Publisher Correction: α-SNAP is expressed in mouse ovarian granulosa cells and plays a key role in folliculogenesis and female fertility.

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α-SNAP is expressed in mouse ovarian granulosa cells and plays a key role in folliculogenesis and female fertility.

The balance between ovarian folliculogenesis and follicular atresia is critical for female fertility and is strictly regulated by a complex network of neuroendocrine and intra-ovarian signals. Despite the numerous functions executed by granulosa cells (GCs) in ovarian physiology, the role of multifunctional proteins able to simultaneously coordinate/modulate several cellular pathways is unclear. Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor (NSF) attachment protein (α-SNAP) is a multifunctional protein that participates in SNARE-mediated membrane fusion events. In addition, it regulates cell-to-cell adhesion, AMPK signaling, autophagy and apoptosis in different cell types. In this study we examined the expression pattern of α-SNAP in ovarian tissue and the consequences of α-SNAP (M105I) mutation (hyh mutation) in folliculogenesis and female fertility. Our results showed that α-SNAP protein is highly expressed in GCs and its expression is modulated by gonadotropin stimuli. On the other hand, α-SNAP-mutant mice show a reduction in α-SNAP protein levels. Moreover, increased apoptosis of GCs and follicular atresia, reduced ovulation rate, and a dramatic decline in fertility is observed in α-SNAP-mutant females. In conclusion, α-SNAP plays a critical role in the balance between follicular development and atresia. Consequently, a reduction in its expression/function (M105I mutation) causes early depletion of ovarian follicles and female subfertility.

Pathogenesis of cerebral malformations in human fetuses with meningomyelocele.

BACKGROUND: Fetal spina bifida aperta (SBA) is characterized by a spinal meningomyelocele (MMC) and associated with cerebral pathology, such as hydrocephalus and Chiari II malformation. In various animal models, it has been suggested that a loss of ventricular lining (neuroepithelial/ependymal denudation) may trigger cerebral pathology. In fetuses with MMC, little is known about neuroepithelial/ependymal denudation and the initiating pathological events.The objective of this study was to investigate whether neuroepithelial/ependymal denudation occurs in human fetuses and neonates with MMC, and if so, whether it is associated with the onset of hydrocephalus. METHODS: Seven fetuses and 1 neonate (16-40 week gestational age, GA) with MMC and 6 fetuses with normal cerebral development (22-41 week GA) were included in the study. Identification of fetal MMC and clinical surveillance of fetal head circumference and ventricular width was performed by ultrasound (US). After birth, MMC was confirmed by histology. We characterized hydrocephalus by increased head circumference in association with ventriculomegaly. The median time interval between fetal cerebral ultrasound and fixing tissue for histology was four days. RESULTS: At 16 weeks GA, we observed neuroepithelial/ependymal denudation in the aqueduct and telencephalon together with sub-cortical heterotopias in absence of hydrocephalus and/or Chiari II malformation. At 21-34 weeks GA, we observed concurrence of aqueductal neuroepithelial/ependymal denudation and progenitor cell loss with the Chiari II malformation, whereas hydrocephalus was absent. At 37-40 weeks GA, neuroepithelial/ependymal denudation coincided with Chiari II malformation and hydrocephalus. Sub-arachnoidal fibrosis at the convexity was absent in all fetuses but present in the neonate. CONCLUSION: In fetal SBA, neuroepithelial/ependymal denudation in the telencephalon and the aqueduct can occur before Chiari II malformation and/or hydrocephalus. Since denuded areas cannot re-establish cell function, neuro-developmental consequences could induce permanent cerebral pathology.

Uso de sondas no radiactivas para la determinación del número de copias de genes y para el diagnóstico de enfermedades moleculares / Use of non radioactive probes to assess gene copy numbers and for the diagnosis of molecular diseases

Se sintetizó un análogo fotoactivable de biotina, el que se utilizó para marcar sondas de ácidos nucleicos. La marca se reveló con dos sistemas de detección avidina-peroxidasa y estreptavidina-fosfatasa alcalina, siendo ésta última la que demostró una mayor sensibilidad. Los plasmidos pSS1.8 y pSP64/U1 fueron fotobiotinilados y utilizados en ensayos de hibridación en gota con DNA extraido de leucocitos humanos. Despues de la incubacion con estreptavidina y fosfatasa alcalina biotinilada, la actividad de la enzima se reveló con un sustrato soluble. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran diferencias cuantitativas consistentes con el número de copias para globina y U1snRNA humano. El plasmido pSS1.8 fotobiotinilado se utilizó para identificar fragmentos de restricción de DNA genómico alterados en un paciente afectado de anemia de células falciformes. El gen de la globina mutado se detectó por digestión del DNA del paciente con la endonucleasa de restricción Dde I, seguido de una hibridación "Southern" con la sonda marcada