RESUMEN
The polyamine content of human breast milk, which is the first exogenous source of polyamines for the newborn, can be affected by several factors associated with the mother, the infant, or breastfeeding itself. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of different breastfeeding factors on the polyamines found in human milk. For this study, a cohort of 83 mothers was considered for up to 4 months, and a subgroup of 33 mothers were followed during the first six months of breastfeeding. Two breast milk samples were collected at each sampling point (foremilk and hindmilk) and the polyamine content was determined by UHPLC-FL. Polyamine levels varied considerably between the mothers and tended to decrease over time. Putrescine was the minor polyamine, whereas spermidine and spermine contents were very similar. The concentrations of the three polyamines were significantly higher in hindmilk than foremilk (p < 0.001). Spermidine and spermine levels decreased significantly through the lactation progress (p < 0.05). Finally, slightly higher levels of polyamines were observed in the milk of mothers providing partial, rather than full, breastfeeding, although the differences were not significant. The polyamine content in human milk was found to change during a single feed (foremilk versus hindmilk) and as lactation progressed, mainly in response to the specific circumstances of the newborn.
Asunto(s)
Lactancia Materna/métodos , Leche Humana/química , Poliaminas/análisis , Adolescente , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Peso al Nacer , Índice de Masa Corporal , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Estudios de Cohortes , Parto Obstétrico/métodos , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , México , Madres , Poliaminas/química , Putrescina/análisis , Espermidina/análisis , Espermina/análisis , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Objective: differences have been shown between males and females in terms of the prevalence of malnutrition in different parts of the world, which point to discrimination against females, including with respect to full breastfeeding. Therefore, the objective was to show that exclusive breastfeeding is less common for females in a population of medium-low and low socioeconomic strata. Methods: this was a cross-sectional analysis of a sample of 170 mother-infant dyads according to type of feeding (74 full breastfeeding, 57 partial breastfeeding and 39 human milk substitutes) at the Nuevo Hospital Civil de Guadalajara. Dependent variables according to type of feeding: full breastfeeding (exclusive and/or predominant), partial breastfeeding, and human milk substitutes. Independent variables: demographic data, schooling, occupation of mothers and/or parents, and family income. Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney U and Chi-square tests and odds ratio were used. Results: the probability of full breastfeeding was 3.8 times lower in females than in males. In a non-significant way, the likelihood of full breastfeeding was lower than that of partial breastfeeding, and full breastfeeding was lower than the combination of partial breastfeeding and human milk substitutes in females. Full breastfeeding and partial breastfeeding were lower than human milk substitutes, and partial breastfeeding was lower than human milk substitutes in females. Conclusion: there is a differentiated character in the privilege of full breastfeeding; it is four times lower in females than in males.
INTRODUCCIÓN: Objetivo: se han observado diferencias entre niñas y varones en la prevalencia de desnutrición en diferentes partes del mundo, lo que apunta a la discriminación contra las niñas, incluso con respecto a la lactancia materna completa. El objetivo fue mostrar que la lactancia completa es menos común en las niñas en una población de estratos socioeconómicos medio-bajo y bajo. Métodos: se realizó un análisis transversal de una muestra de 170 díadas madre-lactante según el tipo de alimentación (74 de lactancia completa, 57 de lactancia parcial y 39 sucedáneos de la leche humana) en el Nuevo Hospital Civil de Guadalajara. Variables dependientes según el tipo de alimentación: lactancia completa (exclusiva y/o predominante), lactancia parcial y sucedáneos de leche humana. Variables independientes: datos demográficos, escolaridad, ocupación de madres y/o padres e ingresos familiares. Se utilizaron pruebas de Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney U y Chi-cuadrado y razón de momios. Resultados: la probabilidad de lactancia materna completa fue 3,8 veces menor en niñas que en varones. De manera no significativa, la probabilidad de lactancia completa fue menor que la de lactancia parcial y la frecuencia de lactancia completa fue menor que la combinación de lactancia parcial y sucedáneos de leche humana en niñas. La frecuencia de lactancia completa y lactancia parcial fue menor que los sucedáneos de leche humana y la lactancia parcial fue menos frecuente que los sucedáneos de leche humana en niñas. Conclusión: hay un carácter diferenciado en el privilegio de ofrecer lactancia materna completa. Es cuatro veces menor en las niñas que en varones.