphocytes in the proximal tubules and collecting ducts. Additionally, levels of H+-ATPase, H+, K+-ATPase, and the HCO3--Cl- anion exchanger were markedly decreased in the collecting ducts. We propose to designate this group of cases, which have a common histologic and clinical form, as IgM-positive plasma cell-tubulointerstitial nephritis.

Short-chain fatty acids, GPR41 and GPR43 ligands, inhibit TNF-α-induced MCP-1 expression by modulating p38 and JNK signaling pathways in human renal cortical epithelial cells.

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), such as acetate, propionate, and butyrate, are produced predominantly by gut microbiota fermentation of dietary fiber. SCFAs are newly identified as endogenous ligands of two orphan G protein-coupled receptors, GPR41 and GPR43, which have the potential to modulate inflammation. Therefore, GPR41 and GPR43 may mediate the link between the gut microbiome status and various disease conditions including renal inflammation. This study aimed at investigating whether SCFAs activate GPR41 and GPR43, and thereby exert anti-inflammatory effects in human renal cortical epithelial cells (HRCEs) as a main component of kidney tissue. Immunohistochemical analyses of human renal biopsy specimens revealed the expression of GPR41 and GPR43 protein in the distal renal tubules and collecting tubules. TNF-α increased the expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), a potential fibrotic inducer, at least partly via enhancing phosphorylation of p38 and JNK in HRCEs. SCFAs, especially propionate, attenuated TNF-α- stimulated MCP-1 expression by inhibiting the phosphorylation of p38 and JNK. This inhibitory effect was considerably attenuated by an inactivator of the Gi/o-type G protein and a Gßγ (i/o) blocker, but not by a Gα (i/o) blocker. Furthermore, SCFA-mediated inhibition of MCP-1 expression was significantly blocked by siRNA-induced gene silencing of GPR41 and GPR43. In conclusion, SCFAs lowered TNF-α-induced MCP-1 expression by reducing phosphorylation of p38 and JNK in a GPR41/43-dependent manner in HRCEs, suggesting that SCFA modification may be a new therapeutic tool for preventing progression of renal inflammation and fibrosis.