Efficacy of Soybean's Event DAS-81419-2 Expressing Cry1F and Cry1Ac to Manage Key Tropical Lepidopteran Pests Under Field Conditions in Brazil.

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) event DAS-81419-2 (Conkesta technology) in soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill, expresses Cry1F and Cry1Ac proteins to provide protection from feeding by several lepidopteran pests. A total of 27 field experiments across nine locations were conducted from 2011 to 2015 in southern and central Brazil to characterize the efficacy of DAS-81419-2 soybean infested with Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), Chrysodeixis includens (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Heliothis virescens (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and Spodoptera cosmioides (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) during vegetative (V4) and reproductive (R2 and R4) crop developmental stages. The efficacy of DAS-81419-2 was compared to that of a non-Bt isogenic variety managed with or without applications of commercial foliar insecticides for lepidopteran control. DAS-81419-2 soybean consistently experienced defoliation levels of 0.5% or less (compared with 20.05-56.74% in the non-Bt, nonsprayed treatment) and larval survival of < 0.1% in all four species across the vegetative and reproductive plant stages evaluated. The efficacy of DAS-81419-2 was significantly higher than commercial foliar insecticides applied to the non-Bt variety. DAS-81419-2 soybeans containing two highly effective Bt proteins are expected to be a more robust IRM tool compared to single-trait Bt technologies. The consistent efficacy of DAS-81419-2 soybeans across years, locations, and crop stages suggests that it will be a valuable product for management of hard-to-control key lepidopteran pests in South American soybean production.

Effects of Aqueous Extracts of Copaifera langsdorffii (Fabaceae) on the Growth and Reproduction of Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).

Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is considered a pest of maize crops throughout the Western Hemisphere. We report on the effects of aqueous extracts of leaves and bark of Copaifera langsdorffii (Fabaceae) on the biology of S. frugiperda, as an alternative source of natural bioactive molecules for the sustainable management of this pest. Second instars were sprayed with aqueous extracts prepared with 5% (w/v) plant material and/or fed on an artificial diet containing extracts at a concentration equivalent to 0.25% (w/v) for 17 days. Both leaf and bark extracts of C. langsdorffii significantly reduced S. frugiperda food intake, feces, and larval weight and caused a delay in larval development. Additionally, C. langsdorffii-based extracts increased the oviposition period; induced morphological changes in the eggs, including deformation of the corium and malformation of the micropylar and aeropylar regions; and reduced egg viability. But, aqueous extracts of C. langsdorffii exhibited no negative effects on larval and pupal survival, duration of the pupal stage, survival of pupae, sex ratio, longevity, duration of pre-oviposition period, and female fecundity. Aqueous extracts of leaves and bark of C. langsdorffii are promising alternatives for the control of S. frugiperda in maize crops.

Seletividade fisiológica de inseticidas utilizados em cultura cafeeira sobre ovos e adultos de Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant / Physiologic selectivity of pesticides used on coffee plantations on eggs and adults of Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant

Em cafeeiros, a associação de inimigos naturais com produtos fitossanitários seletivos é uma importante estratégia no manejo de pragas. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos letais e subletais de produtos fitossanitários utilizados na cultura cafeeira sobre ovos e adultos de Cryptolaemus montrouzieriMulsant em laboratório. Os bioensaios foram realizados sob 25 ± 2º C, UR de 70 ± 10% e fotofase de 12h. Os inseticidas utilizados e suas respectivas dosagens de aplicação, em g ou mL de i.a. L-1 foram: tiametoxam (0,5), imidacloprido (0,7), óleo mineral (13,3), endossulfam (2,63) e dimetoato (0,48). A testemunha foi composta apenas por água destilada. A aplicação dos produtos foi realizada por meio de torre de Potter. Avaliaram-se a viabilidade de ovos, a sobrevivência dos espécimes e os efeitos dos compostos sobre os parâmetros reprodutivos do predador. Tiametoxam provocou prolongamento na duração do período embrionário (7,1 dias) em ovos tratados e junto com imidacloprido foram classificados como nocivos, seguidos do endossulfam e dimetoato que apresentaram toxicidade intermediária e do óleo mineral que foi seletivo. Em função da seletividade do óleo mineral, pode-se recomendá-lo visando à compatibilização com o predador C. montrouzieri em programas de manejo integrado de pragas na cultura cafeeira.

On coffee plantations, the association between selective compounds and natural enemies composes an important tool for the pest management. The objective of this study was to evaluate some pesticides used on coffee plantations in regard to their lethal and sublethal effects on eggs and adults of Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant under laboratory conditions. The bioassays were carried out in the Laboratory of Selectivity Studies, Department of Entomology of the Universidade Federal de Lavras ­ UFLA, Brazil, under controlled conditions (climatic chamber) at 25 ± 2º C, RH of 70 ± 10% with a 12 h photophase. The pesticides and doses in g or mL of i.a. L-1 were: thiamethoxam (0.5), imidacloprid (0.7), mineral oil (13.3), endosulfan (2.63) and dimethoate (0.48). Distilled water was used as a control. The sprayings of the pesticides were accomplished using a Potter's tower. The parameters evaluated were: specimen survival after the application of the compounds, oviposition and eggs viability. Thiamethoxam, imidacloprid and endosulfan were the most harmful to the treated individuals. When sprayed on eggs, thiamethoxam increased the embryonic period length (7.1 days). Mineral oil was the only compound that did not affect the reproduction of C. montrouzieri. In function of the selectivity presented by mineral oil, it can be recommended to be used in integrated pest management on coffee plantations in association with this predator.

SELETIVIDADE FISIOLÓGICA DE INSETICIDAS UTILIZADOS EM CULTURA CAFEEIRA SOBRE OVOS E ADULTOS DE CRYPTOLAEMUS MONTROUZIERI MULSANT

ABSTRACT On coffee plantations, the association between selective compounds and natural enemies composes an important tool for the pest management. The objective of this study was to evaluate some pesticides used on coffee plantations in regard to their lethal and sublethal effects on eggs and adults of Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant under laboratory conditions. The bioassays were carried out in the Laboratory of Selectivity Studies, Department of Entomology of the Universidade Federal de Lavras UFLA, Brazil, under controlled conditions (climatic chamber) at 25 ± 2º C, RH of 70 ± 10% with a 12 h photophase. The pesticides and doses in g or mL of i.a. L-1 were: thiamethoxam (0.5), imidacloprid (0.7), mineral oil (13.3), endosulfan (2.63) and dimethoate (0.48). Distilled water was used as a control. The sprayings of the pesticides were accomplished using a Potters tower. The parameters evaluated were: specimen survival after the application of the compounds, oviposition and eggs viability. Thiamethoxam, imidacloprid and endosulfan were the most harmful to the treated individuals. When sprayed on eggs, thiamethoxam increased the embryonic period length (7.1 days). Mineral oil was the only compound that did not affect the reproduction of C. montrouzieri. In function of the selectivity presented by mineral oil, it can be recommended to be used in integrated pest management on coffee plantations in association with this predator.

RESUMO Em cafeeiros, a associação de inimigos naturais com produtos fitossanitários seletivos é uma importante estratégia no manejo de pragas. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos letais e subletais de produtos fitossanitários utilizados na cultura cafeeira sobre ovos e adultos de Cryptolaemus montrouzieriMulsant em laboratório. Os bioensaios foram realizados sob 25 ± 2º C, UR de 70 ± 10% e fotofase de 12h. Os inseticidas utilizados e suas respectivas dosagens de aplicação, em g ou mL de i.a. L-1 foram: tiametoxam (0,5), imidacloprido (0,7), óleo mineral (13,3), endossulfam (2,63) e dimetoato (0,48). A testemunha foi composta apenas por água destilada. A aplicação dos produtos foi realizada por meio de torre de Potter. Avaliaram-se a viabilidade de ovos, a sobrevivência dos espécimes e os efeitos dos compostos sobre os parâmetros reprodutivos do predador. Tiametoxam provocou prolongamento na duração do período embrionário (7,1 dias) em ovos tratados e junto com imidacloprido foram classificados como nocivos, seguidos do endossulfam e dimetoato que apresentaram toxicidade intermediária e do óleo mineral que foi seletivo. Em função da seletividade do óleo mineral, pode-se recomendá-lo visando à compatibilização com o predador C. montrouzieri em programas de manejo integrado de pragas na cultura cafeeira.