CT imaging of intrathoracic lymph nodes in dogs with bronchoscopically administered iodinated nanoparticles.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the study was to determine if airway instillation of iodinated nanoparticles results in contrast material enhancement of tracheobronchial lymph nodes in dogs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eight dogs underwent intrabronchial instillation of iodinated nanoparticles; six dogs received 900 mg each, and two dogs received 450 mg each. Spiral computed tomography (CT) was then performed 2-34 days later. RESULTS: CT scans obtained 2 days after instillation showed the presence of contrast material within the lung parenchyma but no nodal enhancement. Scans obtained 6-34 days after instillation showed enhancement of the right, left, and middle tracheobronchial lymph nodes (analogous to the mediastinal nodes in humans). Mean nodal attenuation on CT images was 117 HU +/- 43, and the mean nodal volume was 129 mm3 +/- 113. Histologic specimens of the nodes showed macrophage hyperplasia. CONCLUSION: Iodinated nanoparticles instilled into small airways are transported to the tracheobronchial lymph nodes, where they result in contrast enhancement.

Open field activity and human interaction as a function of age and breed in dogs.

Open field (OF) activity was studied in kennel reared purebred beagles from two separate colonies (2-13 years in age) and pound source mixed breed dogs (9 months to 10 years in age). Dogs were observed for 10 min sessions and records were taken of: locomotion, urination, sniffing, grooming, rearing, vocalizing, jumping frequencies and inactivity (16). Since dogs are uniquely social towards people, we also measured human interaction (HI), which recorded the same behaviors as during OF when a person was present in the room. Measures of exploratory behavior decreased as a function of age in pound source dogs in the OF test, but not in beagles from either colony. No breed differences were found between the young dogs. In the HI test, age effects were found in beagles but not pound source dogs. OF activity correlated with tests of cognitive function, but differences were found between the three groups. These findings indicate that OF activity is age-sensitive in dogs, but that breed and test conditions are also essential factors.

Osteosarcoma development following single inhalation exposure to americium-241 in beagle dogs.

Young, mature Beagle dogs underwent single inhalation exposure to respirable aerosols of 241AmO2 to determine the radiation dose distribution to tissues. The dogs were serially sacrificed to assess the clearance of 241Am from the lung, the rate of translocation to internal organs, the pattern of retention in the organs, and the rates and modes of excretion. Americium dioxide was relatively soluble in the lung, leading to the translocation of significant quantities of 241Am to bone and liver, thus delivering radiation doses to these tissues nearly equal to that received by the lung. Osteoblastic osteosarcomas developed in four dogs surviving more than 1000 days after exposure. Histologically, all of the osteosarcomas were associated with areas of radiation osteodystrophy characterized by bone infarction, peritrabecular new bone formation, marrow fibrosis, and microresorptive cavities. The retention and translocation of inhaled 241Am in dogs is similar to that of man, indicating that 241Am inhaled by humans may potentially result in significant risk of bone tumor development.