RESUMEN
Maternal breastfeeding and complementary feeding knowledge is an important determinant of childrens' long-term health and development. This study aims to account for associations between knowledge and practices in Kenya and report the food consumption of children from birth to 18 months. In 2015 mother-child pairs were recruited from Mother-and-Child Health Centers; 415 in an urban slum in Nairobi and 364 in rural Machakos. Knowledge and practice scores were calculated from questionnaire variables and 24-h food frequency questionnaire. The associations of knowledge and practices were studied with regression analysis. Breastfeeding knowledge (Nairobi 6.3/9, Machakos 5.9/9) and practices (Nairobi 7.5/8, Machakos 7.2/8) were good in both areas. Complementary feeding knowledge was not as good (Nairobi 7.5/14, Machakos 7.1/14). Minimum meal frequency was reached by almost 80% of the children but dietary diversity was low (Nairobi 2.7 [SD 1.4], Machakos 2.4. [SD 1.3]). Only 27% of children in Nairobi and 13% in Machakos were fed a minimum acceptable diet. The complementary feeding knowledge score was associated only with minimum dietary diversity in Nairobi (OR: 1.29; 95% CI: 1.105-1.514). Infant and young child feeding knowledge and practices were on a similar level in both areas. Future interventions should focus on improving dietary diversity.
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Lactancia Materna , Madres , Lactante , Femenino , Humanos , Áreas de Pobreza , Kenia , Estudios Transversales , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales del Lactante , Dieta , Investigación Cualitativa , Conducta AlimentariaRESUMEN
Improvements in community health workers' (CHWs) knowledge and practices in low-income countries increasingly involve mobile phones and videos. However, little data exists on CHWs' and mothers' experiences of using such phones and videos. In this study, educational videos on nutrition, health and hygiene were downloaded onto mobile phones, which were given to 12 CHWs in rural Uganda. In 2018, these CHWs used the videos for a period of 3 months to support their work during their visits with families. We subsequently conducted individual interviews with eight CHWs and held four focus group discussions with 16 mothers. From the inductively analysed data, we identified four key themes: impact, competence, meaningfulness and choice, which are also dimensions of the Intrinsic Task Motivation Model. The model describes the motivation of workers and has previously been used in connection with CHWs. In our study, CHWs and mothers considered that the videos had more strongly impacted their learning than traditional teaching methods, and they felt the videos improved the child feeding and caring competence of both CHWs and mothers. Furthermore, the CHWs found that the videos enhanced the meaningfulness of their work, as they felt more greatly appreciated and necessary. In addition, they experienced more freedom of choice in their ability to influence their working routines. This study shows that educational videos are well received among CHWs and mothers. Educational videos are a promising method to maintain and improve the motivation of voluntary CHWs and influence correct child feeding and hygiene practices in Uganda.
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Teléfono Celular , Agentes Comunitarios de Salud , Niño , Agentes Comunitarios de Salud/educación , Femenino , Humanos , Madres , Población Rural , UgandaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The objective was to explore mothers' perceptions on educational videos on infant and young child-feeding practices, and to assess whether viewing frequencies would influence maternal knowledge, attitudes and feeding practices (KAP). DESIGN: A set of forty-seven videos were displayed in health centres for 6 months. At 3 months, we conducted focus group discussions (FGD) with mothers and, at 6 months, administered KAP-questionnaire-based interviews to mothers. Using a quasi-experimental design, we compared groups according to video viewing frequencies. SETTING: The study was conducted in a slum in Nairobi and a rural area in Machakos, Kenya. We installed TV screens in waiting rooms of six Mother and Child Health Centers, where mothers could choose to watch them. PARTICIPANTS: Forty-three mothers with children aged 048 months participated in six FGD and 547 mothers of children aged 023 months in KAP interviews. RESULTS: The mothers from the FGD found the videos acceptable and beneficial. Videos enhanced mothers' learning and empowered them to support others in learning. The KAP data showed that after adjustments, breast-feeding (P = 0·06), complementary feeding knowledge (P = 0·01), complementary feeding attitudes (P = 0·08) and hygiene knowledge and practices (P = 0·003) were better among mothers who had seen videos three to four times, or five or more times, compared with mothers who had seen the videos once or twice. CONCLUSIONS: Videos were an accepted form of education and were beneficial when watched repeatedly. The videos could be a good addition to current infant and young child-feeding education efforts in Kenya.
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Madres , Proyectos de Investigación , Lactancia Materna , Niño , Salud Infantil , Femenino , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Humanos , Lactante , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales del Lactante , Kenia , PercepciónRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present study was to explore whether dietary patterns (DP) are associated with nutritional status indicators among adolescent Mozambican girls. Design/Setting/Subjects In this population-based cross-sectional study we used the FFQ data of 547 girls aged 14-19 years from Central Mozambique to derive dietary patterns by means of principal component analysis. We used two-level linear regression models to examine the associations between the DP and anthropometric and biochemical indicators of nutritional status. RESULTS: We identified three DP: 'Urban bread and fats', 'Rural meat and vegetables' and 'Rural cassava and coconut'. The 'Urban bread and fats' DP was positively associated with BMI-for-age Z-score (BMIZ), mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), triceps skinfold (P for all<0·001) and blood Hb (P=0·025). A negative association was observed between the 'Urban bread and fats' DP and serum folate (P<0·001). The 'Rural meat and vegetables' DP and the 'Rural cassava and coconut' DP were associated negatively with BMIZ, MUAC and triceps skinfold (P for all<0·05), but the 'Rural meat and vegetables' DP was associated positively with serum ferritin (P=0·007). CONCLUSIONS: Urban and rural DP were associated with nutritional status indicators. In a low-resource setting, urban diets may promote body fat storage and blood Hb concentrations but compromise serum folate concentration. It is important to continue valuing the traditional, rural foods that are high in folate.
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Dieta/estadística & datos numéricos , Estado Nutricional/fisiología , Población Rural/estadística & datos numéricos , Población Urbana/estadística & datos numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Antropometría , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Mozambique/epidemiología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
The aim of this study was to explore factors associated with maternal infant and young child feeding motivation in urban and rural Kenya. We conducted 18 focus group discussions with mothers of children 0 to 23 months of age and healthcare workers. The data were transcribed, translated, and explored following the principles of content analysis. We first explored and coded the data inductively and categorized it according to emerging themes representing the most relevant topics for young child feeding. After this, these themes were theorized into an explanatory framework. Finally, the results yielded seven themes integrated into self-determination theory's three basic motivation-building pillars: autonomy, competence, and relatedness. We found that maternal intrahousehold autonomy on child feeding was substantial. However, this autonomy was lost for a period of time while in close contact with the healthcare staff. The authority of the healthcare workers was at its peak when the child was born and faded gradually as the child grew. Building maternal competence is important for child-feeding outcomes, but our data showed that the health education methods used by the healthcare workers were inadequate to improve maternal to improve the motivation. The competence of Kenyan healthcare workers should be improved in the area of complementary feeding counseling, and they should be trained to provide practical and emotional support as a way of increasing maternal motivation on infant and child feeding.
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Dieta , Educación en Salud , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Madres/educación , Adolescente , Adulto , Preescolar , Consejo , Femenino , Grupos Focales , Personal de Salud , Humanos , Lactante , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales del Lactante , Kenia , Masculino , Autonomía Personal , Población Rural , Apoyo Social , Factores Socioeconómicos , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
PURPOSE: In low-income settings, dietary diversity scores (DDSs) often predict the micronutrient adequacy of diets, but little is known about whether they predict levels of biochemical indicators of micronutrient status. METHODS: In 2010, we studied two samples of non-pregnant 14- to 19-year-old girls in central Mozambique, the first in January-February ('hunger season'; n = 227) and the second in May-June (harvest season; n = 223). In this paper, we examined whether a low Women's Dietary Diversity Score (WDDS) predicts a low concentration of haemoglobin, serum ferritin, zinc, and folate, and plasma retinol in adolescent Mozambican girls. We constructed three scores: WDDS based on 24-h recalls, WDDS15g based on 24-h recall and employing a 15 g limit, and 7dWDDS based on 7-day food frequency questionnaires. Logistic regression models, stratified by season, were used to estimate the odds of having a low concentration of a status indicator (≤25th percentile of the season-specific distribution or cut-off from the literature) in those with a low score compared to those with a higher score. RESULTS: In January-February, after adjusting for confounders, a low (≤3) WDDS and a low (≤5) 7dWDDS were each associated with higher odds of having low serum zinc compared to having a higher score, regardless of which of the two types of cut-offs for serum zinc was used. These associations were not present in May-June. CONCLUSIONS: Our data from Mozambique suggest that dietary diversity is associated with serum zinc, but this association seems to be limited to the hunger season.
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Dieta , Micronutrientes/administración & dosificación , Evaluación Nutricional , Estado Nutricional , Adolescente , Índice de Masa Corporal , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Ferritinas/sangre , Ácido Fólico/sangre , Hemoglobinas/metabolismo , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Recuerdo Mental , Mozambique , Análisis Multivariante , Vitamina A/sangre , Adulto Joven , Zinc/sangreRESUMEN
Western-type diet (WD) is a risk factor for colorectal cancer, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. We investigated the interaction of WD and heterozygous mutation in the Apc gene on adenoma formation and metabolic and immunological changes in the histologically normal intestinal mucosa of ApcMin/+ (Min/+) mice. The diet used was high in saturated fat and low in calcium, vitamin D, fiber and folate. The number of adenomas was twofold higher in the WD mice compared to controls, but adenoma size, proliferation or apoptosis did not differ. The ratio of the Min to wild-type allele was higher in the WD mice, indicating accelerated loss of Apc heterozygosity (LOH). Densities of intraepithelial CD3ε+ T lymphocytes and of mucosal FoxP3+ regulatory T cells were higher in the WD mice, implying inflammatory changes. Western blot analyses from the mucosa of the WD mice showed suppressed activation of the ERK and AKT pathways and a tendency for reduced activation of the mTOR pathway as measured in phosphoS6/S6 levels. The expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 was up-regulated in both mRNA and protein levels. Gene expression analyses showed changes in oxidation/reduction, fatty acid and monosaccharide metabolic pathways, tissue organization, cell fate and regulation of apoptosis. Together, our results suggest that the high-risk Western diet primes the intestine to tumorigenesis through synergistic effects in energy metabolism, inflammation and oxidative stress, which culminate in the acceleration of LOH of the Apc gene.
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Carcinogénesis/patología , Dieta Occidental/efectos adversos , Intestinos/patología , Proteína de la Poliposis Adenomatosa del Colon/genética , Proteína de la Poliposis Adenomatosa del Colon/metabolismo , Animales , Neoplasias Colorrectales/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Colorrectales/patología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Femenino , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Pérdida de Heterocigocidad , Sistema de Señalización de MAP Quinasas , Masculino , Diana Mecanicista del Complejo 1 de la Rapamicina/genética , Diana Mecanicista del Complejo 1 de la Rapamicina/metabolismo , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinasas/genética , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinasas/metabolismo , Piruvato Deshidrogenasa Quinasa Acetil-Transferidora , Transducción de Señal , Linfocitos T/metabolismo , beta Catenina/genética , beta Catenina/metabolismoRESUMEN
We explored if linoleic acid (LA) and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) will be efficiently converted to arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the adolescent girls (aged 15-18 years, n=145) in Mozambique consuming habitually low fat diet and if low iron and/or zinc status predicts the conversion. Total fat, LA and ALA intakes were 15-19%, 1.2-3.5% and 0.2-0.3% of energy, respectively in three areas. Iron and zinc intake varied between 9.6-12.3mg/day and 3.6-5.0mg/day. Significant negative association of plasma AA was found with plasma LA and ALA and significant positive association with serum ferritin. Plasma DHA associated, negatively with plasma LA and ALA. We showed that in a population with low intakes of LA and ALA, the proportions of phospholipid LA and ALA determines the relative proportions of AA and DHA and low iron status probably attenuates the conversion of LA to AA.
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Ácidos Araquidónicos/sangre , Ácidos Docosahexaenoicos/sangre , Hierro/sangre , Zinc/sangre , Adolescente , Femenino , Humanos , Ácido Linoleico/sangre , Mozambique , Encuestas Nutricionales , Estado Nutricional , Ácido alfa-Linolénico/sangreRESUMEN
We showed previously that ellagitannin-rich cloudberries and anthocyanin-rich bilberries reduce the number of intestinal adenomas in multiple intestinal neoplasia/+ (ApcMin) mice. We also found that cloudberries decreased the size of adenomas, whereas bilberries increased it. Here we hypothesized that the difference in adenoma growth could be explained by dissimilar effects of the berries on intestinal immune responses and gut microbiota, potentially driven by the distinct polyphenol compositions of the 2 berries. Our objectives were to investigate lymphocyte subtypes and the predominant cecal bacterial diversity in mice fed with bilberries and cloudberries, and to analyze global gene expression profiles in the intestinal mucosa. Immunostainings of CD3+ T lymphocytes, FoxP3+ regulatory T lymphocytes, and CD45R+ B lymphocytes revealed a smaller ratio of intraepithelial to all mucosal CD3+ T lymphocytes in the cloudberry-fed mice compared with controls, suggesting an attenuation of inflammation. Bilberry feeding induced no changes in the density of any of the lymphocyte subtypes. The predominant bacterial diversity in cecal contents, analyzed using polymerase chain reaction-denaturating gradient gel electrophoresis, was higher in the bilberry group than in the control or cloudberry groups. The microbial profiles of cloudberry-fed mice clustered together and were associated with small adenoma size. Pathway analyses of gene expression data showed that cloudberry down-regulated and bilberry up-regulated the expression of energy metabolism-related genes in the intestinal mucosa. In conclusion, attenuation of intestinal inflammation, changes in microbial profiles, and down-regulation of mucosal energy metabolism may account for the smaller adenoma size in cloudberry-fed mice in comparison to bilberry-fed mice.
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Dieta , Metabolismo Energético , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/inmunología , Neoplasias Intestinales/terapia , Intestinos/microbiología , Animales , ADN Bacteriano/genética , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Regulación hacia Abajo , Femenino , Frutas/química , Mucosa Intestinal/inmunología , Mucosa Intestinal/microbiología , Neoplasias Intestinales/inmunología , Neoplasias Intestinales/microbiología , Intestinos/inmunología , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genética , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Transcriptoma , Vaccinium myrtillus/químicaRESUMEN
Biochemically determined nutritional status measurements in low-income countries are often too expensive. Therefore, we hypothesized that some anthropometrical or functional measurements (handgrip) could reflect nutritional status measured by specific biochemical indicators. We did a population-based study from 1 urban area and 2 rural districts in Zambézia Province of Mozambique. The participants (n=386) were non-pregnant adolescent girls between 15 and 18 years of age. 96% had a normal BMI-for-age score. Weight and mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) were highly correlated (r>0.8) with each other and with total body muscle mass, body mass index (BMI), and with waist circumference, as well as with skinfolds (r>0.6). Upper and total arm lengths were correlated (r>0.7) with height and with each other, and right and left handgrip were correlated only with each other, as were triceps and subscapular skinfolds (r>0.7). Serum albumin correlated negatively with waist circumference (P<.001) and positively with MUAC (P=.007). Stepwise regressions showed that waist circumference, MUAC, weight, and handgrip were important nutritional status indicators in the models using hemoglobin, serum albumin, ferritin, zinc, and plasma retinol concentrations as dependent variables. MUAC could be a valuable anthropometric marker of the overall nutritional status of adolescent girls in low-income countries. When nutrition transition proceeds, waist circumference together with MUAC could form tools for the prediction of worsening of nutritional status.
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Antropometría , Brazo/anatomía & histología , Estado Nutricional/fisiología , Adolescente , Composición Corporal , Índice de Masa Corporal , Peso Corporal , Femenino , Ferritinas/sangre , Fuerza de la Mano , Hemoglobinas/análisis , Humanos , Mozambique , Pobreza , Población Rural , Albúmina Sérica/análisis , Grosor de los Pliegues Cutáneos , Población Urbana , Circunferencia de la Cintura , Zinc/sangreRESUMEN
Berries have been found to inhibit colon carcinogenesis in animal models, and thus represent a potential source of compounds for prevention and treatment of colorectal cancer. The mechanistic basis for their effects is not well understood. We used human colon carcinoma cells and Min mice to investigate the effects of ellagitannin-rich cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus) extract on cancer cell migration and underlying cell signaling. Intrinsic and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) -induced cell motility in human HT29 and HCA7 colon carcinoma cells was assessed carrying out cell scattering and scratch wound healing assays using time-lapse microscopy. Activation of Met, AKT, and ERK in cell lines and tumors of cloudberry-fed Min mice were determined using immunoprecipitation, Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses. Cloudberry extract significantly inhibited particularly HGF-induced cancer cell migration in both cell lines. Cloudberry extract inhibited the Met receptor tyrosine phosphorylation by HGF and strongly suppressed HGF-induced AKT and ERK activation in both HT29 and HCA7 cells. Consistently, cloudberry feeding (10% w/w freeze-dried berries in diet for 10 weeks) reduced the level of active AKT and prevented phosphoMet localization at the edges in tumors of Min mice. These results indicate that cloudberry reduces tumor growth and cancer cell motility by inhibiting Met signaling and consequent activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT in vitro and in tumors in vivo. As the Met receptor is recognized to be a major target in cancer treatment, our results suggest that dietary phytochemicals may have therapeutic value in reducing cancer progression and metastasis.
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Adenocarcinoma/patología , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Neoplasias del Colon/patología , Taninos Hidrolizables/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Animales , Línea Celular Tumoral , Movimiento Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Activación Enzimática/efectos de los fármacos , Factor de Crecimiento de Hepatocito , Humanos , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Mutantes , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinasas/efectos de los fármacos , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinasas/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-akt/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-akt/metabolismo , RubusRESUMEN
Micronutrient deficiencies can damage the health of adolescent girls and their offspring. There is a lack of population-based data on the micronutrient status of adolescents in Sub-Saharan Africa. We conducted a cross-sectional, population-based study to examine the biochemical status, prevalence of deficiency, dietary intake, and food sources of selected micronutrients among adolescent girls in Central Mozambique. Separate groups of study participants were recruited in 2 seasons in 2010. The participants were girls between 14 and 19 years of age (n = 551) from 1 urban area and 2 rural districts. Micronutrient status indicators were analyzed from blood and urine samples. Twenty-four-hour dietary recalls were also carried out. The overall prevalence with 95% confidence interval (calculated using sampling weights) among nonpregnant girls was 42.4% (37.2%-47.8%; n = 466) for anemia, 27.4% (23.1%-32.2%; n = 427) for low serum ferritin, 32.7% (27.7%-38.1%; n = 423) for low serum zinc, 14.7% (11.2%-19.0%; n = 426) for low plasma retinol, and 4.1% (2.9%-5.8%; n = 448) for low serum folate. The selenium status was considered sufficient. Mild to moderate iodine deficiency was found in the rural districts, whereas the iodine status of urban girls was adequate. Significantly lower serum folate concentrations were found in the urban area compared to the rural districts. The seasonal differences in vitamin A intake were significant. The intakes of micronutrients from animal source foods were small. In summary, adolescent Mozambican girls are at risk of several micronutrient deficiencies. This raises concern especially because adolescent motherhood is common in the region. Actions need to be taken to prevent and control micronutrient deficiencies.
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Anemia Ferropénica/epidemiología , Micronutrientes/administración & dosificación , Estado Nutricional , Salud Pública , Adolescente , Anemia Ferropénica/sangre , Estudios Transversales , Ingestión de Energía , Femenino , Ferritinas/sangre , Ácido Fólico/sangre , Humanos , Yodo/sangre , Micronutrientes/sangre , Micronutrientes/deficiencia , Mozambique , Prevalencia , Población Rural , Selenio/sangre , Población Urbana , Vitamina A/sangre , Adulto Joven , Zinc/sangreRESUMEN
Many African diets are low in fat but are currently changing because of nutrition transition. We studied fat and fatty acid (FA) intake and the essential fatty acid (EFA) status of adolescent girls (aged 14-19 years, n 262) in Zambezia Province, central Mozambique. A cross-sectional study was carried out in a city as well as in the towns and rural villages of a coastal and an inland district. Dietary intake and FA sources were studied in a 24 h dietary recall. FA compositions of cholesteryl esters and phospholipids of non-fasting serum samples were analysed by GLC. Fat intake was low (13-18 % of energy) in all areas. Coconut and palm oil were the main sources of fat, and soyabean oil and maize were the main sources of PUFA. Compared to Food and Agriculture Organization/WHO 2010 recommendations, intake of linoleic acid (LA, 18 : 2n-6) was inadequate in the coastal district, and intakes of n-3 PUFA were inadequate in all areas. FA compositions of serum lipids differed between areas. The proportions of LA tended to be highest in the city and lowest in the rural areas. The phospholipid mead (20 : 3n-9):arachidonic acid (20 : 4n-6) ratio did not indicate EFA insufficiency. LA proportions in phospholipids were low, but those of long-chain n-6 and n-3 PUFA were high in comparison with Western adolescents. To conclude, fat sources, FA intake and EFA status differed between adolescent girls living in different types of communities. Fat intake was low, but EFA insufficiency was not indicated.
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Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales de los Adolescentes , Enfermedades Carenciales/etiología , Dieta/efectos adversos , Ácidos Grasos Esenciales/deficiencia , Ácidos Grasos/sangre , Absorción Intestinal , Estado Nutricional , Adolescente , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales de los Adolescentes/etnología , Adulto , Estudios Transversales , Enfermedades Carenciales/epidemiología , Enfermedades Carenciales/etnología , Enfermedades Carenciales/metabolismo , Países en Desarrollo , Dieta/etnología , Ácidos Grasos/administración & dosificación , Ácidos Grasos/metabolismo , Ácidos Grasos Esenciales/administración & dosificación , Ácidos Grasos Esenciales/sangre , Ácidos Grasos Esenciales/metabolismo , Femenino , Humanos , Mozambique/epidemiología , Política Nutricional , Estado Nutricional/etnología , Cooperación del Paciente/etnología , Salud Rural/etnología , Estaciones del Año , Salud Urbana/etnología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: There is very little published work on dietary intake and nutritional status of Mozambicans. We conducted a population-based cross-sectional study on the diet and nutritional status of adolescent girls in different types of communities in Zambézia Province, Central Mozambique, in two distinct seasons. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this paper is to present the design, methods, and study population characteristics of the Estudo do Estado Nutricional e da Dieta em Raparigas Adolescentes na Zambézia (the ZANE Study). METHODS: Data was collected in January-February 2010 ("hunger season") and in May-June 2010 ("harvest season"). A total of 551 girls in the age group 14-19 years old were recruited from one urban area and two districts (district towns and rural villages). The study protocol included a background interview, a 24-hour dietary recall interview, a food frequency questionnaire, anthropometric measurements, bioimpedance, hemoglobin measurement, and venous blood, urine, buccal cell, and fecal sampling. RESULTS: Adolescent motherhood was common in all study regions. Stunting prevalence for the total study population as a weighted percentage was 17.8% (95/549; 95% CI 14.3-22.0) with no regional differences. Overweight was found mainly in the urban area where the prevalence was 12.6% (20/159; 95% CI 7.5-17.6), thinness was rare. There were regional differences in the prevalence of malaria parasitemia and intestinal helminth infestation, but not human immunodeficiency virus. CONCLUSIONS: The fully analyzed data from the ZANE Study will yield results useful for setting priorities in nutrition policy and further research on the diet and nutritional status in Mozambique and other countries with similar nutritional problems. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01944891; http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01944891 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6L9OUrsq8).
RESUMEN
Dietary plant sterols reduce the absorption of cholesterol and therefore increase intraluminal cholesterol concentration. We examined how plant sterol esters from functional foods affect intestinal tumorigenesis in tumor-prone adenomatous polyposis coli (Apc)(Min) mice. Feeding plant sterols at 0.8% increased the number of intestinal adenomas, and the effect was significant in female mice. The concentration of mucosal free sitosterol increased by eightfold in plant sterol males and by threefold in plant sterol females when compared with respective controls. The concentration of mucosal free cholesterol was significantly lower in plant sterol males than in control males, and the decrease in free cholesterol was accompanied with a significant increase in nuclear sterol regulatory element binding protein-2. No difference was found in the levels of ß-catenin, cyclin D1, epidermal growth factor receptor, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, or caveolin-1 in either gender after plant sterol feeding. Among all measured parameters, higher levels of estrogen receptor ß and free cholesterol in the mucosa were among the strongest predictors of increased intestinal tumorigenesis. In addition, gene expression data showed significant enrichment of up-regulated genes of cell cycle control and cholesterol biosynthesis in plant sterol females. The results indicate that high intake of plant sterols accelerates intestinal tumorigenesis in female Apc (Min)mice; however, the mechanism behind the adverse effect remains to be discovered.
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Poliposis Adenomatosa del Colon/patología , Intestinos/efectos de los fármacos , Metabolismo de los Lípidos/efectos de los fármacos , Fitosteroles/administración & dosificación , Fitosteroles/efectos adversos , Poliposis Adenomatosa del Colon/inducido químicamente , Animales , Caveolina 1/metabolismo , Colesterol/metabolismo , Ciclina D1/metabolismo , Dieta , Receptores ErbB/metabolismo , Femenino , Absorción Intestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Mucosa Intestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Intestinos/patología , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Proteína Quinasa 3 Activada por Mitógenos/metabolismo , Sitoesteroles/metabolismo , Proteína 2 de Unión a Elementos Reguladores de Esteroles/metabolismo , beta Catenina/metabolismoRESUMEN
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths in the Western world and interactions between genetic and environmental factors, including diet, are suggested to play a critical role in its etiology. We conducted a long-term feeding experiment in the mouse to address gene expression and methylation changes arising in histologically normal colonic mucosa as putative cancer-predisposing events available for early detection. The expression of 94 growth-regulatory genes previously linked to human CRC was studied at two time points (5 weeks and 12 months of age) in the heterozygote Mlh1(+/-) mice, an animal model for human Lynch syndrome (LS), and wild type Mlh1(+/+) littermates, fed by either Western-style (WD) or AIN-93G control diet. In mice fed with WD, proximal colon mucosa, the predominant site of cancer formation in LS, exhibited a significant expression decrease in tumor suppressor genes, Dkk1, Hoxd1, Slc5a8, and Socs1, the latter two only in the Mlh1(+/-) mice. Reduced mRNA expression was accompanied by increased promoter methylation of the respective genes. The strongest expression decrease (7.3 fold) together with a significant increase in its promoter methylation was seen in Dkk1, an antagonist of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. Furthermore, the inactivation of Dkk1 seems to predispose to neoplasias in the proximal colon. This and the fact that Mlh1 which showed only modest methylation was still expressed in both Mlh1(+/-) and Mlh1(+/+) mice indicate that the expression decreases and the inactivation of Dkk1 in particular is a prominent early marker for colon oncogenesis.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas Adaptadoras Transductoras de Señales/genética , Colon/metabolismo , Neoplasias del Colon/genética , Dieta Alta en Grasa , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica , Membrana Mucosa/metabolismo , Proteínas Nucleares/genética , Proteínas Adaptadoras Transductoras de Señales/deficiencia , Animales , Proteínas de Transporte de Catión/genética , Colon/patología , Neoplasias del Colon/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Colorrectales Hereditarias sin Poliposis/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Colorrectales Hereditarias sin Poliposis/genética , Metilación de ADN , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Proteínas de Homeodominio/genética , Humanos , Péptidos y Proteínas de Señalización Intercelular/genética , Ratones , Ratones de la Cepa 129 , Ratones Noqueados , Transportadores de Ácidos Monocarboxílicos , Membrana Mucosa/patología , Homólogo 1 de la Proteína MutL , Proteínas Nucleares/deficiencia , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa Inversa , Proteína 1 Supresora de la Señalización de Citocinas , Proteínas Supresoras de la Señalización de Citocinas/genética , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
To assess the statistical relationship between tumor growth and copper metabolism, we performed a metaanalysis of studies in which patients with neoplasms were characterized according to any of the copper status indexes (atomic copper serum concentration, serum oxidase activity, ceruloplasmin protein content). Our metaanalysis shows that in the majority of cases (more than 3100 patients), tumor growth positively correlates with the copper status indexes. Nude athymic CD-1 nu/nu mice with subcutaneous tumors of human origin, C57Bl/6J mice with murine melanoma and Apc(Min) mice with spontaneously developing adenomas throughout the intestinal tract were studied to experimentally determine the relationship between tumor progression, liver copper metabolism, and copper status indexes. We showed that the copper status indexes increased significantly during tumor growth. In the liver tissue of tumor-bearing mice, ceruloplasmin gene expression, as well as the expression of genes related to ceruloplasmin metallation (CTR1 and ATP7B), increased significantly. Moreover, the presence of an mRNA splice variant encoding a form of ceruloplasmin anchored to the plasma membrane by glycosylphosphatidyl inositol, which is atypical for hepatocytes, was also detected. The ATP7A copper transporter gene, which is normally expressed in the liver only during embryonic copper metabolism, was also activated. Depletion of holo-ceruloplasmin resulted in retardation of human HCT116 colon carcinoma cell growth in nude mice and induced DNA fragmentation in tumor cells. In addition, the concentration of cytochrome c increased significantly in the cytosol, while decreasing in the mitochondria. We discuss a possible trans-effect of developing tumors on copper metabolism in the liver.
Asunto(s)
Cobre/metabolismo , Hígado/fisiología , Neoplasias/genética , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Animales , Expresión Génica , Humanos , Hígado/metabolismo , RatonesRESUMEN
The rate of APC mutations in the intestine increases in middle-age. At the same period of life, plant sterol and stanol enriched functional foods are introduced to diet to lower blood cholesterol. This study examined the effect of plant stanol enriched diet on intestinal adenoma formation in the Apc(Min) mouse. Apc(Min) mice were fed 0.8% plant stanol diet or control diet for nine weeks. Cholesterol, plant sterols and plant stanols were analyzed from the caecum content and the intestinal mucosa. Levels of ß-catenin, cyclin D1, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) were measured from the intestinal mucosa by Western blotting. Gene expression was determined from the intestinal mucosa using Affymetrix and the data were analyzed for enriched categories and pathways. Plant stanols induced adenoma formation in the small intestine, however, the adenoma size was not affected. We saw increased levels of nuclear ß-catenin, phosphorylated ß-catenin (Ser675 and Ser552), nuclear cyclin D1, total and phosphorylated EGFR and phosphorylated ERK1/2 in the intestinal mucosa after plant stanol feeding. The Affymetrix data demonstrate that several enzymes of cholesterol synthesis pathway were up-regulated, although the cholesterol level in the intestinal mucosa was not altered. We show that plant stanols induce adenoma formation by activating Wnt and EGFR signaling. EGFR signaling seems to have promoted ß-catenin phosphorylation and its translocation into the nucleus, where the expression of cyclin D1 was increased. Up-regulated cholesterol synthesis may partly explain the increased EGFR signaling in the plant stanol-fed mice.
Asunto(s)
Adenoma/patología , Receptores ErbB/metabolismo , Neoplasias Intestinales/patología , Fitosteroles/efectos adversos , Vía de Señalización Wnt/efectos de los fármacos , Adenoma/inducido químicamente , Adenoma/metabolismo , Animales , Ciego/efectos de los fármacos , Ciego/metabolismo , Colesterol/metabolismo , Ciclina D1/metabolismo , Femenino , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Genes APC , Mucosa Intestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Neoplasias Intestinales/inducido químicamente , Neoplasias Intestinales/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Mutantes , Proteína Quinasa 3 Activada por Mitógenos/metabolismo , Fitosteroles/farmacología , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-akt/metabolismo , Serina/metabolismo , Sitoesteroles/farmacología , Proteína 2 de Unión a Elementos Reguladores de Esteroles/metabolismo , Regulación hacia Arriba/efectos de los fármacos , beta Catenina/metabolismoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To assess the validity of food photographs in portion size estimation among adolescent girls in Mozambique. The study was carried out in preparation for the larger ZANE study, which used the 24 h dietary recall method. DESIGN: Life-sized photographs of three portion sizes of two staple foods and three sauces were produced. Participants ate weighed portions of one staple food and one sauce. After the meal, they were asked to estimate the amount of food with the aid of the food photographs. SETTING: Zambezia Province, Mozambique. SUBJECTS: Ninety-nine girls aged 1318 years. RESULTS: The mean differences between estimated and actual portion sizes relative to the actual portion size ranged from 219% to 8% for different foods. The respective mean difference for all foods combined was 25% (95% CI 212, 2 %). Especially larger portions of the staple foods were often underestimated. For the staple foods, between 62% and 64% of the participants were classified into the same thirds of the distribution of estimated and actual food consumption and for sauces, the percentages ranged from 38% to 63%. BlandAltman plots showed wide limits of agreement. CONCLUSIONS: Using life-sized food photographs among adolescent Mozambican girls resulted in a rather large variation in the accuracy of individuals' estimates. The ability to rank individuals according to their consumption was, however, satisfactory for most foods. There seems to be a need to further develop and test food photographs used in different populations in Sub-Saharan Africa to improve the accuracy of portion size estimates.
Asunto(s)
Ingestión de Energía , Alimentos , Fotograbar/métodos , Tamaño de la Porción , Percepción del Tamaño , Adolescente , Dieta , Encuestas sobre Dietas , Femenino , Humanos , Recuerdo Mental , Mozambique , Reproducibilidad de los ResultadosRESUMEN
Most clinical studies of probiotics use freeze-dried, powdered bacteria or bacteria packed in capsules. However, probiotics are commercially available in various food matrices, which may affect their persistence in the gastrointestinal tract. The objective of the study was to compare oral and faecal recovery during and after administration of a combination of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and LC705, Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. shermanii JS, and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Bb12 as capsules, yoghurt, or cheese. This randomized, parallel-group, open-label trial (n=36) included a 4-week run-in, 2-week intervention, and 3-week follow-up period. Participants consumed 10(10)cfu/day of probiotic combination and provided saliva and faecal samples before, during, and after the intervention. Strain-specific real-time PCR was used to quantify the strains. L. rhamnosus GG was the only probiotic strain regularly recovered in saliva samples. During the intervention period it was recovered in the saliva of 88% of the volunteers at least once. No difference was found between the yoghurt and cheese groups. At the end of the intervention, L. rhamnosus GG and LC705 counts were high in faecal samples of all product groups (8.08 and 8.67log(10) genome copies/g, respectively). There was no matrix effect on strain quantity in faeces or the recovery time after ceasing the intervention. For P. freudenreichii subsp. shermanii JS and B. animalis subsp. lactis Bb12, a matrix effect was found at the end of the intervention (P<0.01 and P<0.001, respectively) and in the recovery time during follow-up (P<0.05 for both). Yoghurt yielded the highest faecal quantity of JS and Bb12 strains (8.01 and 9.89log(10) genome copies/g, respectively). The results showed that the administration matrix did not influence the faecal quantity of lactobacilli, but affected faecal counts of propionibacteria and bifidobacteria that were lower when consumed in cheese. Thus, the consumption of probiotics in yoghurt matrix is highly suitable for studying potential health benefits and capsules provide a comparable means of administration when the viability of the strain in the capsule product is confirmed.