Parenting styles for children with oppositional defiant disorder: Scope review.

Behavioral and emotional problems are the most common form of child psychiatric pathology. Parenting styles are one of the factors affecting the formation of children's personality and the use of inefficient styles can lead to several negative consequences such as behavioral problems. The aim of the present article is to describe a variety of parenting styles and their relationship with children behavioral problems. The present study reviews a variety of parenting styles including Kazdin's Parent Management Education Model, Barclay's Parent Training Program, Adler and Dreikurs Approach, and Positive Parenting Program. Finally, based on reality theory, parenting is neglected to be one of those styles. Therefore, it is imperative to do a research based on reality theory with existential psychotherapy and with the view that everyone chooses to behave, external pressure is always an imposition, the children learn from their mistakes, and everyone is responsible for his own happiness.

Validation of revisited self-directed learning readiness scale for nursing education among Iranian nursing and midwifery students.

BACKGROUND: Self-directed learning readiness scale for nursing education (SDLRSNE) was first edited in Fisher and King Learning, which was an alternative for self-directed learning readiness. OBJECTIVES: The present research aims at reinvestigating the subscale factor structure of this tool and present evidence regarding its validity and reliability. METHODS: In this cross-psychometric study, 379 students completed SDLRSNE, with 29 items and three subscales that were selected by conducting simple random sampling method, from among 1135 nursing and midwifery students at Islamic Azad University of Isfahan (Khorasgan), in 2015-2016 academic years. The data were analyzed using SPSS20 and Lisrel8.5 Software. The mentioned data were studied by utilizing descriptive standards and inferential tests such as Cronbach's alpha coefficients, Spearman-Brown, Gutmann, and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). RESULTS: According to the proper fitness indicators, CFA of 29 items clearly distinguishes self-directing into three elements, including self-management, desire for learning, and self-control. Results demonstrated that all three scale elements have high internal consistency coefficients. CONCLUSION: Results exhibit that short-form scale for self-directed readiness in Fisher and King learning is a valid and reliable tool for identifying the capabilities of the nursing and midwifery student's self-learning.

Double-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial of the Efficacy of Venlafaxine Versus Citalopram in the Treatment of the Acute Phase of Major Depressive Disorder.

BACKGROUND: There are many antidepressant medications with different side-effects and efficacy profiles. OBJECTIVES: In this study, we compared the efficacy of citalopram and venlafaxine in major depression, which has not yet been studied in Iran. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this double-blind, randomized controlled trial study, 39 patients aged 18-54 year old with major depressive disorder were randomly allocated into two groups in Yazd City, Iran, between March 2011 and December 2012. A total of 16 patients were treated with velafaxine and 23 patients were treated with citalopram for 8 weeks. Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) questionnaire was used for monitoring depression severity. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 20.0 software using Mann Whitney U test and chi-square statistical tests. RESULTS: The HDRS scores were decreased significantly in each group after 8 weeks of treatment (P = 0.001). However, there was no significant difference considering the score of HDRS (P = 0.110). Ten patients in the venlafaxine group and two patients in the citalopram group stopped using medication, all due to nausea or vomiting, or both, and the rate of these two side-effects was significantly higher in the venlafaxine group (P = 0.010). CONCLUSIONS: The efficacy of venlafaxine and citalopram are almost the same, but compliance for the use of medication, such as nausea and vomiting, in patients using venlafaxine is much higher than the citalopram group. Therefore, this implies that citalopram could be a safer antidepressant for patients suffering from major depression.

The relationship between dimensions of religiosity/spirituality with mental health and hope for future between staff of public hospitals in Shiraz.

INTRODUCTION: Due to the impacts of spirituality and its dimensions on psychological structures in the workplace and their ability to influence organizational performances have received a great attention in recent years. Thus, this study investigated the relationship between dimensions of spirituality with mental health and hope for future. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a correlational study with a statistical population, including public Hospital's personnel of Shiraz done in autumn 1389. To collect the research data, three different types of questionnaires were used: (1) Hope for the future (4 items), (2) mental health (12 items), and (3) components of religiosity/spirituality at (31 items and based on 5 components). Data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation and Hierarchical regression analysis. FINDINGS: Research findings show that there are significant correlations between existential well-being and hope for the future, motivation, devotion and coping and hope for the future, and mental health and hope for the future. Furthermore, all components of religiosity/spirituality have had significant correlations with mental health. Hierarchical regression analysis showed that in the first step motivation, devotion and coping with a variance of 5%, in the second step motivation, devotion and coping with mental health with a variance of 6.4%, in the third step motivation, devotion and coping with mental health and existential well-being with a variance of 9.1% and in the fourth step, the combining of motivation, devotion and coping and existential well-being with a variance of 8.9% with hope for the future have meaningful multiple relationships. CONCLUSION: Findings indicated that motivation, devotion and coping with existential well-being, respectively, were the most important dimensions of religiosity-spirituality that together with mental health affect hope for future. It is necessary that the dimension of motivation, devotion and coping, existential well-being and personnel mental health should be strengthened to increase the staff's hope for future.

The effects of bupropion on negative symptoms in schizophrenia.

This study was designed determine the efficacy of bupropion versus placebo in subjects with negative symptoms of schizophrenia. A convenience sample of 40 patients of both genders aged 18-60 years who were living in psychiatric care centers were randomly treated with bupropion (started with 75 mg twice a day; increased to 100 mg thrice daily) or placebo. The diagnosis of schizophrenia was confirmed by a psychiatrist based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) criteria. Before and after the intervention, severity of negative symptoms was determined using a reliable and valid Persian version of Scales for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS). Comparison of post-treatment total SANS score and subscale scores between bupropion treated patients and placebo group demonstrated no significant difference. Moreover, comparison of pre- treatment and post-treatment total SANS score and subscales within 2 groups revealed that nor bupropion neither placebo improved the severity of negative symptoms significantly. Present study demonstrated that bupropion has no significant effect on SANS score of patients with severe negative symptoms. However, further studies with larger sample size are recommended to achieve more accurate results.