Tendencias temporales en las características, tratamiento y resultados de la insuficiencia cardiaca en octogenarios durante dos décadas / Temporal trends in characteristics, treatment, and outcomes of heart failure in octogenarians over two decades

Introducción y objetivos Los octogenarios representan el segmento de población de más rápida expansión en Europa; la prevalencia de la insuficiencia cardiaca (IC) en este grupo supera el 10%. Se evaluaron los cambios en las características clínicas, el tratamiento y los resultados a un año durante dos décadas en pacientes ambulatorios con IC crónica de edad ≥ 80 años incluidos en un registro nacional de cardiología. Métodos Se incluyó a 2 520 octogenarios con mediciones de la fracción de eyección ecocardiográfica basal y seguimiento a 1 año disponibles, inscritos en 138 clínicas ambulatorias de IC (21% de los hospitales nacionales con unidades de cardiología), reclutados a lo largo de tres épocas (1999-2005, 2006-2011, 2012-2018). Resultados En el momento de la inclusión, a lo largo de los 3 periodos de estudio, aumentaron la edad, el índice de masa corporal, la fracción de eyección, la prevalencia de obesidad, diabetes, dislipemia, hipertensión preexistente y la historia de fibrilación auricular. La proporción de pacientes con fracción de eyección conservada aumentó del 19,4% al 32,7% (p de tendencia <0,0001). Los marcadores de enfermedad avanzada se hicieron menos prevalentes. La prescripción de bloqueadores beta y antagonistas de los receptores de mineralocorticoides aumentó con el tiempo. Durante el seguimiento a un año, 308 pacientes fallecieron (12,2%) y 360 (14,3%) fueron ingresados por causas cardiovasculares; en total, 591 (23,5%) alcanzaron el objetivo primario combinado de mortalidad por todas las causas u hospitalización cardiovascular. Mediante un análisis multivariable ajustado, la inclusión en 2006-2011 (HR=0,70; IC95%, 0,55-0,90; p=0,004) y 2012-2018 (HR=0,61; IC95%, 0,47-0,79; p=0,0002), conllevó un menor riesgo del resultado primario que la inclusión en el periodo 1999-2005. Conclusiones Entre los octogenarios, a lo largo de 2 décadas, la prevalencia de los factores de riesgo aumentó (AU)

Introduction and objectives Octogenarians represent the most rapidly expanding population segment in Europe. The prevalence of heart failure (HF) in this group exceeds 10%. We assessed changes in clinical characteristics, therapy, and 1-year outcomes over 2 decades in chronic HF outpatients aged ≥ 80 years enrolled in a nationwide cardiology registry. Methods We included 2520 octogenarians with baseline echocardiographic ejection fraction measurements and available 1-year follow-up, who were recruited at 138 HF outpatient clinics (21% of national hospitals with cardiology units), across 3 enrolment periods (1999-2005, 2006-2011, 2012-2018).Result At recruitment, over the 3 study periods, there was an increase in age, body mass index, ejection fraction, the prevalence of obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia, pre-existing hypertension, and atrial fibrillation history. The proportion of patients with preserved ejection fraction rose from 19.4% to 32.7% (P for trend <.0001). Markers of advanced disease became less prevalent. Prescription of beta-blockers and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists increased over time. During the 1-year follow-up, 308 patients died (12.2%) and 360 (14.3%) were admitted for cardiovascular causes; overall, 591 (23.5%) met the combined primary endpoint of all-cause mortality or cardiovascular hospitalization. On adjusted multivariable analysis, enrolment in 2006 to 2011 (HR, 0.70; 95%CI, 0.55-0.90; P=.004) and 2012 to 2018 (HR, 0.61; 95%CI, 0.47-0.79; P=.0002) carried a lower risk of the primary outcome than recruitment in 1999 to 2005. Conclusions Among octogenarians, over 2 decades, risk factor prevalence increased, management strategies improved, and survival remained stable, but the proportion hospitalized for cardiovascular causes declined. Despite increasing clinical complexity, in cardiology settings the burden of hospitalizations in the oldest old with chronic HF is declining (AU)

[Arrhythmia risk stratification in patients with heart failure according to drug treatment and its effects]. / Stratificazione del rischio aritmico nei pazienti con scompenso cardiaco in base al trattamento farmacologico ed ai suoi effetti.

Despite therapeutic advances in heart failure treatment, this syndrome still presents a poor prognosis, with a relevant mortality due to both systolic dysfunction progression and sudden death. Sudden cardiac death appears to be relatively more frequent in less compromised patients (NYHA functional class I) but in absolute numbers it is more frequent in more functionally compromised patients. The ability to predict sudden cardiac events with current available tests is poor, with the possible exception of electrophysiological test in ischemic cardiomyopathy. The risk of sudden death is proven to be increased in more advanced cardiac dysfunction and frequently the acute event can be precipitated by ischemia. Therefore the best approach in the prevention of sudden cardiac death may well be the proper treatment of ischemia and cardiac dysfunction. Beta-blockers have demonstrated a favorable effect in the prevention of sudden cardiac death. ACE-inhibitors can significantly reduce global death in heart failure patients, but their impact on sudden death appears to be limited. The same may be true for angiotensin II blockers. Diuretics have generally been demonstrated to increase sudden death, possibly via electrolyte imbalance; this may explain why spironolactone has a pronounced impact in reducing sudden death. Inotropes, in spite of their good effect on refractory heart failure and their usefulness in the compassionate care of terminally ill heart failure patients, have demonstrated an increase in sudden cardiac death. The same holds true for digoxin, in spite of its ability to reduce death due to heart failure deterioration. Antiarrhythmic drugs, with the possible exception of amiodarone, have demonstrated an unfavorable effect on sudden death incidence.

Assessment of left ventricular function by meridional and circumferential end-systolic stress/minor-axis shortening relations in dilated cardiomyopathy.

Echocardiographic meridional wall stress-endocardial shortening relations provide estimates of left ventricular (LV) contractility that do not uniformly detect myocardial dysfunction despite severe symptoms in dilated cardiomyopathy. To improve detection of myocardial dysfunction in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) due to dilated cardiomyopathy, echocardiographic meridional and circumferential end-systolic stress were related to endocardial and midwall shortening in 42 patients (95% dead within a mean of 22 months) with dilated cardiomyopathy and 140 normal subjects. A method to estimate LV long-axis dimension from M-mode minor-axis epicardial measurements was developed in a separate series of 115 subjects. Endocardial shortening to meridional wall stress relation identified 31 of 42 CHF patients falling below the 95% normal confidence interval of the reference population; use of midwall shortening decreased this number to 26 (p = NS). The use of circumferential wall stress identified 39 of 42 patients with subnormal endocardial LV shortening and 41 of 42 patients with depressed midwall performance (p < 0.01 vs use of meridional stress). The circumferential/meridional wall stress ratio was 2.6 +/- 0.5 in normal subjects and 1.3 +/- 0.2 in CHF patients (p < 0.0001). Thus, use of circumferential end-systolic stress as the measure of afterload improves the detection of myocardial dysfunction by stress/shortening relations in patients with CHF. The ratio between the 2 stresses decreases with more spherical LV shape. Midwall and endocardial shortening measurements are equivalent in the setting of thin LV walls as occurs in dilated cardiomyopathy.

Echocardiographic identification of infective endocarditis within a congenital left sinus of Valsalva-right atrial communication.

A rare case is described of infective endocarditis within a congenital left sinus of Valsalva aneurysm to right atrial communication diagnosed by a combination of precordial and transesophageal echocardiography. The respective roles of precordial and transesophageal echocardiography in this case are discussed with regard to both diagnosis and surgical decision making.