Identifying Trypanosome Protein-RNA Interactions Using RIP-Seq.

Trypanosomatids rely primarily on posttranscriptional mechanisms for the control of gene expression, with regulation of RNA processing, localization, degradation, and translation by RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). To determine the mechanisms by which RBPs control gene expression in trypanosomatids, transcriptome-wide identification of mRNA targets and mapping of the RNA-binding site is required. Here we present our most current RIP-Seq (RNA immunoprecipitation followed by high-throughput sequencing) protocol that we generally apply to elucidate RNA/protein interactions in Trypanosoma brucei. The technique provides valuable information about the workings of messenger ribonucleoprotein (mRNP) networks and trypanosome gene expression mechanisms.

The Tethering Assay: A Simple Method for the Characterization of mRNA-Fate Regulators.

In trypanosomatids, posttranscriptional controls are very important in regulation of individual gene expression. These are achieved through combinatorial sets of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) which recognize RNA regulatory motifs or regions of secondary structure within RNAs. To analyze the potential functional impact of an RBP on their mRNA targets, we have applied a robust technique called tethering assay. In this method, the protein under study is attached to an mRNA reporter through an artificial RNA-protein interaction. Therefore, the functional activity of a protein can be analyzed independently of its intrinsic ability to bind to RNA. By making use of a cell line expressing a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter mRNA, we have characterized dozens of novel mRNA-fate regulators in cultured Trypanosoma brucei. After induction of the candidate fusion protein, the effect on the reporter expression is determined by a rapid CAT assay. The protocol is simple and typically takes one working day for analysis of a single protein and controls. In this chapter, we provide a description of materials and methods for the tethering method and should allow the assay to be successfully deployed in any laboratory with minimal user training.

The suppressive cap-binding complex factor 4EIP is required for normal differentiation.

Trypanosoma brucei live in mammals as bloodstream forms and in the Tsetse midgut as procyclic forms. Differentiation from one form to the other proceeds via a growth-arrested stumpy form with low messenger RNA (mRNA) content and translation. The parasites have six eIF4Es and five eIF4Gs. EIF4E1 pairs with the mRNA-binding protein 4EIP but not with any EIF4G. EIF4E1 and 4EIP each inhibit expression when tethered to a reporter mRNA, but while tethered EIF4E1 suppresses only when 4EIP is present, suppression by tethered 4EIP does not require the interaction with EIF4E1. In growing bloodstream forms, 4EIP is preferentially associated with unstable mRNAs. Bloodstream- or procyclic-form trypanosomes lacking 4EIP have only a marginal growth disadvantage. Bloodstream forms without 4EIP are, however, defective in translation suppression during stumpy-form differentiation and cannot subsequently convert to growing procyclic forms. Intriguingly, the differentiation defect can be complemented by a truncated 4EIP that does not interact with EIF4E1. In contrast, bloodstream forms lacking EIF4E1 have a growth defect, stumpy formation seems normal, but they appear unable to grow as procyclic forms. We suggest that 4EIP and EIF4E1 fine-tune mRNA levels in growing cells, and that 4EIP contributes to translation suppression during differentiation to the stumpy form.

Expression of the RNA-binding protein RBP10 promotes the bloodstream-form differentiation state in Trypanosoma brucei.

In nearly all eukaryotes, cellular differentiation is governed by changes in transcription, and stabilized by chromatin and DNA modification. Gene expression control in the pathogen Trypanosoma brucei, in contrast, relies almost exclusively on post-transcriptional mechanisms, so RNA binding proteins must assume the burden that is usually borne by transcription factors. T. brucei multiply in the blood of mammals as bloodstream forms, and in the midgut of Tsetse flies as procyclic forms. We show here that a single RNA-binding protein, RBP10, promotes the bloodstream-form trypanosome differentiation state. Depletion of RBP10 from bloodstream-form trypanosomes gives cells that can grow only as procyclic forms; conversely, expression of RBP10 in procyclic forms converts them to bloodstream forms. RBP10 binds to procyclic-specific mRNAs containing an UAUUUUUU motif, targeting them for translation repression and destruction. Products of RBP10 target mRNAs include not only the major procyclic surface protein and enzymes of energy metabolism, but also protein kinases and stage-specific RNA-binding proteins: this suggests that alterations in RBP10 trigger a regulatory cascade.

Conversion of procyclic-form Trypanosoma brucei to the bloodstream form by transient expression of RBP10.

Bloodstream-form Trypanosoma brucei can lose the ability to differentiate to the procyclic form during prolonged in vitro culture. This can pose a problem during complicated genetic manipulation experiments, especially when the differentiation phenotype is under investigation. Ideally, to preserve differentiation competence, parasites should be cycled after every genetic manipulation step. Conversion of bloodstream-form Trypanosoma brucei to the procyclic form in vitro is routine, but conversion of procyclic forms to bloodstream forms has hitherto only been achieved in transgenic parasites with tetracycline-inducible expression of proteins with RNA-binding domains - either RBP6 or RBP10. This method, however, requires use of a selectable marker which might be needed for other purposes, and restricts options for tetracycline-inducible expression or repression of other genes. A simple method for inter-conversion that does not require permanent genetic manipulation would therefore be useful. Induced expression of RBP10 in procyclic forms gives faster differentiation than expression of RBP6, with a switch towards bloodstream forms within 48h. We here show that bloodstream forms can be obtained by transient transfection of procyclic forms with a circular plasmid designed for expression of RBP10 from an rRNA promoter. This method enables routine cycling of T. brucei without permanent genetic manipulation.

Depletion of the Trypanosome Pumilio domain protein PUF2 or of some other essential proteins causes transcriptome changes related to coding region length.

Pumilio domain RNA-binding proteins are known mainly as posttranscriptional repressors of gene expression that reduce mRNA translation and stability. Trypanosoma brucei has 11 PUF proteins. We show here that PUF2 is in the cytosol, with roughly the same number of molecules per cell as there are mRNAs. Although PUF2 exhibits a low level of in vivo RNA binding, it is not associated with polysomes. PUF2 also decreased reporter mRNA levels in a tethering assay, consistent with a repressive role. Depletion of PUF2 inhibited growth of bloodstream-form trypanosomes, causing selective loss of mRNAs with long open reading frames and increases in mRNAs with shorter open reading frames. Reexamination of published RNASeq data revealed the same trend in cells depleted of some other proteins. We speculate that these length effects could be caused by inhibition of the elongation phase of transcription or by an influence of translation status or polysomal conformation on mRNA decay.