Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs (DMARDs) and drug interactions in dentistry.

OBJECTIVE: Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic autoimmune disease. Treatment aims to reduce and improve its signs and symptoms. Hence, Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs (DMARDs) are the treatment of choice. The objective of this study was to identify potential interactions between DMARDs and the drugs most frequently prescribed in dentistry in order to avoid adverse reactions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This literature review sets out to define possible adverse reactions provoked by pharmacological interactions between DMARDs and the drugs commonly prescribed in dentistry. A search was conducted in PubMed by searching the names of drugs used in dentistry, "drug interactions," "rheumatoid arthritis," and "dentistry", "hydroxychloroquine", "leflunomide", "methotrexate", "sulfasalazine", "adalimumab", "anakinra", "etanercept", "abatacept", "infliximab" and "rituximab". RESULTS: It was found that most DMARDs show potential interactions with many drugs used in dentistry, including various antibiotics, analgesics, anesthetics, antifungals, and corticosteroids. CONCLUSIONS: It is clinically important for oral health clinicians to be aware of possible drug interactions between DMARDs and the drugs commonly prescribed in dentistry to prevent potential adverse reactions and avoid endangering the patient.

Ictus isquémico e infección por SARS-CoV-2, ¿asociación casual o causal? / Ischaemic stroke and SARS-CoV-2 infection: A causal or incidental association?

INTRODUCCIÓN: Se ha comunicado la asociación de ictus isquémico y COVID-19, con mayor frecuencia en aquellos pacientes más graves. Sin embargo, se desconoce en qué medida podría estar en relación con la inflamación sistémica y la hipercoagulabilidad producidas en el contexto de la infección. MÉTODOS: Descripción de 4 pacientes atendidos en nuestro centro por ictus isquémico y diagnóstico de COVID-19, clasificándolos según el grado de probabilidad causal entre el estado de hipercoagulabilidad y el ictus isquémico. Revisión de la literatura sobre los posibles mecanismos implicados en la etiopatogenia del ictus isquémico en este contexto. RESULTADOS: Dos pacientes se consideraron con alta probabilidad causal: presentaban infartos corticales, sin enfermedad cardioembólica ni arterial significativa, con parámetros de inflamación sistémica e hipercoagulabilidad; las otras 2 pacientes eran de edad avanzada y el ictus isquémico se consideró cardioembólico, con una probable asociación casual de COVID-19. CONCLUSIONES: La inflamación sistémica, junto con la posible acción directa del virus, provocaría disfunción endotelial, generando un estado de hipercoagulabilidad que podría considerarse una causa potencial de ictus isquémico. Sin embargo, puesto que los mecanismos del ictus pueden ser múltiples, se precisan estudios más amplios que evalúen esta hipótesis. Mientras tanto, el estudio etiológico del ictus en pacientes con COVID-19 debe ser sistemático atendiendo a los protocolos vigentes, con las adaptaciones necesarias en relación con las circunstancias clínicas y epidemiológicas de la actual pandemia

INTRODUCTION: Ischaemic stroke has been reported in patients with COVID-19, particularly in more severe cases. However, it is unclear to what extent this is linked to systemic inflammation and hypercoagulability secondary to the infection. METHODS: We describe the cases of 4 patients with ischaemic stroke and COVID-19 who were attended at our hospital. Patients are classified according to the likelihood of a causal relationship between the hypercoagulable state and ischaemic stroke. We also conducted a review of studies addressing the possible mechanisms involved in the aetiopathogenesis of ischaemic stroke in these patients. RESULTS: The association between COVID-19 and stroke was probably causal in 2 patients, who presented cortical infarcts and had no relevant arterial or cardioembolic disease, but did show signs of hypercoagulability and systemic inflammation in laboratory analyses. The other 2 patients were of advanced age and presented cardioembolic ischaemic stroke; the association in these patients was probably incidental. CONCLUSIONS: Systemic inflammation and the potential direct action of the virus may cause endothelial dysfunction, resulting in a hypercoagulable state that could be considered a potential cause of ischaemic stroke. However, stroke involves multiple pathophysiological mechanisms; studies with larger samples are therefore needed to confirm our hypothesis. The management protocol for patients with stroke and COVID-19 should include a complete aetiological study, with the appropriate safety precautions always being observed

Ischaemic stroke and SARS-CoV-2 infection: A causal or incidental association? / Ictus isquémico e infección por SARS-CoV-2, ¿asociación casual o causal?

INTRODUCTION: Ischaemic stroke has been reported in patients with COVID-19, particularly in more severe cases. However, it is unclear to what extent this is linked to systemic inflammation and hypercoagulability secondary to the infection. METHODS: We describe the cases of 4 patients with ischaemic stroke and COVID-19 who were attended at our hospital. Patients are classified according to the likelihood of a causal relationship between the hypercoagulable state and ischaemic stroke. We also conducted a review of studies addressing the possible mechanisms involved in the aetiopathogenesis of ischaemic stroke in these patients. RESULTS: The association between COVID-19 and stroke was probably causal in 2 patients, who presented cortical infarcts and had no relevant arterial or cardioembolic disease, but did show signs of hypercoagulability and systemic inflammation in laboratory analyses. The other 2 patients were of advanced age and presented cardioembolic ischaemic stroke; the association in these patients was probably incidental. CONCLUSIONS: Systemic inflammation and the potential direct action of the virus may cause endothelial dysfunction, resulting in a hypercoagulable state that could be considered a potential cause of ischaemic stroke. However, stroke involves multiple pathophysiological mechanisms; studies with larger samples are therefore needed to confirm our hypothesis. The management protocol for patients with stroke and COVID-19 should include a complete aetiological study, with the appropriate safety precautions always being observed.