Key factors influencing motivation among health extension workers and health care professionals in four regions of Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Although Ethiopia has improved access to health care in recent years, quality of care remains low. Health worker motivation is an important determinant of performance and affects quality of care. Low health care workers motivation can be associated with poor health care quality and client experience, non-attendance, and poor clinical outcome. Objective this study sought to determine the extent and variation of health professionals' motivation alongside factors associated with motivation. METHODS: We conducted a facility based cross-sectional study among health extension workers (HEWs) and health care professionals in four regions: Amhara, Oromia, South nations, and nationalities people's region (SNNPR) and Tigray from April 15 to May 10, 2018. We sampled 401 health system workers: skilled providers including nurses and midwives (n = 110), HEWs (n = 210); and non-patient facing health system staff representing case team leaders, facility and district heads, directors, and officers (n = 81). Participants completed a 30-item Likert scale ranking tool which asked questions across 17 domains. We used exploratory factor analysis to explore latent motivation constructs. RESULTS: Of the 397 responses with complete data, 61% (95% CI 56%-66%) self-reported motivation as "very good" or "excellent". Significant variation in motivation was seen across regions with SNNPR scoring significantly lower on a five-point Likert scale by 0.35 points (P = 0.003). The exploratory factor analysis identified a three-factors: personal and altruistic goals; pride and personal satisfaction; and recognition and support. The personal and altruistic goals factor varied across regions with Oromia and SNNPR being significantly lower by 0.13 (P = 0.018) and 0.12 (P = 0.039) Likert points respectively. The pride and personal satisfaction factor were higher among those aged > = 30 years by 0.14 Likert scale points (P = 0.045) relative to those aged between 19-24years. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, motivation was high among participants but varied across region, cadre, and age. Workload, leave, and job satisfaction were associated with motivation.

Using the WHO safe childbirth checklist to improve essential care delivery as part of the district-wide maternal and newborn health quality improvement initiative, a time series study.

BACKGROUND: Care bundles are a set of three to five evidence-informed practices which, when performed collectively and reliably, may improve health system performance and patient care. To date, many studies conducted to improve the quality of essential birth care practices (EBPs) have focused primarily on provider- level and have fallen short of the predicted impact on care quality, indicating that a systems approach is needed to improve the delivery of reliable quality care. This study evaluates the effect of integrating the use of the World Health Organization Safe Childbirth Checklist (WHO-SCC) into a district-wide system improvement collaborative program designed to improve and sustain the delivery of EBPs as measured by "clinical bundle" adherence over-time. METHODS: The WHO-SCC was introduced in the context of a district-wide Maternal and Newborn Health (MNH) collaborative quality of care improvement program in four agrarian Ethiopia regions. Three "clinical bundles" were created from the WHO-SCC: On Admission, Before Pushing, and Soon After Birth bundles. The outcome of each bundle was measured using all- or- none adherence. Adherence was assessed monthly by reviewing charts of live births. A time-series analysis was employed to assess the effectiveness of system-level interventions on clinical bundle adherence. STATA version 13.1 was used to analyze the trend of each bundle adherence overtime. Autocorrelation was checked to assess if the assumption of independence in observations collected overtime was valid. Prais-Winsten was used to minimize the effect of autocorrelation. FINDINGS: Quality improvement interventions targeting the three clinical bundles resulted in improved adherence over time across the four MNH collaborative. In Tankua Abergele collaborative (Tigray Region), the overall mean adherence to "On Admission" bundle was 86% with ß = 1.39 (95% CI; 0.47-2.32; P <  0.005) on average monthly. Similarly, the overall mean adherence to the "Before Pushing" bundle in Dugna Fango collaborative; Southern Nations, Nationalities and People's (SNNP) region was 80% with ß = 2.3 (95% CI; 0.89-3.74; P <  0.005) on average monthly. CONCLUSION: Using WHO-SCC paired with a system-wide quality improvement approach improved and sustained quality of EBPs delivery. Further studies should be conducted to evaluate the impact on patient-level outcomes.

Quality of maternal and newborn health care in Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Despite reports of universal access to and modest utilization of maternal and newborn health services in Ethiopia, mothers and newborns continue to die from preventable causes. Studies indicate this could be due to poor quality of care provided in health systems. Evidences show that high quality health care prevents more than half of all maternal deaths. In Ethiopia, there is limited knowledge surrounding the status of the quality of maternal and newborn health care in health facilities. This study aims to assess the quality of maternal and neonatal health care provision at the health facility level in four regions in Ethiopia. METHODOLOGY: This study employed a facility-based cross-sectional study design. It included 32 health facilities which were part of the facilities for prototyping maternal and neonatal health quality improvement interventions. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire, key informant interviews and record reviews. Data was entered in Microsoft Excel and exported to STATA for analysis. Descriptive analysis results are presented in texts, tables and graphs. Quality of maternal and neonatal health care was measured by input, process and outputs components. The components were developed by computing scores using standards used to measure the three components of the quality of maternal and neonatal health care. RESULT: The study was done in a total of 32 health facilities: 5 hospitals and 27 health centers in four regions. The study revealed that the average value of the quality of the maternal and neonatal health care input component among health facilities was 62%, while the quality of the process component was 43%. The quality of the maternal and neonatal health output component was 48%. According to the standard cut-off point for MNH quality of care, only 5 (15.6%), 3 (9.3%) and 3 (10.7%) of health facilities met the expected input, process and output maternal and neonatal health care quality standards, respectively. CONCLUSION: This study revealed that the majority of health facilities did not meet the national MNH quality of care standards. Focus should be directed towards improving the input, process and output standards of the maternal and neonatal health care quality, with the strongest focus on process improvement.

Effect of data quality improvement intervention on health management information system data accuracy: An interrupted time series analysis.

BACKGROUND: As part of a partnership between the Institute for Healthcare Improvement and the Ethiopian Federal Ministry of Health, woreda-based quality improvement collaboratives took place between November 2016 and December 2017 aiming to accelerate reduction of maternal and neonatal mortality in Lemu Bilbilu, Tanqua Abergele and Duguna Fango woredas. Before starting the collaboratives, assessments found inaccuracies in core measures obtained from Health Management Information System reports. METHODS AND RESULTS: Building on the quality improvement collaborative design, data quality improvement activities were added and we used the World Health Organization review methodology to drive a verification factor for the core measures of number of pregnant women that received their first antenatal care visit, number of pregnant women that received antenatal care on at least four visits, number of pregnant women tested for syphilis and number of births attended by skilled health personnel. Impact of the data quality improvement was assessed using interrupted time series analysis. We found accurate data across all time periods for Tanqua Abergele. In Lemu Bilbilu and Duguna Fango, data quality improved for all core metrics over time. In Duguna Fango, the verification factor for number of pregnant women that received their first antenatal care visit improved from 0.794 (95%CI 0.753, 0.836; p<0.001) pre-intervention by 0.173 (95%CI 0.128, 0.219; p<0.001) during the collaborative; and the verification factor for number of pregnant women tested for syphilis improved from 0.472 (95%CI 0.390, 0.554; p<0.001) pre-intervention by 0.460 (95%CI 0.369, 0.552; p<0.001) during the collaborative. In Lemu Bilbilu, the verification factor for number of pregnant women receiving a fourth antenatal visit rose from 0.589 (95%CI 0.513, 0.664; p<0.001) at baseline by 0.358 (95%CI 0.258, 0.458; p<0.001) post-intervention; and skilled birth attendance rose from 0.917 (95%CI 0.869, 0.965) at baseline by 0.083 (95%CI 0.030, 0.136; p<0.001) during the collaborative. CONCLUSIONS: A Data quality improvement initiative embedded within woreda clinical improvement collaborative improved accuracy of data used to monitor maternal and newborn health services in Ethiopia.

The impacts of quality improvement on maternal and newborn health: preliminary findings from a health system integrated intervention in four Ethiopian regions.

BACKGROUND: Quality improvement (QI) methods are effective in improving healthcare delivery using sustainable, collaborative, and cost-effective approaches. Systems-integrated interventions offer promise in terms of producing sustainable impacts on service quality and coverage, but can also improve important data quality and information systems at scale. METHODS: This study assesses the preliminary impacts of a first phase, quasi-experimental, QI health systems intervention on maternal and neonatal health outcomes in four pilot districts in Ethiopia. The intervention identified, trained, and coached QI teams to develop and test change ideas to improve service delivery. We use an interrupted time-series approach to evaluate intervention effects over 32-months. Facility-level outcome indicators included: proportion of mothers receiving four antenatal care visits, skilled delivery, syphilis testing, early postnatal care, proportion of low birth weight infants, and measures of quality delivery of childbirth services. RESULTS: Following the QI health systems intervention, we found a significant increase in the rate of syphilis testing (ß = 2.41, 95% CI = 0.09,4.73). There were also large positive impacts on health worker adherence to safe child birth practices just after birth (ß = 8.22, 95% CI = 5.15, 11.29). However, there were limited detectable impacts on other facility-usage indicators. Findings indicate early promise of systems-integrated QI on the delivery of maternal health services, and increased some service coverage. CONCLUSIONS: This study preliminarily demonstrates the feasibility of complex, low-cost, health-worker driven improvement interventions that can be adapted in similar settings around the world, though extended follow up time may be required to detect impacts on service coverage. Policy makers and health system workers should carefully consider what these findings mean for scaling QI approaches in Ethiopia and other similar settings.

The Ethiopia healthcare quality initiative: design and initial lessons learned.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the development, implementation and initial outcomes of a national quality improvement (QI) intervention in Ethiopia. DESIGN: Retrospective descriptive study of initial prototype phase implementation outcomes. SETTING: All public facilities in one selected prototype district in each of four agrarian regions. PARTICIPANTS: Facility QI teams composed of managers, healthcare workers and health extension workers. INTERVENTIONS: The Ethiopian Federal Ministry of Health (FMoH) and the Institute for Healthcare Improvement co-designed a three-pronged approach to accelerate health system improvement nationally, which included developing a national healthcare quality strategy (NHQS); building QI capability at all health system levels and introducing scalable district MNH QI collaboratives across four regions, involving healthcare providers and managers. OUTCOME MEASURES: Implementation outcomes including fidelity, acceptability, adoption and program effectiveness. RESULTS: The NHQS was launched in 2016 and governance structures were established at the federal, regional and sub-regional levels to oversee implementation. A total of 212 federal, regional and woreda managers have been trained in context-specific QI methods, and a national FMoH-owned in-service curriculum has been developed. Four prototype improvement collaboratives have been completed with high fidelity and acceptability. About 102 MNH change ideas were tested and a change package was developed with 83 successfully tested ideas. CONCLUSION: The initial successes observed are attributable to the FMoH's commitment in implementing the initiative, the active engagement of all stakeholders and the district-wide approach utilized. Challenges included weak data systems and security concerns. The second phase-in 26 district-level collaboratives-is now underway.

Pre-ART retention in care and prevalence of tuberculosis among HIV-infected children at a district hospital in southern Ethiopia.

BACKGROUND: The Ethiopian epidemic is currently on the wane. However, the situation for infected children is in some ways lagging behind due to low treatment coverage and deficient prevention of mother-to-child transmission. Too few studies have examined HIV infected children presenting to care in low-income countries in general. Considering the presence of local variations in the nature of the epidemic a study in Ethiopia could be of special value for the continuing fight against HIV. The aim of this study is to describe the main characteristics of children with HIV presenting to care at a district hospital in a resource-limited area in southern Ethiopia. The aim was also to analyse factors affecting pre-ART loss to follow-up, time to ART-initiation and disease stage upon presentation. METHODS: This was a prospective cohort study. The data analysed were collected in 2009 for the period January 2003 through December 2008 at Arba Minch Hospital and additional data on the ART-need in the region were obtained from official reports. RESULTS: The pre-ART loss to follow-up rate was 29.7%. Older children (10-14 years) presented in a later stage of their disease than younger children (76.9% vs. 45.0% in 0-4 year olds, chi-square test, χ2 = 8.8, P = 0.01). Older girls presented later than boys (100.0% vs. 57.1%, Fisher's exact test, P = 0.02). Children aged 0-4 years were more likely to be lost to follow-up (40.0 vs. 21.8%, chi-square test, χ2 = 5.4, P = 0.02) and had a longer time to initiate ART (Cox regression analysis, HR: 0.50, 95% CI: 0.25-0.97, P = 0.04, controlling for sex, place of residence, enrollment phase and WHO clinical stage upon presentation). Neither sex was overrepresented in the sample. Tuberculosis prevalence upon presentation and previous history of tubercolosis were 14.5% and 8% respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The loss to follow-up is alarmingly high and children present too late. Further research is needed to explore specific causes and possible solutions.

Patients present earlier and survival has improved, but pre-ART attrition is high in a six-year HIV cohort data from Ethiopia.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies showed higher early mortality rates among patients treated with antiretroviral drugs in settings with limited resources. One of the reasons was late presentation of patients to care. With improved access to HIV services, we expect improvements in disease stage at presentation. Our objective was to assess the effect of improved availability of HIV services on patient presentation to care and subsequent pre-ART and on-ART outcomes. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: At Arba Minch Hospital in Ethiopia, we reviewed baseline characteristics and outcomes of 2191 adult HIV patients. Nearly a half were in WHO stage III at presentation. About two-thirds of the patients (1428) started ART. Patients enrolled in the early phase (OR = 4.03, 95% CI 3.07-5.27), men (OR = 1.78, 95%CI 1.47-2.16), and those aged 45 years and above (OR = 2.04, 95%CI 1.48-2.82) were at higher risk of being in advanced clinical stage at presentation. The pre-treatment mortality rate was 13.1 per 100 PYO, ranging from 1.4 in the rapid scale-up phase to 25.9 per 100 PYO in the early phase. A quarter of the patients were lost to follow-up before starting treatment. Being in less advanced stage (HR = 1.9, 95% CI = 1.6, 2.2), being in the recent cohort (HR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.6, 2.6), and rural residence (HR = 1.8, 95% CI = 1.5, 2.2) were independent predictors of pre-ART loss to follow-up. Of those who started ART, 13.4% were lost to follow-up and 15.4% died. The survival improved during the study. Patients with advanced disease, men and older people had higher death rates. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE: Patients started to present at earlier stages of their illness and death has decreased among adult HIV patients visiting Arba Minch Hospital. However, many patients were lost from pre-treatment follow-up. Early treatment start contributed to improved survival. Both pre-ART and on-ART patient retention mechanisms should be strengthened.