Healthcare workers' knowledge and practice of the South African national tuberculosis management guidelines.

BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global public health concern. The 2014 South African (SA) national TB management guidelines were developed to decrease the burden of TB, but implementation remains a challenge. OBJECTIVES: To estimate healthcare workers' level of knowledge about the national TB management guidelines and to assess the implementation of these guidelines. METHODS: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in four randomly selected health facilities in Dr Kenneth Kaunda district, North West Province, SA. We administered a TB knowledge questionnaire and reviewed TB registers and 204 patient files. RESULTS: A total of 38 participants completed the TB knowledge questionnaire. The majority were professional nurses (89%). The participants' mean (standard deviation) age was 46 (8) years, and the median (interquartile range) career length was 10 (8 - 17) years. Inadequate knowledge of the national TB management guidelines was revealed in 12 participants (32%). The review of the TB register showed that 163 153 patients were screened for TB. Of these, 9 308 (6%) had presumptive TB, 8 116 (87%) had an Xpert test and 1 292 (16%) had positive Xpert results. Overall, 1 150 (12%) of the patients with presumptive TB were diagnosed with drug-sensitive TB and started treatment based on laboratory results and a clinical diagnosis. Of this sample, 999 patients (87%) were treated successfully. The patient file review showed that a total of 197 patients (97%) received the correct treatment dose according to body weight and treatment phase. Smear microscopy was consistently done throughout the intensive and continuation phases of TB treatment. Body weight was monitored in 199 patients (98%). Contact investigation was conducted for 133 patients (65%), and there was evidence that child contacts aged <5 years were started on isoniazid preventive therapy. Only 110 patients (54%) had documented HIV status. Of these, 66 (60%) were HIV positive, and 39 (59%) of them received antiretroviral therapy. Body mass index was monitored in 55 patients (27%). Eighty (39%) of the patients with TB were women of childbearing potential, and only 8 (10%) of them had their pregnancy test results recorded. Treatment side-effects were reported in 17 patient files (8%); 13 (76%) were managed and 8 (62%) had resolved side-effects. CONCLUSION: Most participants had adequate knowledge of the national TB management guidelines. A high TB treatment success rate was noted, along with some good practices. The study also highlights several knowledge and practice gaps that can be overcome by measures such as quality audits to improve record keeping. Adequate training of healthcare workers, sustaining and updating knowledge through continuous training, and strengthened supervision mechanisms to ensure compliance with the guidelines are recommended.

Venous thromboembolic disease in adults admitted to hospital in a setting with a high burden of HIV and TB.

BACKGROUND: HIV and tuberculosis (TB) independently cause an increased risk for venous thromboembolic disease (VTE): deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and/or pulmonary embolism (PE). Data from high HIV and TB burden settings describing VTE are scarce. The Wells' DVT and PE scores are widely used but their utility in these settings has not been reported on extensively. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate new onset VTE, compare clinical characteristics by HIV status, and the presence or absence of TB disease in our setting. We also calculate the Wells' score for all patients. METHODS: A prospective cohort of adult in-patients with radiologically confirmed VTE were recruited into the study between September 2015 and May 2016. Demographics, presence of TB, HIV status, duration of treatment, CD4 count, viral load, VTE risk factors, and parameters to calculate the Wells' score were collected. RESULTS: We recruited 100 patients. Most of the patients were HIV-infected (n=59), 39 had TB disease and 32 were HIV/TB co-infected. Most of the patients had DVT only (n=83); 11 had PE, and 6 had both DVT and PE. More than a third of patients on antiretroviral treatment (ART) (43%; n=18/42) were on treatment for <6 months. Half of the patients (51%; n=20/39) were on TB treatment for <1 month. The median (interquartile range (IQR)) DVT and PE Wells' score in all sub-groups was 3.0 (1.0 - 4.0) and 3.0 (2.5 - 4.5), respectively. CONCLUSION: HIV/TB co-infection appears to confer a risk for VTE, especially early after initiation of ART and/or TB treatment, and therefore requires careful monitoring for VTE and early initiation of thrombo-prophylaxis.

Latent tuberculous infection in schoolchildren and contact tracing in Matlosana, North West Province, South Africa.

This is a cross-sectional study to estimate the prevalence of latent tuberculous infection (LTBI) and the annual risk of tuberculous infection (ARTI) among a sample of children aged 5 and 7 years in Matlosana, South Africa. LTBI prevalence was significantly higher in children aged 7 years (n = 704) (19.7%, 95%CI 16.75-22.65) than in those aged 5 years (212/1401, 15.1%, 95%CI 13.23-16.97) (P = 0.0075). The ARI was 2.9% (95%CI 2.2-3.6).