[Body image and associated factors among students from the municipal school network in a city in southern Brazil]. / Imagem corporal e fatores associados em estudantes da rede municipal de ensino em uma cidade no sul do Brasil.

A negative perception of body image is related to worsening of physical and mental health. This cross-sectional study sought to describe the relationship between body image and demographic, socioeconomic and behavioral factors in ninth grade students from 25 municipal elementary schools in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul. A total of 810 students participated (85% of those eligible), aged 13 to 22 years (mean age 14.9 years). Data were collected through a standardized and pre-coded questionnaire and the relationship between the outcome (satisfied/indifferent or dissatisfied with body image), and independent variables were analyzed using Multinomial Logistic Regression. The prevalence of body dissatisfaction of 31%, higher among girls who tried smoking or alcohol, suffered bullying, perceived themselves as fat/thin and tried to lose/gain weight. There was greater indifference among those who attributed little or no importance to image. In boys, there was a higher incidence of dissatisfaction among those who tried smoking, suffered bullying, gave little/no importance to image, saw themselves as fat and tried to gain weight. There was greater indifference in boys who attributed little importance to image and were obese. A third of the sample were dissatisfied, which was associated with various behavioral factors.

A percepção negativa da imagem corporal está relacionada à piora da saúde física e mental. Estudo transversal objetivou descrever a relação entre imagem corporal e fatores demográficos, socioeconômicos e comportamentais nos estudantes do nono ano de 25 escolas municipais de ensino fundamental em Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul. Participaram 810 estudantes (85% dos elegíveis), de 13 a 22 anos (média de 14,9 anos). Dados foram coletados mediante questionário padronizado e pré-codificado e a relação entre o desfecho (estar satisfeito, indiferente ou insatisfeito em relação à imagem corporal), e variáveis independentes, foi analisada por Regressão Logística Multinomial. Prevalência de insatisfação corporal de 31%, maior entre as meninas que experimentaram fumo ou álcool, sofreram bullying, se percebiam como gordas ou magras e tentavam perder ou ganhar peso. Maior indiferença nas que atribuíram pouca ou nenhuma importância à imagem. Nos meninos, mais chances de insatisfação entre os que experimentaram fumo, sofreram bullying, atribuíram pouca ou nenhuma importância à imagem, se percebiam gordos e tentavam ganhar peso. Maior indiferença nos meninos que atribuíram pouca importância à imagem e estavam obesos. Cerca de um terço da amostra apresentou insatisfação, que esteve associada a alguns fatores comportamentais.

[Bullying victimization and associated factors among schoolchildren in a city in the south of Brazil]. / Vitimização por bullying e fatores associados entre escolares de um município do Sul do Brasil.

The objective was to assess the prevalence of bullying victimization and associated factors among adolescents in the city of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul. A cross-sectional school-based study was conducted with 795 ninth grade students from 25 urban municipal schools linked to the School Health Program. Bullying was assessed using questions that addressed the occurrence, frequency, location, type of violence suffered and how much it bothers the victims. Gross and adjusted analyses were performed by Poisson regression. Approximately 71% of the students reported having suffered bullying, and school was the location of greatest occurrence (86.7%). Among the types of aggression suffered, "nicknames" was the most recurrent complaint (88.4%), followed by exclusion or isolation (26.6%). Victimization was more frequent among girls (PR 1.13; 95%CI 1.02-1.27), students with non-white skin color/race (PR 1.16; 95%CI 1.05-1.29), who have already tried tobacco (PR 1.14; 95%CI 1.03-1.27), dissatisfied (PR 1.42; 95%CI 1.27-1.58) or indifferent (PR 1.21; 95%CI 1.02-1.43) about their bodies, and who were overweight (PR 1.15; 95%CI 1.04-1.27). The results show that bullying is a frequent practice in the school environment, pointing to the need for educational practices aimed at reducing and preventing this type of violence.

O objetivo foi avaliar a prevalência de vitimização por bullying e seus fatores associados entre adolescentes da cidade de Pelotas, RS. Estudo transversal de base escolar realizado com 795 alunos do 9o ano do ensino fundamental de 25 escolas municipais urbanas vinculadas ao PSE. O bullying foi avaliado por meio de perguntas que abordaram a ocorrência, a frequência, o local, o tipo de violência sofrida e o quanto isso incomoda as vítimas. Análises bruta e ajustada foram feitas por regressão de Poisson. Aproximadamente 71% dos estudantes relataram ter sofrido bullying, a escola foi o local de maior ocorrência (86,7%). Entre os tipos de agressões sofridas, "apelidos" foi a queixa mais recorrente (88,4%), seguida por exclusão ou isolamento (26,6%). A vitimização foi mais frequente entre as meninas (RP 1,13; IC95% 1,02-1,27), estudantes com cor da pele/raça não branca (RP 1,16; IC95% 1,05-1,29), que já experimentaram tabaco (RP 1,14; IC95% 1,03-1,27), insatisfeitos (RP 1,42; IC95% 1,27-1,58) ou indiferentes (RP 1,21; IC95% 1,02-1,43) em relação ao corpo e que apresentavam excesso de peso (RP 1,15; IC95% 1,04-1,27). Os resultados mostram que o bullying é uma prática frequente no ambiente escolar, apontando para a necessidade de práticas educativas voltadas para a redução e prevenção desse tipo de violência.

Vitimização por bullying e fatores associados entre escolares de um município do Sul do Brasil / Bullying victimization and associated factors among schoolchildren in a city in the south of Brazil

Resumo O objetivo foi avaliar a prevalência de vitimização por bullying e seus fatores associados entre adolescentes da cidade de Pelotas, RS. Estudo transversal de base escolar realizado com 795 alunos do 9o ano do ensino fundamental de 25 escolas municipais urbanas vinculadas ao PSE. O bullying foi avaliado por meio de perguntas que abordaram a ocorrência, a frequência, o local, o tipo de violência sofrida e o quanto isso incomoda as vítimas. Análises bruta e ajustada foram feitas por regressão de Poisson. Aproximadamente 71% dos estudantes relataram ter sofrido bullying, a escola foi o local de maior ocorrência (86,7%). Entre os tipos de agressões sofridas, "apelidos" foi a queixa mais recorrente (88,4%), seguida por exclusão ou isolamento (26,6%). A vitimização foi mais frequente entre as meninas (RP 1,13; IC95% 1,02-1,27), estudantes com cor da pele/raça não branca (RP 1,16; IC95% 1,05-1,29), que já experimentaram tabaco (RP 1,14; IC95% 1,03-1,27), insatisfeitos (RP 1,42; IC95% 1,27-1,58) ou indiferentes (RP 1,21; IC95% 1,02-1,43) em relação ao corpo e que apresentavam excesso de peso (RP 1,15; IC95% 1,04-1,27). Os resultados mostram que o bullying é uma prática frequente no ambiente escolar, apontando para a necessidade de práticas educativas voltadas para a redução e prevenção desse tipo de violência.

Abstract The objective was to assess the prevalence of bullying victimization and associated factors among adolescents in the city of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul. A cross-sectional school-based study was conducted with 795 ninth grade students from 25 urban municipal schools linked to the School Health Program. Bullying was assessed using questions that addressed the occurrence, frequency, location, type of violence suffered and how much it bothers the victims. Gross and adjusted analyses were performed by Poisson regression. Approximately 71% of the students reported having suffered bullying, and school was the location of greatest occurrence (86.7%). Among the types of aggression suffered, "nicknames" was the most recurrent complaint (88.4%), followed by exclusion or isolation (26.6%). Victimization was more frequent among girls (PR 1.13; 95%CI 1.02-1.27), students with non-white skin color/race (PR 1.16; 95%CI 1.05-1.29), who have already tried tobacco (PR 1.14; 95%CI 1.03-1.27), dissatisfied (PR 1.42; 95%CI 1.27-1.58) or indifferent (PR 1.21; 95%CI 1.02-1.43) about their bodies, and who were overweight (PR 1.15; 95%CI 1.04-1.27). The results show that bullying is a frequent practice in the school environment, pointing to the need for educational practices aimed at reducing and preventing this type of violence.

Healthy eating markers among adolescents from the municipal school system in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 2019: a cross-sectional study.

MAIN RESULTS: Around 3% of the students regularly consumed the five healthy eating markers, with beans being the most frequently consumed; strong association was found between healthy eating markers and behavioral variables. Implications for services: The results obtained can contribute for interventions, programs and actions, particularly in the school environment, aimed at promoting an adequate and healthy diet. PERSPECTIVES: Better targeting of interventions, programs and actions developed in the school environment, seeking to increase consumption of fresh and minimally processed food, along with the adoption of healthy behaviors. OBJECTIVE: to analyze the consumption of healthy eating markers among adolescent students in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, in 2019. METHODS: this was a cross-sectional study carried out in schools taking part in the Health at School Program. Consumption of the five markers (beans, milk, fruit, cooked vegetables and raw salads) within five days prior to the study, obtained through a self-administered questionnaire, was defined as regular. Association between demographic, socioeconomic and behavioral variables and the outcomes was analyzed using Poisson regression. RESULTS: among the 797 respondents, 2.8% (95%CI 1.8;4.1) reported regular consumption. Beans were the most regularly consumed food (48.3%); fruit, cooked vegetables and raw salads were consumed regularly by less than 30% of the students. Doing physical activities, having breakfast and having meals with the family were associated with regular consumption of the foods assessed. CONCLUSION: regular consumption of healthy foods was low in this population, and was associated with behavioral factors.

Marcadores de alimentação saudável entre adolescentes da rede municipal de ensino de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, 2019: estudo transversal / Healthy eating markers among adolescents from the municipal school system in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 2019: a cross-sectional study / Marcadores de alimentación saludable entre adolescentes del sistema escolar municipal de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, 2019: estudio transversal

Objetivo: analisar o consumo de marcadores de alimentação saudável entre adolescentes escolares de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, em 2019. Métodos: estudo transversal, realizado nas escolas vinculadas ao Programa Saúde na Escola; o consumo dos cinco marcadores (feijão, leite, frutas, vegetais cozidos, saladas cruas) em até cinco dias antecedentes ao estudo, obtido mediante questionário autoaplicado, foi definido como regular; a associação de variáveis demográficas, socioeconômicas e comportamentais com os desfechos foi analisada por regressão de Poisson. Resultados: entre os 797 entrevistados, 2,8% (IC95% 1,8;4,1) referiram consumo regular; o feijão foi o alimento mais consumido regularmente (48,3%); frutas, vegetais cozidos e saladas cruas foram consumidos regularmente por menos de 30% dos escolares; praticar atividade física, tomar café da manhã e realizar refeições com a família estiveram associados ao consumo regular dos alimentos avaliados. Conclusão: o consumo regular de alimentos saudáveis, encontrado baixo nessa população, associou-se com fatores comportamentais.

Objective: to analyze the consumption of healthy eating markers among adolescent students in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, in 2019. Methods: this was a cross-sectional study carried out in schools taking part in the Health at School Program. Consumption of the five markers (beans, milk, fruit, cooked vegetables and raw salads) within five days prior to the study, obtained through a self-administered questionnaire, was defined as regular. Association between demographic, socioeconomic and behavioral variables and the outcomes was analyzed using Poisson regression. Results: among the 797 respondents, 2.8% (95%CI 1.8;4.1) reported regular consumption. Beans were the most regularly consumed food (48.3%); fruit, cooked vegetables and raw salads were consumed regularly by less than 30% of the students. Doing physical activities, having breakfast and having meals with the family were associated with regular consumption of the foods assessed. Conclusion: regular consumption of healthy foods was low in this population, and was associated with behavioral factors.

Objetivo: analizar el consumo de marcadores de alimentación saludable entre estudiantes adolescentes de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, en 2019. Métodos: estudio transversal realizado en escuelas vinculadas al Programa Salud en la Escuela. Se definió como regular el consumo de los cinco marcadores (porotos, leche, frutas, vegetales cocidos y ensaladas crudas) dentro de los cinco días previos al estudio, obtenidos a través de un cuestionario autoadministrado. La asociación entre variables demográficas, socioeconómicas y conductuales con los resultados se analizó mediante la regresión de Poisson. Resultados: entre los 797 encuestados, el 2,8% (IC95% 1,8; 4,1) informó un consumo regular. Los porotos fueron el alimento más consumido (48,3%). Frutas, verduras cocidas y ensaladas crudas fueron consumidas regularmente por menos del 30% de los estudiantes. La práctica de actividad física, el desayuno y las comidas en familia se asociaron con mayor consumo de los alimentos evaluados. Conclusión: el consumo regular de alimentos saludables fue bajo en esta población y se asoció con factores conductuales.

Diet quality among adolescents in the public education system in a municipality in Southern Brazil: a cross-sectional study, 2019. / Qualidade da dieta de adolescentes da rede pública de ensino de um município do sul do Brasil: estudo transversal, 2019.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the factors associated with the diet quality among 9th grade students in the municipal education system of Pelotas, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study, conducted in 2019. Food information was collected using a food frequency questionnaire, and diet quality was assessed through an index developed by the authors. Diet was classified as low, intermediate or high quality. The association was assessed using multinomial logistic regression. RESULTS: The 808 adolescents evaluated obtained a mean score of 16.0 points (deviation-standard=4.1) according to the developed index. The high diet quality was associated with tobacco experimentation [odds ratio (OR) 2.92; 95% confidence interval (95%CI) 1.74;4.92] and leisure-time physical activity (OR=1.65; 95%CI 1.15;2.38). CONCLUSION: We highlighted the importance of encouraging physical activity practice, monitoring risk behaviors among adolescents and promoting the consumption of healthy food.

Quality of diet of adolescents from the public school system of a municipality in southern Brazil: a cross-sectional study, 2019 / Calidad de la dieta de los adolescentes del sistema de escuelas públicas de un municipio del sur de Brasil: estudio transversal, 2019 / Qualidade da dieta de adolescentes da rede pública de ensino de um município do sul do Brasil: estudo transversal, 2019

Objective: Identify factors associated with the quality of diet of 9th grade students from the municipal school system in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul. Methods: Cross-sectional study, carried out in 2019. Dietary information was adapted by the Food Frequency Form and the quality of diet evaluated by an index developed by the authors. Higher frequency of consumption of healthy foods considered higher scores, being lower when unhealthy. Total score, in tertiles, classified diet as low, intermediate and high quality. Association 4 was investigated using multinomial logistic regression. Results: The 808 adolescents evaluated had a mean of 16.0 points. High dietary quality was associated with tobacco experimentation [OR=2.92 ­ confidence interval of 95% (95%CI) 1,74;4,92] and the practice of leisure-time physical activity (OR=1.65 ­ 95%CI 1.15;2.38). Conclusion: The importance of encouraging the practice of physical activity, monitoring of risk behaviors in adolescents and promoting the consumption of healthy foods is highlighted.

Objetivo: Identificar factores asociados a calidad de la dieta de estudiantes de 9° ano del escuelas municipales de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul. Métodos: Estudio transversal, realizado en 2019. Información dietética se recopiló mediante Formulario de Frecuencia de Alimentos y calidad de dieta se evaluó mediante índice desarrollado. Mayor consumo de alimentos saludables recibió puntajes más altos, siendo menor cuando no es saludable. Puntuación total, en terciles, clasificó en calidad baja, intermedia y alta. Asociación se investigó mediante regresión logística multinomial. Resultados: Los 808 adolescentes evaluados tuvieron media de 16,0 puntos. La alta calidad de la dieta se asoció con experimentación del tabaco [OR=2,92; intervalo de confianza del 95% (IC95%) 1,74;4,92] y práctica de actividad física en el tiempo libre (OR=1,65 ­ IC95% 1,15;2,38). Conclusión: Se destaca la importancia de fomentar la práctica de actividad física, el seguimiento de conductas de riesgo en adolescentes y promover el consumo de alimentos saludables.

Objetivo: Identificar os fatores associados à qualidade da dieta de estudantes do nono ano da rede municipal de ensino de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Métodos: Estudo transversal, realizado em 2019. As informações alimentares foram coletadas por formulário de frequência alimentar, e a qualidade da dieta avaliada mediante índice desenvolvido pelos autores. A dieta foi classificada como de baixa, intermediária ou alta qualidade. A associação foi avaliada por regressão logística multinomial. Resultados: Os 808 adolescentes avaliados obtiveram média de 16,0 pontos (desvio-padrão=4,1) no índice desenvolvido. A alta qualidade da dieta mostrou-se associada a experimentação de tabaco [razão de chances, ou odds ratio (OR) 2,92 ­ intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%) 1,74;4,92] e prática de atividade física no lazer (OR=1,65 ­ IC95% 1,15;2,38). Conclusão: Destaca-se a importância do incentivo à prática de atividade física, monitoramento de comportamentos de riscos nos adolescentes e promoção do consumo de alimentos considerados saudáveis.

Qualidade da dieta de adolescentes da rede pública de ensino de um município do sul do Brasil: estudo transversal, 2019 / Calidad de la dieta de los adolescentes del sistema de escuelas públicas de un municipio del sur de Brasil: estudio transversal, 2019 / Diet quality among adolescents in the public education system in a municipality in Southern Brazil: a cross-sectional study, 2019

Objetivo: Identificar os fatores associados à qualidade da dieta de estudantes do 9º ano da rede municipal de ensino de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Métodos: Estudo transversal, realizado em 2019. As informações alimentares foram coletadas por formulário de frequência alimentar, e a qualidade da dieta foi avaliada mediante índice desenvolvido pelos autores. A dieta foi classificada como de baixa, intermediária ou alta qualidade. A associação foi avaliada por regressão logística multinomial. Resultados: Os 808 adolescentes avaliados obtiveram média de 16,0 pontos (desvio-padrão=4,1) no índice desenvolvido. A alta qualidade da dieta mostrou-se associada a experimentação de tabaco [razão de chances, ou odds ratio (OR) 2,92; intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%) 1,74;4,92] e prática de atividade física no lazer (OR=1,65; IC95% 1,15;2,38). Conclusão: Destaca-se a importância do incentivo à prática de atividade física, monitoramento de comportamentos de riscos nos adolescentes e promoção do consumo de alimentos considerados saudáveis.

Objetivo: Identificar factores asociados a calidad de la dieta de estudiantes de 9º ano de escuelas municipales de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul. Métodos: Estudio transversal, realizado en 2019. La información dietética se recopiló mediante Formulario de Frecuencia de Alimentos y la calidad de la dieta se evaluó mediante índice desarrollado por los autores. La dieta fue clasificada como de baja, intermedia o de alta calidad. La asociación se investigó mediante regresión logística multinomial. Resultados: Los 808 adolescentes evaluados tuvieron en media 16,0 puntos (desvío-estándar=4,1) en el índice desarrollado. La alta calidad de la dieta se asoció con experimentación de tabaco [OR=2,92; intervalo de confianza del 95% (IC95%) 1,74;4,92] y práctica de actividad física en el tiempo libre (OR=1,65; IC95% 1,15;2,38). Conclusión: Se destaca la importancia de fomentar la práctica de actividad física, el seguimiento de conductas de riesgo en adolescentes y promover el consumo de alimentos saludables.

Objective:To identify the factors associated with the diet quality among 9th grade students in the municipal education system of Pelotas, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study, conducted in 2019. Food information was collected using a food frequency questionnaire, and diet quality was assessed through an index developed by the authors. Diet was classified as low, intermediate or high quality. The association was assessed using multinomial logistic regression. Results:The 808 adolescents evaluated obtained a mean score of 16.0 points (deviation-standard=4.1) according to the developed index. The high diet quality was associated with tobacco experimentation [odds ratio (OR) 2.92; 95% confidence interval (95%CI) 1.74;4.92] and leisure-time physical activity (OR=1.65; 95%CI 1.15;2.38). Conclusion: We highlighted the importance of encouraging physical activity practice, monitoring risk behaviors among adolescents and promoting the consumption of healthy food.

[Behavioral risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in adolescents from the rural area of a municipality in Southern Brazil]. / Fatores de risco comportamentais para doenças cardiovasculares entre adolescentes da zona rural de um município do Sul do Brasil.

The study aimed to estimate the prevalence of behavioral risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and factors associated with their accumulation in adolescents from the rural area of a municipality in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. This was a cross-sectional school-based census-type study with a sample of 515 sixth to nineth-grade schoolchildren in 21 rural public schools in Pelotas. The target behavioral risk factors were: physical inactivity; irregular consumption of fruits, vegetables, and greens; initiation to alcohol consumption and smoking; and addition of salt to foods. The study outcome was the cluster score of behavioral risk factors, varying from 0 to 3: no behavioral risk factors for CVD or exposure to 1, 2, or ≥ 3 behavioral risk factors. Ordinal logistic regression was performed to assess the effect adjusted for individual characteristics on the accumulation of behavioral risk factors, using as the reference category individuals without any risk factor. Physical inactivity was the most prevalent risk factor (74.8%), followed by irregular consumption of fruits, vegetables, and greens (56.2%). Approximately 42% of the adolescents presented two behavioral risk factors, the most prevalent combination of which was physical inactivity and irregular consumption of fruits, vegetables, and greens (23%). The odds of accumulating two or more behavioral risk factors increased with age. The presence and simultaneity of behavioral risk factors is quite high among adolescents from the rural area of Pelotas, showing that they are exposed to the development of CVD. Interventions are needed to prevent the simultaneous occurrence of these risk factors.

O estudo objetivou estimar a prevalência de fatores de risco comportamentais para doenças cardiovasculares (DCV) e fatores associados ao seu acúmulo entre adolescentes da zona rural do Município de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Estudo transversal, do tipo censo de base escolar, com amostra de 515 estudantes matriculados do 6º ao 9º ano do Ensino Fundamental das 21 escolas municipais rurais de Pelotas. Os fatores de risco comportamentais investigados foram: inatividade física; consumo irregular de frutas, legumes e verduras; experimentação de álcool e tabaco; e adição de sal à comida. O desfecho do estudo foi o escore de aglomeração de fatores de risco comportamentais variando de 0 a 3: nenhum fator de risco comportamental para DCV ou exposição a 1, 2 ou ≥ 3 fatores de risco comportamentais. Realizou-se regressão logística ordinal para avaliar o efeito ajustado das características individuais sobre o acúmulo de fatores de risco comportamentais, tendo como categoria de referência os indivíduos sem qualquer fator de risco. A inatividade física foi o fator de risco mais prevalente (74,8%), seguido do consumo irregular de frutas, legumes e verduras (56,2%). Aproximadamente 42% dos adolescentes apresentaram dois fatores de risco comportamentais, sendo a combinação inatividade física e consumo irregular de frutas, legumes e verduras a mais prevalente (23%). As chances de acumular dois ou mais fatores de risco comportamentais aumentou com a idade. A presença de fatores de risco comportamentais, bem como a simultaneidade destes é bastante elevada entre os adolescentes da zona rural do Município de Pelotas, evidenciando que eles estão expostos ao desenvolvimento de DCV. São necessárias intervenções preventivas de ocorrência simultânea desses fatores.

El objetivo del estudio fue estimar la prevalencia de factores de riesgo comportamentales para enfermedades cardiovasculares (DCV por sus siglas en portugués) y factores asociados a su acumulación entre adolescentes de la zona rural del Municipio de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Estudio transversal, tipo censo de base escolar, con muestra de 515 escolares matriculados del 6º al 9º año de Enseñanza Fundamental de las 21 escuelas municipales rurales de Pelotas. Los factores de riesgo comportamentales investigados fueron: inactividad física; consumo irregular de frutas, legumbres y verduras; experimentación de alcohol y tabaco y adición de sal a la comida. El resultado del estudio fue la puntuación de aglomeración de factores de riesgo comportamentales, variando de 0 a 3: ningún factores de riesgo comportamentales para DCV o exposición a 1, 2 o ≥ 3 factores de riesgo comportamentales. Se realizó regresión logística ordinal, para evaluar el efecto ajustado de las características individuales sobre el acúmulo de factores de riesgo comportamentales, teniendo como categoría de referencia los individuos sin cualquier factor de riesgo. La inactividad física fue el factor de riesgo más prevalente (74,8%), seguido del consumo irregular de frutas, legumbres y verduras (56,2%). Aproximadamente un 42% de los adolescentes presentaron dos factores de riesgo comportamentales, siendo la combinación inactividad física y consumo irregular de frutas, legumbres y verduras la más prevalente (23%). Las oportunidades de acumular dos o más factores de riesgo comportamentales aumentaron con la edad. La presencia de factores de riesgo comportamentales, así como la simultaneidad de estos es bastante elevada entre los adolescentes de la zona rural del Municipio de Pelotas, evidenciando que ellos están expuestos al desarrollo de DCV. Son necesarias intervenciones preventivas para la ocurrencia simultánea de estos factores.

[Food consumption according to the level of processing among adolescents from the rural area of a municipality in the south of Brazil]. / Consumo alimentar segundo grau de processamento entre adolescentes da zona rural de um município do sul do Brasil.

The scope of the study was to assess food consumption according to the level of processing and the ingestion of nutrients among adolescents in the rural areas of Pelotas-RS. It involved a cross-sectional census-type study with 462 students in grades 6 through 9 of elementary school from 21 municipal schools in the rural area. Food consumption was evaluated by 24-hour dietary recall (24HR), with food products being classified into four groups according to the level of processing in line with the NOVA classification. The average daily energy intake was 1,921 calories, namely 48.2% from in natura or minimally processed food and 31.9% from ultra-processed food. The products that contributed most to the total daily calory intake were rice, meat, legumes, sugar, homemade bread, cookies, candies, soda, and artificial juices. A higher proportion of macro and micronutrients was observed from ingestion of in natura or minimally processed food, although carbohydrates, fat and iron contents derived from ultra-processed food was also high. The results of the study indicate that adolescents in rural areas have a higher energy intake from fresh or minimally processed food, however, it is observed that ultra-processed food is also part of their diet, thereby revealing the nutritional transition.

Objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o consumo alimentar segundo o grau de processamento e a ingestão de nutrientes entre adolescentes da zona rural de Pelotas-RS. Estudo transversal, tipo censo, com 462 alunos matriculados do 6º ao 9º do ensino fundamental das 21 escolas municipais da zona rural. O consumo alimentar foi avaliado através de R24h, sendo os alimentos classificados em quatro grupos de acordo com seu processamento, segundo a classificação NOVA. O consumo médio diário de energia foi de 1.921 calorias, sendo 48,2% provenientes de alimentos in natura ou minimamente processados e 31,9% de ultraprocessados. Os alimentos que mais contribuíram para o total de calorias diárias foram: arroz, carnes, leguminosas, açúcar, pães caseiros, biscoitos, doces, refrigerantes e sucos artificiais. Proporção maior de macro e micronutrientes, foi observada a partir da ingestão de alimentos in natura ou minimamente processados, embora carboidratos, gorduras e ferro, derivados de ultraprocessados, também tenha sido elevada. Os resultados indicam que adolescentes da zona rural possuem uma maior ingestão energética a partir do consumo de alimentos in natura ou minimamente processados, ainda que alimentos ultraprocessados também façam parte da sua alimentação, manifestando a transição nutricional.

Consumo alimentar segundo grau de processamento entre adolescentes da zona rural de um município do sul do Brasil / Food consumption according to the level of processing among adolescents from the rural area of a municipality in the south of Brazil

Resumo Objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o consumo alimentar segundo o grau de processamento e a ingestão de nutrientes entre adolescentes da zona rural de Pelotas-RS. Estudo transversal, tipo censo, com 462 alunos matriculados do 6º ao 9º do ensino fundamental das 21 escolas municipais da zona rural. O consumo alimentar foi avaliado através de R24h, sendo os alimentos classificados em quatro grupos de acordo com seu processamento, segundo a classificação NOVA. O consumo médio diário de energia foi de 1.921 calorias, sendo 48,2% provenientes de alimentos in natura ou minimamente processados e 31,9% de ultraprocessados. Os alimentos que mais contribuíram para o total de calorias diárias foram: arroz, carnes, leguminosas, açúcar, pães caseiros, biscoitos, doces, refrigerantes e sucos artificiais. Proporção maior de macro e micronutrientes, foi observada a partir da ingestão de alimentos in natura ou minimamente processados, embora carboidratos, gorduras e ferro, derivados de ultraprocessados, também tenha sido elevada. Os resultados indicam que adolescentes da zona rural possuem uma maior ingestão energética a partir do consumo de alimentos in natura ou minimamente processados, ainda que alimentos ultraprocessados também façam parte da sua alimentação, manifestando a transição nutricional.

Abstract The scope of the study was to assess food consumption according to the level of processing and the ingestion of nutrients among adolescents in the rural areas of Pelotas-RS. It involved a cross-sectional census-type study with 462 students in grades 6 through 9 of elementary school from 21 municipal schools in the rural area. Food consumption was evaluated by 24-hour dietary recall (24HR), with food products being classified into four groups according to the level of processing in line with the NOVA classification. The average daily energy intake was 1,921 calories, namely 48.2% from in natura or minimally processed food and 31.9% from ultra-processed food. The products that contributed most to the total daily calory intake were rice, meat, legumes, sugar, homemade bread, cookies, candies, soda, and artificial juices. A higher proportion of macro and micronutrients was observed from ingestion of in natura or minimally processed food, although carbohydrates, fat and iron contents derived from ultra-processed food was also high. The results of the study indicate that adolescents in rural areas have a higher energy intake from fresh or minimally processed food, however, it is observed that ultra-processed food is also part of their diet, thereby revealing the nutritional transition.

Fatores de risco comportamentais para doenças cardiovasculares entre adolescentes da zona rural de um município do Sul do Brasil / Behavioral risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in adolescents from the rural area of a municipality in Southern Brazil / Factores de riesgo comportamentales para enfermedades cardiovasculares entre adolescentes de la zona rural de un municipio del sur de Brasil

O estudo objetivou estimar a prevalência de fatores de risco comportamentais para doenças cardiovasculares (DCV) e fatores associados ao seu acúmulo entre adolescentes da zona rural do Município de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Estudo transversal, do tipo censo de base escolar, com amostra de 515 estudantes matriculados do 6º ao 9º ano do Ensino Fundamental das 21 escolas municipais rurais de Pelotas. Os fatores de risco comportamentais investigados foram: inatividade física; consumo irregular de frutas, legumes e verduras; experimentação de álcool e tabaco; e adição de sal à comida. O desfecho do estudo foi o escore de aglomeração de fatores de risco comportamentais variando de 0 a 3: nenhum fator de risco comportamental para DCV ou exposição a 1, 2 ou ≥ 3 fatores de risco comportamentais. Realizou-se regressão logística ordinal para avaliar o efeito ajustado das características individuais sobre o acúmulo de fatores de risco comportamentais, tendo como categoria de referência os indivíduos sem qualquer fator de risco. A inatividade física foi o fator de risco mais prevalente (74,8%), seguido do consumo irregular de frutas, legumes e verduras (56,2%). Aproximadamente 42% dos adolescentes apresentaram dois fatores de risco comportamentais, sendo a combinação inatividade física e consumo irregular de frutas, legumes e verduras a mais prevalente (23%). As chances de acumular dois ou mais fatores de risco comportamentais aumentou com a idade. A presença de fatores de risco comportamentais, bem como a simultaneidade destes é bastante elevada entre os adolescentes da zona rural do Município de Pelotas, evidenciando que eles estão expostos ao desenvolvimento de DCV. São necessárias intervenções preventivas de ocorrência simultânea desses fatores.

The study aimed to estimate the prevalence of behavioral risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and factors associated with their accumulation in adolescents from the rural area of a municipality in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. This was a cross-sectional school-based census-type study with a sample of 515 sixth to nineth-grade schoolchildren in 21 rural public schools in Pelotas. The target behavioral risk factors were: physical inactivity; irregular consumption of fruits, vegetables, and greens; initiation to alcohol consumption and smoking; and addition of salt to foods. The study outcome was the cluster score of behavioral risk factors, varying from 0 to 3: no behavioral risk factors for CVD or exposure to 1, 2, or ≥ 3 behavioral risk factors. Ordinal logistic regression was performed to assess the effect adjusted for individual characteristics on the accumulation of behavioral risk factors, using as the reference category individuals without any risk factor. Physical inactivity was the most prevalent risk factor (74.8%), followed by irregular consumption of fruits, vegetables, and greens (56.2%). Approximately 42% of the adolescents presented two behavioral risk factors, the most prevalent combination of which was physical inactivity and irregular consumption of fruits, vegetables, and greens (23%). The odds of accumulating two or more behavioral risk factors increased with age. The presence and simultaneity of behavioral risk factors is quite high among adolescents from the rural area of Pelotas, showing that they are exposed to the development of CVD. Interventions are needed to prevent the simultaneous occurrence of these risk factors.

El objetivo del estudio fue estimar la prevalencia de factores de riesgo comportamentales para enfermedades cardiovasculares (DCV por sus siglas en portugués) y factores asociados a su acumulación entre adolescentes de la zona rural del Municipio de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Estudio transversal, tipo censo de base escolar, con muestra de 515 escolares matriculados del 6º al 9º año de Enseñanza Fundamental de las 21 escuelas municipales rurales de Pelotas. Los factores de riesgo comportamentales investigados fueron: inactividad física; consumo irregular de frutas, legumbres y verduras; experimentación de alcohol y tabaco y adición de sal a la comida. El resultado del estudio fue la puntuación de aglomeración de factores de riesgo comportamentales, variando de 0 a 3: ningún factores de riesgo comportamentales para DCV o exposición a 1, 2 o ≥ 3 factores de riesgo comportamentales. Se realizó regresión logística ordinal, para evaluar el efecto ajustado de las características individuales sobre el acúmulo de factores de riesgo comportamentales, teniendo como categoría de referencia los individuos sin cualquier factor de riesgo. La inactividad física fue el factor de riesgo más prevalente (74,8%), seguido del consumo irregular de frutas, legumbres y verduras (56,2%). Aproximadamente un 42% de los adolescentes presentaron dos factores de riesgo comportamentales, siendo la combinación inactividad física y consumo irregular de frutas, legumbres y verduras la más prevalente (23%). Las oportunidades de acumular dos o más factores de riesgo comportamentales aumentaron con la edad. La presencia de factores de riesgo comportamentales, así como la simultaneidad de estos es bastante elevada entre los adolescentes de la zona rural del Municipio de Pelotas, evidenciando que ellos están expuestos al desarrollo de DCV. Son necesarias intervenciones preventivas para la ocurrencia simultánea de estos factores.

Avaliação das boas práticas em Unidades de Alimentação Escolar da zona rural do município de Pelotas, RS / Evaluation of good practices in School Feeding Units in the rural area of Pelotas, RS

Objetivo: avaliar as boas práticas de alimentação, através de checklist, em Unidades de Alimentação e Nutrição (UAN) de escolas da rede municipal da zona rural da cidade de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul. Materiais e Métodos: trata-se de um estudo de corte transversal, de base escolar, do tipo censo, realizado nos anos de 2015/2016, com os gestores das escolas. Utilizou-se um checklist adaptado da Portaria Estadual 78 de 30 de janeiro de 2009, que foi constituído por 87 itens de avaliação, categorizados em 11 grupos. Para a avaliação dos itens críticos, seguiu-se os critérios de pontuação da RDC 275/2002. Cada UAN foi classificada como: Grupo 1, Grupo 2 e Grupo 3; cada grupo atende de 76 a 100%, 51 a 75%, até 50% dos itens, respectivamente. Os dados coletados foram duplamente digitados no programa EpiData 3.1 e posteriormente foram descritas as frequências absolutas e relativas no software Stata 12.1. Resultados: participaram da pesquisa 20 escolas, destas, com relação aos pontos críticos, 10% (n=2) foram classificadas no Grupo 1; 30% (n=6) no Grupo 2 e 60% (n=12) no Grupo 3. Quanto ao número total de itens, apenas 5% (n=1) foi classificada no Grupo 1; 85% (n=17) no Grupo 2 e 10% (n=2) no Grupo 3. Conclusão: de maneira geral, a alimentação oferecida aos escolares, no que tange à sua produção, não atende as boas práticas de fabricação, gerando risco de contaminação, e não assegurando, desta forma, um dos princípios do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (AU)

Objective: to evaluate the feeding practices, through a checklist made in public schools' Food and Nutrition Units (UAN) in the rural area of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul. Materials and Methods: this is a cross-sectional school-based census-type of study conducted in 2015/2016 with school managers. We used a checklist adapted from State Ordinance 78 of January 30, 2009, which consisted of 87 assessment items, categorized into 11 groups. For the evaluation of critical items, the scoring criteria of RDC 275/2002 were used. We classified each UAN as Group 1, Group 2, and Group 3; respectively, each group serves from 76 to 100%, 51 to 75%, up to 50% of items. The data collected were double entered in the software EpiData 3.1, and later the absolute and relative frequencies were described in the Stata 12.1 software. Results: twenty schools participated in the survey. Of these, 10% (n = 2) were classified in Group 1; 30% (n = 6) in Group 2 and 60% (n = 12) in Group 3. Regarding the total number of items, only 5% (n = 1) was classified in Group 1; 85% (n = 17) in Group 2 and 10% (n = 2) in Group 3. Conclusion: in general, the food offered to the students, regarding its production, does not meet the good manufacturing practices, generating a risk of contamination, and thus not ensuring one of the principles of the National School Feeding Program (AU)

Changes in young children's oral health-related behaviours and caregiver knowledge: A cluster randomized controlled trial in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention to improve young children's oral health-related behaviours and caregiver knowledge. METHODS: This paper reports on findings from a cluster randomized controlled trial, 12 months after of baseline, conducted in Pelotas, Southern Brazil. Two Primary Healthcare Centers (PHCs) and 170 caregiver-child dyads were assigned to an intervention group, and two PHCs and 174 dyads were assigned to a control group. Children's oral hygiene behaviours, sugar consumption and use of dental services were the outcomes analysed as well as changes in caregiver knowledge. The impact of the intervention was assessed using multilevel mixed-effects model regressions and the change rate ratios (IRR) were expressed. RESULTS: There were positive and significant changes in favour of the intervention group in children's oral hygiene behaviours, use of dental services, and caregivers' knowledge of oral health. For example, children in the intervention group were more likely to have brushed with fluoride toothpaste at least two times a day (IRR 1.43, 95% CI 1.06-1.92), to have brushed their teeth before bedtime (IRR 1.37, 95% CI 1.02-1.84), and to have used dental services for preventive care (IRR 2.54, 95% CI 2.02-3.19) than children in the control group. CONCLUSION: This intervention had positive effects on children's oral health-related behaviours and caregivers' oral health knowledge.

Consumo de Alimentos Ultraprocessados por Escolares de Zona Rural / Consumption of ultraprocessed foods by rural schoolchildren

O objetivo foi descrever a prevalência de consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados entre escolares da zona rural. Foi realizado estudo transversal com escolares do 6° ao 9° ano da rede municipal de educação de Barão do Triunfo, RS. A frequência de consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados (refrigerantes, sucos industrializados, bolos, biscoitos doces ou recheados, sobremesas, doces, balas, chocolates, chicletes, bombom, pirulitos ou outras guloseimas, alimentos embutidos, e salgadinho chips) utilizou como ponto de corte o consumo regular de 5 ou mais vezes na semana. Classificaram-se os adolescentes pelo Índice de Massa Corporal para Idade. O maior consumo regular foi do suco industrializado (50,8%) seguido das guloseimas (47,6%). Aproximadamente, 90% da população consome refrigerante, suco industrializado, bolo e guloseimas pelo menos 1 ou 2 vezes na semana. Pode-se concluir que os alimentos ultraprocessados estão inseridos no consumo alimentar de adolescentes da zona rural. Dado preocupante, especialmente porque os escolares apresentam elevadas frequências de excesso de peso.

The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence of ultraprocessed food consumption among rural schoolchildren. A cross-sectional study was carried out from the 6th to the 9th year in the municipal from the municipal education network of Barão do Triunfo, RS. The frequency of consumption of ultraprocessed foods (soft drinks, processed juices, cakes, sweet or stuffed biscuits, desserts, candies, chocolates, chewing gum, candy, lollipops or other delicacies, sausages foods and chips) regular consumption of 5 or more times in the week. The adolescents were classified by the Body Mass Index for Age. The highest regular consumption was of industrialized juice (50.8%), followed by goodies (47.6%). Approximately 90% of the population consumes soda, processed juice, cake and candy for 1 or 2 times a week. In conclusion, ultraprocessed foods are included in the food consumption of rural adolescents. This is worrying, especially since schoolchildren have high frequencies of overweight.

Food consumption of children younger than 6 years according to the degree of food processing / Consumo alimentar de crianças menores de seis anos conforme o grau de processamento

Abstract: Objective: To evaluate food intake according to the degree of processing, stratified by family income and age, in a representative sample of children younger than 6 years in the city of Pelotas, RS, Brazil. Methods: Cross-sectional population-based study carried out with 770 children aged 0-72 months of age living in the urban area of Pelotas. The dietary intake of children was assessed by 24-h recall administered to mothers or guardians. The energy intake was estimated and each food item was classified according to the food processing degree. Food consumption was stratified by age (younger than 24 months; 24 months or older) and associations between quintiles of family income and relative contribution of each food to total energy were performed by linear regression. The Wald test was applied to test linear trend across groups. Results: The mean energy intake was 1725.7 kcal/day. The mean contribution of processed and ultraprocessed foods was 19.7% among children younger than 24 months and 37% in those aged 24 months or older, while the mean consumption of natural and minimally processed food was 61% and 44%, respectively. Among children aged 24 months or older, a greater consumption of canned foods, cheese and sweets was observed as family income quintiles increased, while breads were more consumed by those children belonging to the lower income quintiles. Conclusion: A high caloric contribution of ultraprocessed foods in detriment to a lower consumption of natural and minimally processed foods was observed in the diet of children younger than 6 years.

Resumo: Objetivo: Avaliar o consumo alimentar conforme o grau de processamento, segundo a renda e a faixa etária, em uma amostra representativa de crianças menores de 6 anos de Pelotas (RS), Brasil. Métodos: Estudo transversal conduzido com 770 crianças até 72 meses residentes na zona urbana de Pelotas. O consumo alimentar das crianças foi avaliado por recordatório de 24 horas, aplicado às mães ou aos responsáveis, e o consumo calórico dos alimentos foi estimado de acordo com o grau de processamento. O consumo alimentar foi estratificado por faixa etária (menos de 24 meses; 24 meses ou mais) e as associações entre renda familiar e a participação relativa dos alimentos no total de calorias diárias foram conduzidas por regressão linear simples. Fez-se o teste de Wald para avaliar tendência linear entre os grupos. Resultados: A média de consumo foi 1.725,7 Kcal/dia. A participação calórica proveniente do grupo de alimentos ultraprocessados foi de 19,7% nas crianças com menos de 24 meses e 36,1% naquelas com 24 meses ou mais, enquanto que a contribuição do grupo de alimentos in natura e minimamente processados foi de 61,2% e 44,1%%, respectivamente. Nas crianças com 24 meses ou mais observou-se maior consumo de doces conforme o aumento da renda familiar, enquanto que os pães foram mais consumidos entre as crianças pertencentes aos menores quintis de renda. Conclusão: Observou-se elevada participação calórica de alimentos ultraprocessados em detrimento do menor consumo de alimentos in natura e minimamente processados na alimentação de crianças menores de 6 anos.

Food consumption of children younger than 6 years according to the degree of food processing.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate food intake according to the degree of processing, stratified by family income and age, in a representative sample of children younger than 6 years in the city of Pelotas, RS, Brazil. METHODS: Cross-sectional population-based study carried out with 770 children aged 0-72 months of age living in the urban area of Pelotas. The dietary intake of children was assessed by 24-h recall administered to mothers or guardians. The energy intake was estimated and each food item was classified according to the food processing degree. Food consumption was stratified by age (younger than 24 months; 24 months or older) and associations between quintiles of family income and relative contribution of each food to total energy were performed by linear regression. The Wald test was applied to test linear trend across groups. RESULTS: The mean energy intake was 1725.7kcal/day. The mean contribution of processed and ultraprocessed foods was 19.7% among children younger than 24 months and 37% in those aged 24 months or older, while the mean consumption of natural and minimally processed food was 61% and 44%, respectively. Among children aged 24 months or older, a greater consumption of canned foods, cheese and sweets was observed as family income quintiles increased, while breads were more consumed by those children belonging to the lower income quintiles. CONCLUSION: A high caloric contribution of ultraprocessed foods in detriment to a lower consumption of natural and minimally processed foods was observed in the diet of children younger than 6 years.

Design of a digital and self-reported food frequency questionnaire to estimate food consumption in adolescents and young adults: birth cohorts at Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. / Desenho de um questionário de frequência alimentar digital autoaplicado para avaliar o consumo alimentar de adolescentes e adultos jovens: coortes de nascimentos de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul.

PURPOSE: Methodological paper aiming to describe the development of a digital and self-reported food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), created to the 1982 and 1993 Pelotas Birth Cohorts. METHODS: The instrument was created based on FFQs previously applied to subjects belonging to both cohorts in the 2004 and 2008 follow-ups. The FFQ was developed including 88 foods and/or meals where frequencies were clustered from a minimum of never or once/month to a maximum of greater than or equal to 5 times/day. The closed options related to portions were based on a 24-hour recall previously asked to a subsample from the 1993 cohort. Three options for portions were created: equal to, less than or greater than. Equal to portion was described based on the 50 percentile of each food consumed reported in a 24-hour recall. Photographs of portions related to the 50 percentile for each food were also included in the software. RESULTS: This digital FFQ included food and meals based on the needs of current researches. The layout of the software was attractive to the staff members as well as to the cohort members. The responding time was 12 minutes and the software allowed several individuals to use it at the same time. Moreover, this instrument dismissed interviewers and double data entry. CONCLUSION: It is recommended the use of the same strategy in other studies, adapted to different contexts and situations.

Desenho de um questionário de frequência alimentar digital autoaplicado para avaliar o consumo alimentar de adolescentes e adultos jovens: coortes de nascimentos de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul / Design of a digital and self-reported food frequency questionnaire to estimate food consumption in adolescents and young adults: birth cohorts at Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

RESUMO: Objetivo: Artigo metodológico com o objetivo de descrever a construção de um questionário de frequência alimentar (QFA) digital autoaplicado, desenvolvido para as coortes de nascimentos de Pelotas de 1982 e 1993. Métodos: O instrumento foi criado com base em QFAs anteriormente utilizados nas duas coortes em acompanhamentos nos anos de 2004 e 2008. O QFA foi elaborado incluindo 88 alimentos e/ou preparações cujas frequências foram agrupadas em categorias desde o valor mínimo de consumo de nunca ou < 1 vez/mês até o máximo de ≥ 5 vezes/dia. As opções fechadas relativas à porção foram construídas considerando recordatórios de 24 horas (R24Hs) anteriormente aplicados à subamostra da coorte de 1993. Três alternativas de porção foram construídas: igual, menos ou mais. A porção igual foi descrita com base no percentil 50 do consumo de cada alimento, obtido a partir das distribuições das porções constantes nos R24H. Fotos das porções relativas ao percentil 50 de cada alimento foram também incluídas ao formato do programa. Resultados: Esse QFA digital incluiu alimentos e preparações que atendem aos objetivos das pesquisas atuais. A aparência do programa foi atrativa à equipe de trabalho e também aos participantes do estudo. O tempo médio de aplicação de 12 minutos e a facilidade de preenchimento possibilitaram que vários participantes respondessem às questões ao mesmo tempo. Além disso, o instrumento dispensou a necessidade de entrevistador e a dupla entrada de dados em programa específico. Conclusão: Recomenda-se o uso dessa mesma estratégia em outros estudos, adaptando-a aos diferentes contextos e situações.

ABSTRACT: Purpose: Methodological paper aiming to describe the development of a digital and self-reported food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), created to the 1982 and 1993 Pelotas Birth Cohorts. Methods: The instrument was created based on FFQs previously applied to subjects belonging to both cohorts in the 2004 and 2008 follow-ups. The FFQ was developed including 88 foods and/or meals where frequencies were clustered from a minimum of never or once/month to a maximum of greater than or equal to 5 times/day. The closed options related to portions were based on a 24-hour recall previously asked to a subsample from the 1993 cohort. Three options for portions were created: equal to, less than or greater than. Equal to portion was described based on the 50 percentile of each food consumed reported in a 24-hour recall. Photographs of portions related to the 50 percentile for each food were also included in the software. Results: This digital FFQ included food and meals based on the needs of current researches. The layout of the software was attractive to the staff members as well as to the cohort members. The responding time was 12 minutes and the software allowed several individuals to use it at the same time. Moreover, this instrument dismissed interviewers and double data entry. Conclusion: It is recommended the use of the same strategy in other studies, adapted to different contexts and situations.

[Quality of the diet of 18-year-old adolescents belonging to the birth cohort of 1993 in Pelotas in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil]. / Qualidade da dieta de jovens aos 18 anos de idade, pertencentes à coorte de nascimentos de 1993 da cidade de Pelotas (RS), Brasil.

The scope of this article is to describe the quality of the diet of adolescents according to sociodemographic and behavioral factors. It involved a cross-sectional study with 3,959 eighteen-year-old adolescents belonging to the birth cohort of 1993 in Pelotas in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Dietary intake was assessed using a semi quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire with a recall period of 12 months. The diet quality was assessed using the Diet Quality Index Revised (DQI-R). This index ranges from 0 to 100 points and the higher the score, the better the diet quality. The overall DQI-R mean score was 62.4 points (DP). The lowest rates were observed for dark green and orange vegetables (3.0), total vegetables (3.4) and dairy products (3.6). Non-Caucasian adolescents (63.1), from families in which the heads of the household had less schooling (63.6) and belonging to the lowest quintile of the asset index (64.7) had higher average scores in the DQI-R. Lower averages were found among adolescents who smoked (58.5) and who consumed alcoholic beverages (56.0). This study showed that diet quality of the adolescents assessed deserve attention, especially with regard to the intake of vegetables, milk and dairy products.