RESUMEN
S 47445 is a positive modulator of glutamate AMPA-type receptors, possessing neurotrophic and enhancing synaptic plasticity effects as well as pro-cognitive and anti-stress properties. Here, the drug was assessed in the perinatal stress (PRS) rat model, known to have a high predictive validity with monoaminergic antidepressants. The effects of a chronic treatment (i.p.) with S 47445 were investigated on risk-taking, motivational and cognitive behavior. S 47445 (1 and 10â¯mg/kg) increased the exploration of the elevated-plus maze and light/dark box as well as the time spent grooming in the splash test, and improved social memory in PRS rats. Also, the effects of S 47445 were examined on the synaptic neurotransmission. The reduced depolarization-evoked glutamate release induced by PRS was corrected with S 47445 (10â¯mg/kg). Remarkably, the reduction in glutamate release induced by PRS and corrected by S 47445 chronic treatment was correlated with all the behavioral changes. S 47445â¯at 10â¯mg/kg also normalized the lower levels of synaptic vesicle-associated proteins in ventral hippocampus in PRS rats. Finally, S 47445 reversed the decrease of mGlu5 receptors, GR and OXTR induced by PRS. Collectively, in an animal model of stress-related disorders, S 47445 corrected the imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission by regulating glutamate-evoked release that is predictive of PRS behavioral alterations, and also normalized the reduction of trafficking of synaptic vesicles induced by PRS. These results support the interest of glutamatergic-based therapeutic strategies to alleviate stress-related disorders.
Asunto(s)
Benzoxazinas/farmacología , Cognición/efectos de los fármacos , Emociones/efectos de los fármacos , Ácido Glutámico/metabolismo , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal/prevención & control , Estrés Psicológico/metabolismo , Triazinas/farmacología , Animales , Femenino , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Masculino , Proteínas del Tejido Nervioso/metabolismo , Embarazo , Ratas , Receptor del Glutamato Metabotropico 5/metabolismo , Receptores de Glucocorticoides/metabolismo , Receptores de Oxitocina/metabolismoRESUMEN
During the perinatal period, the brain is particularly sensitive to remodelling by environmental factors. Adverse early-life experiences, such as stress exposure or suboptimal maternal care, can have long-lasting detrimental consequences for an individual. This phenomenon is often referred to as 'early-life programming' and is associated with an increased risk of disease. Typically, rodents exposed to prenatal stress or postnatal maternal deprivation display enhanced neuroendocrine responses to stress, increased levels of anxiety and depressive-like behaviours, and cognitive impairments. Some of the phenotypes observed in these models of early-life adversity are likely to share common neurobiological mechanisms. For example, there is evidence for impaired glucocorticoid negative-feedback control of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, altered glutamate neurotransmission and reduced hippocampal neurogenesis in both prenatally stressed rats and rats that experienced deficient maternal care. The possible mechanisms through which maternal stress during pregnancy may be transmitted to the offspring are reviewed, with special consideration given to altered maternal behaviour postpartum. We also discuss what is known about the neurobiological and epigenetic mechanisms that underpin early-life programming of the neonatal brain in the first generation and subsequent generations, with a view to abrogating programming effects and potentially identifying new therapeutic targets for the treatment of stress-related disorders and cognitive impairment.
Asunto(s)
Conducta Animal , Epigénesis Genética , Animales , Encéfalo/embriología , Encéfalo/fisiología , Femenino , Ácido Glutámico/metabolismo , Sistema Hipotálamo-Hipofisario , Sistema Hipófiso-Suprarrenal , Placenta/fisiología , Embarazo , Estrés FisiológicoRESUMEN
Rats exposed to early life stress are considered as a valuable model for the study of epigenetic programming leading to mood disorders and anxiety in the adult life. Rats submitted to prenatal restraint stress (PRS) are characterized by an anxious/depressive phenotype associated with neuroadaptive changes in the hippocampus. We used the model of PRS to identify proteins that are specifically affected by early life stress. We therefore performed a proteomic analysis in the hippocampus of adult male PRS rats. We found that PRS induced changes in the expression profile of a number of proteins, involved in the regulation of signal transduction, synaptic vesicles, protein synthesis, cytoskeleton dynamics, and energetic metabolism. Immunoblot analysis showed significant changes in the expression of proteins, such as LASP-1, fascin, and prohibitin, which may lie at the core of the developmental programming triggered by early life stress.
Asunto(s)
Hipocampo/metabolismo , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal/metabolismo , Animales , Ansiedad/metabolismo , Depresión/metabolismo , Femenino , Masculino , Proteínas de Microfilamentos/metabolismo , Trastornos del Humor/metabolismo , Proteínas del Tejido Nervioso/metabolismo , Embarazo , Prohibitinas , Proteómica , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Proteínas Represoras/metabolismo , Restricción Física , Estrés Psicológico/metabolismo , Transferrina/metabolismoRESUMEN
We examined the interaction between early life stress and vulnerability to alcohol in female rats exposed to prenatal restraint stress (PRS rats). First we studied the impact of PRS on ethanol preference during adolescence. PRS slightly increased ethanol preference per se, but abolished the effect of social isolation on ethanol preference. We then studied the impact of PRS on short- and long-term responses to ethanol focusing on behavioral and neurochemical parameters related to depression/anxiety. PRS or unstressed adolescent female rats received 10% ethanol in the drinking water for 4 weeks from PND30 to PND60. At PND60, the immobility time in the forced-swim test did not differ between PRS and unstressed rats receiving water alone. Ethanol consumption had no effect in unstressed rats, but significantly reduced the immobility time in PRS rats. In contrast, a marked increase in the immobility time was seen after 5 weeks of ethanol withdrawal only in unstressed rats. Hippocampal levels of neuropeptide Y (NPY) and mGlu1a metabotropic glutamate receptors were increased at the end of ethanol treatment only in unstressed rats. Ethanol treatment had no effect on levels of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in the hippocampus, striatum, and prefrontal cortex of both groups of rats. After ethanol withdrawal, hippocampal levels of mGlu1 receptors were higher in unstressed rats, but lower in PRS rats, whereas NPY and CRH levels were similar in the two groups of rats. These data indicate that early life stress has a strong impact on the vulnerability and responsiveness to ethanol consumption during adolescence.
Asunto(s)
Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/fisiopatología , Etanol/farmacología , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal/fisiopatología , Estrés Fisiológico/efectos de los fármacos , Estrés Fisiológico/fisiología , Animales , Conducta de Elección/fisiología , Cuerpo Estriado/metabolismo , Hormona Liberadora de Corticotropina/metabolismo , Femenino , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Pérdida de Tono Postural/efectos de los fármacos , Pérdida de Tono Postural/fisiología , Masculino , Neuropéptido Y/metabolismo , Corteza Prefrontal/metabolismo , Embarazo , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal/psicología , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Receptores de Glutamato Metabotrópico/metabolismo , Aislamiento Social/psicologíaRESUMEN
We examined the influence of prenatal stress on alcohol preference in adult female rats exposed to an intense stress. To take into account interindividual variability, the study was conducted in animals categorized as low or high alcohol preferring. After footshock, control high-preferring rats strongly reduced their alcohol consumption; in contrast, alcohol consumption was not changed in high-preferring rats that were prenatally stressed.
Asunto(s)
Trastornos del Sistema Nervioso Inducidos por Alcohol/fisiopatología , Alcoholismo/fisiopatología , Trastornos de Ansiedad/fisiopatología , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal/fisiopatología , Estrés Fisiológico/complicaciones , Estrés Fisiológico/fisiopatología , Adaptación Psicológica/efectos de los fármacos , Adaptación Psicológica/fisiología , Trastornos del Sistema Nervioso Inducidos por Alcohol/etiología , Alcoholismo/etiología , Alcoholismo/psicología , Animales , Trastornos de Ansiedad/etiología , Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Encéfalo/fisiopatología , Depresores del Sistema Nervioso Central/efectos adversos , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Estimulación Eléctrica/efectos adversos , Etanol/efectos adversos , Femenino , Embarazo , RatasRESUMEN
Prenatal stress in the rat induces enhanced reactivity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, disturbances in a variety of circadian rhythms and increased anxiety-like behaviour. Such abnormalities parallel those found in human depressed patients. Prenatally stressed (PS) rats could represent, therefore, an interesting animal model for the evaluation of the efficacy of pharmacotherapeutic intervention in psychiatric disorders that has often been addressed using control animals. In the present study, PS and non-stressed rats were chronically treated with the tricyclic antidepressant imipramine (10 mg/kg i.p. for 21 days) and assessed in the forced swim test. Glucocorticoid receptor binding sites in the hippocampus were measured and 5-HT(1A) receptor mRNA levels in the frontal cortex were also assessed. PS rats were characterised by increased immobility in the forced swim test, reduced hippocampal corticosteroid receptor binding and increased levels of cortical 5-HT(1A) mRNA. All these parameters were significantly reversed by chronic imipramine treatment. Conversely, no significant effects were observed for non-stressed rats. All these effects are consistent with the expected pharmacotherapy of depression-like abnormalities in PS rats. These results further indicate that PS rats are a relevant animal model of depression.
Asunto(s)
Antidepresivos Tricíclicos/farmacología , Corteza Cerebral/metabolismo , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Imipramina/farmacología , Actividad Motora/efectos de los fármacos , ARN Mensajero/biosíntesis , Receptor de Serotonina 5-HT1A/metabolismo , Receptores de Glucocorticoides/efectos de los fármacos , Estrés Psicológico/psicología , Animales , Química Encefálica/fisiología , Corteza Cerebral/efectos de los fármacos , Femenino , Hipocampo/efectos de los fármacos , Embarazo , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal , ARN Mensajero/genética , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Receptor de Serotonina 5-HT1A/efectos de los fármacos , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa Inversa , Natación/psicologíaRESUMEN
Prenatally-stressed (PS) rats are characterized by a general impairment of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and sleep disturbances indicating that this model has face validity with some clinical features observed in a subpopulation of depressed patients. The prolonged corticosterone secretion shown by PS rats in response to stress was positively correlated with an increased immobility behavior in the forced swim test. To investigate the predictive validity of this model, a separate group of animals was chronically treated with the antidepressant tianeptine (10 mg/kg i.p. for 21 days). Such chronic treatment reduced in PS rats immobility time in the forced swim test. These findings suggest that the PS rat is an interesting animal model for the evaluation of antidepressant treatment.
Asunto(s)
Antidepresivos Tricíclicos/uso terapéutico , Inmovilización , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal , Estrés Fisiológico/tratamiento farmacológico , Tiazepinas/uso terapéutico , Análisis de Varianza , Animales , Conducta Animal/efectos de los fármacos , Corticosterona/sangre , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Femenino , Masculino , Embarazo , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Estrés Fisiológico/metabolismo , Natación , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
We have shown that prenatal restraint stress (PNRS) induces higher levels of anxiety, greater vulnerability to drugs, a phase advance in the circadian rhythm of locomotor activity and an increase in the paradoxical sleep in adult rats. These behavioral effects result from permanent modifications to the functioning of the brain, particularly in the feedback mechanisms of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis: the secretion of corticosterone is prolonged after stress and the number of the central glucocorticoid receptors is reduced. These abnormalities are associated with modifications in the synthesis and/or release of certain neurotransmitters. Dysfunction of the HPA axis is due, in part, to stress-induced maternal increase of glucocorticoids, which influences fetal brain development. Some biological abnormalities in depression can be related to those found in PNRS rats reinforcing the idea of the usefulness of PNRS rats as an appropriate animal model to study new pharmacological approaches.
Asunto(s)
Glucocorticoides/sangre , Estrés Fisiológico/embriología , Animales , Trastornos de Ansiedad/fisiopatología , Conducta Animal/fisiología , Depresión , Femenino , Predicción , Glucocorticoides/fisiología , Humanos , Conducta Materna/fisiología , Modelos Animales , Periodicidad , Embarazo , Estrés Fisiológico/fisiopatologíaRESUMEN
In rodents, beside basic sex differences, a certain degree of within-gender phenotypic variation can also be provided in utero by hormones from adjacent fetuses. We investigated novelty-seeking behavior in two groups of male and female mice from know intrauterine position: 2M (between males) and 0M (between females). Subjects were assessed during periadolescence (postnatal days 33--43), an ontogenetic phase, which is characterized by an elevated expression of this novelty-seeking behavior. Periadolescent mice underwent a familiarization session for 3 consecutive training days with one side of a two-chamber apparatus. On testing day 4, the opening of a partition, which allowed mice to freely move from the familiar compartment to a novel one, produced an increased behavioral arousal in all animals. Marked sex differences were found, with females being in general more active than males, whereas the latter showed significantly higher levels of novelty seeking than females. Uterine position failed to affect the profile of novelty preference in females, whereas within the male group 2M subjects expressed a marked profile of novelty seeking. The differential titers of sex hormones reported to characterize the 0M and 2M condition early in fetal development are suggested to account for the individual variability in the seeking for novelty within the male group during puberty.
Asunto(s)
Conducta Exploratoria/fisiología , Preñez/fisiología , Útero/fisiología , Adaptación Psicológica/fisiología , Animales , Ambiente , Femenino , Crecimiento/fisiología , Masculino , Ratones , Actividad Motora/fisiología , Embarazo , Caracteres Sexuales , Maduración Sexual/fisiología , Aumento de Peso/fisiologíaRESUMEN
This review presents the experimental approaches more widely used in animal models to investigate possible strategies aimed to stimulate plasticity in the nervous system and possibly to increase spontaneous recovery from functional/neurological diseases such as neonatal anoxia. Methods used in laboratory rodents are briefly described. Attention is focused on possible enrichments of the social and physical environment during the development.