Factors associated with smoking abstinence after diagnosis of early stage lung cancer.

Smoking cessation after a diagnosis of lung cancer is associated with improved outcomes, including quality of life and survival. The research presented here is based on data obtained from sequential interviews with early stage lung cancer patients in Kentucky, on their smoking patterns at four time points: (1) six months before enrollment in the study, before diagnosis, (2) at enrollment (shortly after surgical resection), (3) three months post-enrollment, and (4) six months post-enrollment. A number of covariates were considered to examine the factors associated with smoking abstinence and rebound trajectories. The results indicate that, while about 75% of patients who were smoking at six months before enrollment had quit by the first post-surgery interview, almost 50% of them had returned to smoking six months later. Multivariate analysis to evaluate the relative contribution of covariates indicated that low household income, exposure to environmental tobacco smoke at home and evidence of depression were positively associated with returning to smoking. Furthermore, even after controlling for these factors, patients from the Appalachian region of Kentucky, an area with substantially high smoking prevalence and very high lung cancer incidence rates, were less likely to abstain from smoking throughout the study than subjects in the rest of the state. Future research is suggested to investigate in more detail the tobacco-related behaviors and cessation attempts of patients and their families, which can lead to more targeted, successful smoking cessation interventions for lung cancer patients.

A randomized, double-blind trial comparing continuous thoracic epidural bupivacaine with and without opioid in contrast to a continuous paravertebral infusion of bupivacaine for post-thoracotomy pain.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the results of continuous epidural bupivacaine analgesia with and without hydromorphone to continuous paravertebral analgesia with bupivcaine in patients with post-thoracotomy pain. DESIGN: A prospective, randomized, double-blinded trial. SETTING: A teaching hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Patients at a tertiary care teaching hospital undergoing throracotomy for lung cancer. INTERVENTIONS: Subjects were assigned randomly to receive a continuous thoracic epidural or paravertebral infusion. Patients in the epidural group were randomized to receive either bupivacaine alone or in combination with hydromorphone. Visual analog scores as well as incentive spirometery results were obtained before and after thoracotomy. METHODS AND MAIN RESULTS: Seventy-five consecutive patients presenting for thoracotomy were enrolled in this institutional review board-approved study. On the morning of surgery, subjects were randomized to either an epidural group receiving bupvicaine with and without hydromorphone or a paravertebral catheter-infused bupvicaine. Postoperative visual analog scores and incentive spirometry data were measured in the postanesthesia care unit, the evening of the first operative day, and daily thereafter until postoperative day 4. Analgesia on all postoperative days was superior in the thoracic epidural group receiving bupivacaine plus hydromorphone. Analgesia was similar in the epidural and continuous paravertebral groups receiving bupivacaine alone. No significant improvement was noted by combining the continuous infusion of bupivacaine via the paravertebral and epidural routes. Incentive spirometry goals were best achieved in the epidural bupivacaine and hydromorphone group and equal in the group receiving bupivacaine alone either via epidural or continuous paravertebral infusion. CONCLUSIONS: The current study provided data that fill gaps in the current literature in 3 important areas. First, this study found that thoracic epidural analgesia (TEA) with bupivacaine and a hydrophilic opioid, hydromorphone, may provide enhanced analgesia over TEA or continuous paravertebral infusion (CPI) with bupivacaine alone. Second, in the bupivacaine-alone group, the increased basal rates required to achieve analgesia resulted in hypotension more frequently than in the bupivacaine/hydromorphone combination group, underscoring the benefit of the synergistic activity. Finally, in agreement with previous retrospective studies, the current data suggest that CPI of local anesthetic appears to provide acceptable analgesia for post-thoracotomy pain.

Twenty years of progress in congenital diaphragmatic hernia at the University of Florida.

Over the past 20 years the clinical paradigms underlying the care of children with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) have undergone profound changes. The purpose of this work is to provide an historic review of research and clinical studies related to CDH at the University of Florida (UF) and Shands Children's Hospital during the chairmanship of Edward M. Copeland, III, M.D. and to present our current clinical results. During Dr Copeland's tenure survival for newborns symptomatic with CDH treated at UF/Shands Children's Hospital has improved from less than 20 per cent to 85 per cent. Clinical observations have suggested and research studies at UF using a fetal lamb model have confirmed that fetal distress can occur late in gestation, which may predispose infants with CDH to pulmonary hypertension. However, our patient experience has confirmed that the most significant cause of mortality in human infants is not pulmonary hypertension but iatrogenic injury to their hypoplastic lungs. Strict avoidance of barotrauma in these babies has been the most important clinical advance during these two decades. Significant clinical and research problems remain including defining optimal prenatal care, management of complications during the first few weeks of life, and development of strategies to accelerate lung growth. Dramatic improvements in survival have resulted in children who manifest a number of clinical problems that were not evident when most of these patients died early in infancy. Our experience at Shand's Children's Hospital/UF indicates that feeding problems, respiratory infections, and management of subtle or overt neurologic complications may become major issues for some of these survivors and their families.