Impact of immunogenicity on pharmacokinetics, efficacy and safety of adalimumab in adult patients with moderate to severe chronic plaque psoriasis.

BACKGROUND: Adalimumab is a tumour necrosis factor-alpha antibody approved for treatment of moderate to severe chronic plaque psoriasis. OBJECTIVE: To characterise population pharmacokinetics of adalimumab 40 mg every other week dosing regimen and impact of immunogenicity on pharmacokinetics, efficacy and safety in psoriasis patients. METHODS: Patients were enrolled in a Phase 3 study comprising a 16-week double-blind, placebo-controlled period, a 17-week open-label period for Week 16 Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) 75 responders, and a 19-week double-blind, placebo-controlled period for Week 33 PASI 75 responders. Serum adalimumab and anti-adalimumab antibody (AAA) concentrations were measured and a population pharmacokinetic model devleoped to identify patient/disease factors affecting adalimumab pharmacokinetics. Impact of immunogenicity on treatment efficacy and safety was also assessed. RESULTS: Week 33 mean adalimumab concentration was 5.2 µg/mL. Week 16 responders had higher adalimumab concentrations than non-responders (6.3 vs. 2.2 µg/mL). Bodyweight and study were significant covariates in population pharmacokinetic model with weight accounting for 19% and 29% of variability in adalimumab clearance and volume of distribution, respectively. A total of 8.8% of adalimumab-treated patients tested AAA positive and had twofold higher adalimumab clearance. PASI 75 response rate was comparable between AAA+ and AAA- patients at Weeks 33 and 52 (Week 33: 36% vs. 22.5%, Week 52: 21.1% vs. 17.8%) and adverse events incidence was similar between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Patient weight and study significantly affect adalimumab clearance and volume of distribution in psoriasis patients. Development of AAAs result in lower adalimumab exposure and efficacy with no effect on adverse events incidence.

Effects of concomitant immunomodulators on the pharmacokinetics, efficacy and safety of adalimumab in patients with Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis who had failed conventional therapy.

BACKGROUND: Adalimumab is approved for use in patients with moderate to severe Crohn's disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC) who have not achieved disease control with conventional therapies including corticosteroids and/or immunomodulators (IMM). AIM: To analyse six studies that examined efficacy, pharmacokinetics and safety of combination IMM/adalimumab therapy, compared with adalimumab monotherapy in patients with inadequate disease control on conventional therapy. METHODS: Patients with moderate to severe CD or UC from randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials were analysed. Adalimumab was added to background therapy; patients were categorised as receiving adalimumab monotherapy (CD induction, n = 245, maintenance, n = 185; UC induction, n = 213, maintenance, n = 157) or combination therapy (CD induction, n = 139, maintenance, n = 139; UC induction, n = 140, maintenance, n = 100) according to baseline immunomodulator use. Efficacy was reported for the intent-to-treat populations from each study, with remission defined as CD activity index <150 for CD and Mayo score ≤2 with no subscore >1 for UC. Safety was assessed via adverse events. RESULTS: The proportions of patients achieving remission were similar for adalimumab monotherapy and immunomodulator combination therapy in all studies. Median adalimumab concentrations at week 4 or 8 were numerically but not significantly higher with adalimumab combination therapy vs. monotherapy in the CD and UC studies respectively. Incidence and rate of adverse events was similar for adalimumab monotherapy and combination therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Post hoc analysis of six randomised, controlled trials demonstrated no efficacy benefits with immunomodulator/adalimumab combination therapy, compared with adalimumab monotherapy in CD and UC patients with inadequate disease control on conventional therapy; the safety of the two treatment approaches was comparable.

Randomized phase II study evaluating veliparib (ABT-888) with temozolomide in patients with metastatic melanoma.

BACKGROUND: Veliparib (ABT-888) is a potent, orally bioavailable, small-molecule inhibitor of the DNA repair enzymes poly ADP-ribose polymerase-1 and -2. Veliparib enhances the efficacy of temozolomide (TMZ) and other cytotoxic agents in preclinical tumor models. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this multicenter, double-blind trial, adults with unresectable stage III or IV metastatic melanoma were randomized 1:1:1 to TMZ plus veliparib 20 or 40 mg, or placebo twice daily. Efficacy end points included progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and objective response rate (ORR). RESULTS: Patients (N = 346) were randomized between February 2009 and January 2010. Median [95% confidence interval (CI)] PFS was 3.7 (3.0-5.5), 3.6 (1.9-4.1), and 2 (1.9-3.7) months in the 20-mg, 40-mg, and placebo arms, respectively. Median (95% CI) OS was 10.8 (9.0-13.1), 13.6 (11.4-15.9), and 12.9 (9.8-14.3) months, respectively; ORR was 10.3%, 8.7%, and 7.0%. Exploratory analyses showed patients with low ERCC1 expression had longer PFS when TMZ was combined with veliparib. Toxicities were as expected for TMZ. The frequencies of thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, and leukopenia were significantly increased in the veliparib groups. Grade 3 or 4 adverse events, mainly hematologic toxicities, were seen in 55%, 63%, and 41% of patients in the 20-mg, 40-mg, and placebo arms, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Median PFS with 20 and 40 mg veliparib almost doubled numerically compared with placebo, but the improvements did not reach statistical significance. OS was not increased with veliparib. Toxicities were similar to TMZ monotherapy, but with increased frequency.