Abundant pleiotropy across neuroimaging modalities identified through a multivariate genome-wide association study.

Genetic pleiotropy is abundant across spatially distributed brain characteristics derived from one neuroimaging modality (e.g. structural, functional or diffusion magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]). A better understanding of pleiotropy across modalities could inform us on the integration of brain function, micro- and macrostructure. Here we show extensive genetic overlap across neuroimaging modalities at a locus and gene level in the UK Biobank (N = 34,029) and ABCD Study (N = 8607). When jointly analysing phenotypes derived from structural, functional and diffusion MRI in a genome-wide association study (GWAS) with the Multivariate Omnibus Statistical Test (MOSTest), we boost the discovery of loci and genes beyond previously identified effects for each modality individually. Cross-modality genes are involved in fundamental biological processes and predominantly expressed during prenatal brain development. We additionally boost prediction of psychiatric disorders by conditioning independent GWAS on our multimodal multivariate GWAS. These findings shed light on the shared genetic mechanisms underlying variation in brain morphology, functional connectivity, and tissue composition.

Return to sports following distal biceps tendon repair: A current concepts review.

Distal biceps tendon ruptures are relatively rare injuries but tend to occur in active and athletic populations, especially in weightlifting and contact sports. The distal biceps tendon is an important supinator of the forearm and flexor of the elbow, thus an injury to this ligament can be invalidating for athletes. The aim of this review was to determine the ability and the time to return to sports following distal biceps tendon repair in athletes and the level of performance. The literature is scarce about the return to sports among athletes. Most studies include athletes are National Football League (NFL) players, others are weightlifters and a few recreational athletes. The return to play rate after distal biceps tendon repair is high. The performances of the returned players were similar to matched players and most players returned to the same level. Most players-depending on the sport-were not able to return to competition within the same season. In order to manage expectations, it should be discussed preoperatively with the athlete (and their coach) that the return to sports rate is high, but the return will probably be the following season.

[Epithelioid angiomyolipoma of the kidney after successfully treated malignant melanoma]. / Epitheloides Angiomyolipom der Niere nach stattgehabtem malignem Melanom.

BACKGROUND: Therapy of epitheloid angiomyolipomas (eAML) may be challenging, since unlike classical angiomyolipomas this rare subclass of benign mesenchymal angiomyolipomas may present with lymph node metastases, local recurrent disease, and/or systemic metastatic disease in up to 30% of cases. OBJECTIVES: We report here for the first time in Germany a case of eAML after successful treatment of malignant melanoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Clinical and histological findings as well as results of the genetic analysis of the angiomyolipoma are presented. RESULTS: A somatic, truncating mutation of the TSC2 gene was found in the angiomyolipoma. CONCLUSION: The relationship to histologically similar tumor entities are presented and therapeutic options based on the genetic classification are discussed.

Applicability and safety of discontinuous ADVanced Organ Support (ADVOS) in the treatment of patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) outside of intensive care.

BACKGROUND: ADVanced Organ Support (ADVOS) is a novel type of extracorporeal albumin dialysis and holds promise to sustain liver function and recovery of patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF). Previously, ADVOS was tested as continuous treatment for intensive care patients with liver failure. Data related to the applicability and safety as discontinuous treatment outside of ICU is not available. AIM: Evaluation of ADVOS as discontinuous treatment for patients with ACLF outside intensive care unit and comparison with a matched historic cohort. METHODS AND RESULTS: In this retrospective study, 26 patients with ACLF and the indication for renal replacement therapy related to HRS-AKI were included. Majority of patients were male (65%) with alcoholic cirrhosis in 88% and infections as a trigger of ACLF in 96%. Liver function was severely compromised reflected by high median MELD and CLIF-C ACLF scores of 37 (IQR 32;40) and 56.5 (IQR 51;60), respectively. Patients were treated discontinuously with ADVOS over a median time of 12 days (IQR 8.25;17) and received 8 (IQR 4.25;9.75) treatment cycles on average. No treatment related adverse events were recorded, and safety laboratory parameters remained constant during the observation time. After 16 h cumulative dialysis therapy, ADVOS significantly reduced protein-bound bilirubin (14%), creatinine (11.8%) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN, 33%). Using a matched cohort with ACLF treated with hemodialysis, ADVOS achieved a stronger decrease in bilirubin (p = 0.01), while detoxification of water-soluble catabolites' including creatinine and BUN was comparable. The 28-days mortality in the ADVOS group was 56% (14/26) and was not inferior to predicted survival (predicted median 28-days mortality was 44%, IQR 30; 59). CONCLUSION: Discontinuous ADVOS treatment was safe and effective in patients with ACLF outside intensive care and outperformed hemodialysis in reducing protein-bound metabolites.

Factors determining microbial colonization of liquid nitrogen storage tanks used for archiving biological samples.

The availability of bioresources is a precondition for life science research, medical applications, and diagnostics, but requires a dedicated quality management to guarantee reliable and safe storage. Anecdotal reports of bacterial isolates and sample contamination indicate that organisms may persist in liquid nitrogen (LN) storage tanks. To evaluate the safety status of cryocollections, we systematically screened organisms in the LN phase and in ice layers covering inner surfaces of storage tanks maintained in different biobanking facilities. We applied a culture-independent approach combining cell detection by epifluorescence microscopy with the amplification of group-specific marker genes and high-throughput sequencing of bacterial ribosomal genes. In the LN phase, neither cells nor bacterial 16S rRNA gene copy numbers were detectable (detection limit, 102 cells per ml, 103 gene copies per ml). In several cases, small numbers of bacteria of up to 104 cells per ml and up to 106 gene copies per ml, as well as Mycoplasma, or fungi were detected in the ice phase formed underneath the lids or accumulated at the bottom. The bacteria most likely originated from the stored materials themselves (Elizabethingia, Janthibacterium), the technical environment (Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Methylobacterium), or the human microbiome (Bacteroides, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus). In single cases, bacteria, Mycoplasma, fungi, and human cells were detected in the debris at the bottom of the storage tanks. In conclusion, the limited microbial load of the ice phase and in the debris of storage tanks can be effectively avoided by minimizing ice formation and by employing hermetically sealed sample containers.

Analytical interatomic bond-order potential for simulations of oxygen defects in iron.

We present an analytical bond-order potential for the Fe-O system, capable of reproducing the basic properties of wüstite as well as the energetics of oxygen impurities in [Formula: see text]-iron. The potential predicts binding energies of various small oxygen-vacancy clusters in [Formula: see text]-iron in good agreement with density functional theory results, and is therefore suitable for simulations of oxygen-based defects in iron. We apply the potential in simulations of the stability and structure of Fe/FeO interfaces and FeO precipitates in iron, and observe that the shape of FeO precipitates can change due to formation of well-defined Fe/FeO interfaces. The interface with crystalline Fe also ensures that the precipitates never become fully amorphous, no matter how small they are.

Prospective evaluation of the impact of covert hepatic encephalopathy on quality of life and sleep in cirrhotic patients.

BACKGROUND: Minimal hepatic encephalopathy (HE) and HE grade 1 (HE1) according to the West Haven criteria have recently been grouped as one entity named-covert HE- (CHE). Data regarding the impact of CHE on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and sleep quality are controversial. AIM: First, to determine whether CHE affects HRQoL and sleep quality of cirrhotic patients and second, whether minimal HE (MHE) and HE1 affect HRQoL and sleep quality to a comparable extent. METHODS: A total of 145 consecutive cirrhotic patients were enrolled. HE1 was diagnosed clinically according to the West Haven criteria. Critical flicker frequency and the Psychometric Hepatic Encephalopathy Score were used to detect MHE. Chronic Liver Disease Questionnaire (CLDQ) was used to assess HRQoL and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was applied to assess sleep quality. RESULTS: Covert HE was detected in 59 (40.7%) patients (MHE: n = 40; HE1: n = 19). Multivariate analysis identified CHE (P < 0.001) and female gender (P = 0.006) as independent predictors of reduced HRQoL (CLDQ total score). CHE (P = 0.021), low haemoglobin (P = 0.024) and female gender (P = 0.003) were identified as independent predictors of poor sleep quality (PSQI total score). Results of CLDQ and PSQI were comparable in patients with HE1 and MHE (CLDQ: 4.6 ± 0.9 vs 4.5 ± 1.2, P = 0.907; PSQI: 11.3 ± 3.8 vs 9.9 ± 5.0, P = 0.3). CONCLUSION: Covert HE was associated with impaired HRQoL and sleep quality. MHE and HE1 affected both outcomes to a comparable extent supporting the use of CHE as a clinically useful term for patients with both entities of HE in clinical practice.

Chlamydiae in febrile children with respiratory tract symptoms and age-matched controls, Ghana.

Members of the Chlamydiales order are obligate intracellular pathogens causing acute and chronic infectious diseases. Chlamydiaceae are established agents of community- and zoonotically acquired respiratory tract infections, and emerging pathogens among the Chlamydia-related bacteria have been implicated in airway infections. The role of both in airway infections in Africa is underexplored. We performed a case -control study on the prevalence of Chlamydiaceae and Chlamydia-related emerging pathogens in children with febrile respiratory tract infections in West Africa, Ghana. Using a pan-Chlamydiales broad-range real-time PCR, we detected chlamydial DNA in 11 (1.9%) of 572 hospitalized febrile children with respiratory tract symptoms and in 24 (4.3%) of 560 asymptomatic age-matched controls (p 0.03). Chlamydiaceae were found to be common among both symptomatic and healthy Ghanaian children, with Chlamydia pneumoniae being the most prevalent species. Parachlamydiaceae were detected in two children without symptoms but not in the symptomatic group. We identified neither Chlamydia psittaci nor Simkania negevensis but a member of a new chlamydial family that shared 90.2% sequence identity with the 16S rRNA gene of the zoonotic pathogen Chlamydia pecorum. In addition, we found a new Chlamydia-related species that belonged to a novel family sharing 91.3% 16S rRNA sequence identity with Candidatus Syngnamydia venezia. The prevalence and spectrum of chlamydial species differed from previous results obtained from children of other geographic regions and our study indicates that both, Chlamydiaceae and Chlamydia-related bacteria, are not clearly linked to clinical symptoms in Ghanaian children.

An Improved Cryopreservation Protocol for Mentha spp. Based on Pvs3 as the Cryoprotectant.

BACKGROUND: Vitrification approaches are widely used to cryopreserve Mentha spp. genetic resources. OBJECTIVE: Here, we compared the response of 20 different Mentha species and hybrids during cryopreservation and elucidated the efficacy of two cryoprotectants. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and fifty three Mentha spp. accessions were cryopreserved using in vitro plants maintained under slow-growth storage and PVS2 or PVS3 as cryoprotectants. RESULTS: The cryoprotectant PVS2 was effective for all species, except M. requienii and M. villosanervata. The use of PVS3 increased the proportion of explants able to regrow after rewarming. The outbreak of endophytes upon rewarming was both less frequent and less severe when PVS3 replaced PVS2. CONCLUSION: Both PVS2 and PVS3 can be used as cryoprotectant for all the species and accessions of Mentha spp. surveyed. Since higher regenerations were achieved using PVS3, and since the risk of an endophyte outbreak was reduced, this cryoprotectant should be preferred in future for cryopreserving Mentha spp.

A simple method for cryopreservation of shoot tips of Arabidopsis genotypes.

　　BACKGROUND: The use of the model plant Arabidopsis could be a valuable tool to elucidate the basic mechanisms involved in plant cryopreservation. OBJECTIVE: A simple and powerful protocol, independent of Arabidopsis genotypes, was established using a PVS2 protocol. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two PVS2 (a and b), one PVS3 droplet-vitrification and one DMSO droplet-freezing protocol were tested with alternating temperatures during the growing phase of donor plants. RESULTS: PVS2 protocols, including cold acclimation of donor plants, resulted in highest recovery. The PVS2a protocol was successfully applied to a collection of different Arabidopsis genotypes with an average recovery of 94%. In addition, Differential Scanning Calorimetry confirmed the occurrence of glass transitions in the PVS3 and PVS2 protocols. CONCLUSION: The PVS2a protocol is suitable to screen the large collection of Arabidopsis mutants and transgenic lines with the aim to identify cellular functions associated with cryopreservation tolerance.

Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome: Twelve Years of Experience at a Regional Referral Center.

Infants exposed to opiates antenatally display withdrawal symptoms after birth referred to as neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS).A total of 366 newborns (166 females, 10 twins) from 361 mothers were diagnosed with NAS from 2000 to 2011 at a single large metropolitan referral center.Retrospective chart review of all newborn infants exposed to opiates in utero.20% were premature (gestational age<37 weeks), 32% were small-for-gestational-age (<10th percentile). 70% of infants (195/278) antenatally exposed to methadone (racemic methadone or levomethadone) required pharmacological treatment for 11 (1-55) days (median; range); however, 45% of infants (28/62) exposed to buprenorphine required pharmacological treatment for a median of only 5 (1-20) days (p=0.014). Pharmacological treatment of infants with phenobarbital (n=189) took a median of 9 (1-53) days, but treatment with morphine (n=39) took 19 (3-55) days (p<0.001). The median duration of hospitalization increased from 11 days in 2000-2004 to 19 days in 2008-2011 (p<0.001). The increased durations of neonatal hospitalization were associated with similar increases in the average dosages of maternal methadone.Use of buprenorphine, rather than methadone, for treatment of opiate-addicted pregnant women is associated with fewer and shorter neonatal withdrawal symptoms. The duration of hospitalization and treatment for NAS has increased over time.

[The Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome]. / Das maligne neuroleptische Syndrom (MNS)--Eine systematische Übersicht.

BACKGROUND: Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is a rare but potentially life-threatening medication-induced syndrome. Core symptoms are hyperthermia, diaphoresis, rigidity, impaired consciousness, and creatinine kinase elevation. Additionally, patients show vegetative dysregulation including blood pressure fluctuations. The purpose of this paper is to summarize current findings, to facilitate diagnostics and to distinguish NMS from other syndromes. METHODS: We performed a systematic review of the literature. We included scientific publications, books and guidelines. RESULTS: In this review we summarize the current diagnostic criteria, differential diagnosis, pathogenesis and therapeutic options. CONCLUSION: Clinical symptoms of NMS are heterogeneous and it is difficult to diagnose early states. Early interventions are important to ensure fast and complete recovery. Since NMS is a rare condition, publications on NMS-therapy are based on single-case reports, meta-analysis or expert opinions. Core symptoms should be considered: Exposure to dopamine-antagonists, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, rigidity, mental status alteration, creatinine kinase elevation, and vegetative dysregulation.

Assessments of the transmission of Onchocerca volvulus by Simulium sanctipauli in the Upper Denkyira District, Ghana, and the intermittent disappearance of the vector.

Following studies on the transmission of Onchocerca volvulus (Leuckart) by Simulium sanctipauli Vajime & Dunbar (Diptera, Simuliidae) in Upper Denkyira District in Ghana in 2001 and 2002 (Kutin et al., Med Vet Ent 18:167-173, 2004), further assessments were carried out in 2006 and 2013/2014 to determine whether transmission parameters had changed since community-directed ivermectin treatment (CDTI) began in 1999. There were no marked changes of the transmission intensities in 2006. Only slight, but non-significant, reductions were observed in infection rates of parous flies with larval stages (L1-L3) of O. volvulus from 44.1 % (of 1672 parous flies) in 2001/2002 to 42.1 % (506) in 2006 and from 6.5 to 5.9 % of flies carrying infective larvae in their heads. This suggested that there was an ongoing transmission in the area and the parasite reservoir in the human population was still high. Unexpectedly, further assessments conducted in October 2013 and March and October 2014 revealed that the vector S. sanctipauli had apparently disappeared and transmission had ceased, probably as a result of intensified gold mining activities along the rivers Ofin and Pra. The water of both rivers was extremely turbid, heavily loaded with suspended solids, probably preventing the development of blackfly larvae. Some breeding and biting of Simulium yahense Vajime & Dunbar was observed in a small tributary of the Pra, the Okumayemfuo, which is not affected by gold mining. However, the infection rate of flies was low, only 3.7 % of 163 parous flies were infected with first stage (L1) larvae of O. volvulus.

Collagen type IV-related nephropathies in Portugal: pathogenic COL4A3 and COL4A4 mutations and clinical characterization of 25 families.

Pathogenic mutations in genes COL4A3/COL4A4 are responsible for autosomal Alport syndrome (AS) and thin basement membrane nephropathy (TBMN). We used Sanger sequencing to analyze all exons and splice site regions of COL4A3/COL4A4, in 40 unrelated Portuguese probands with clinical suspicion of AS/TBMN. To assess genotype-phenotype correlations, we compared clinically relevant phenotypes/outcomes between homozygous/compound heterozygous and apparently heterozygous patients. Seventeen novel and four reportedly pathogenic COL4A3/COL4A4 mutations were identified in 62.5% (25/40) of the probands. Regardless of the mutated gene, all patients with ARAS manifested chronic renal failure (CRF) and hearing loss, whereas a minority of the apparently heterozygous patients had CRF or extrarenal symptoms. CRF was diagnosed at a significantly younger age in patients with ARAS. In our families, the occurrence of COL4A3/COL4A4 mutations was higher, while the prevalence of XLAS was lower than expected. Overall, a pathogenic COL4A3/COL4A4/COL4A5 mutation was identified in >50% of patients with fewer than three of the standard diagnostic criteria of AS. With such a population background, simultaneous next-generation sequencing of all three genes may be recommended as the most expedite approach to diagnose collagen IV-related glomerular basement membrane nephropathies.

Acute psychosis in a verified Huntington disease gene carrier with subtle motor signs: psychiatric criteria should be considered for the diagnosis.

Huntington disease (HD) is an inherited, progressive, autosomal dominant disorder. Some patients develop severe chorea or cognitive symptoms. The genetic defect causes progressive atrophy of the striatum, the cortex and extrastriatal structures (Sheperd GM. Corticostriatal connectivity and its role in disease. Nat Rev Neurosci 2013;14:278-91). The precise timing of clinical diagnosis of HD is poorly characterized and is mainly based on motor symptoms (Huntington, Study and Group. Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale: reliability and consistency. Huntington Study Group. Mov Discord 1996:136-42). Patients suffering from HD frequently show cognitive or affective symptoms even before manifesting motor signs. Psychiatric symptoms like depression, apathy, aggression, and disinhibition are common, and suicide rates are over four times higher than in the general population (Di Maio L, Squitieri F, Napolitano G, Campanella G, Trofatter JA, Conneally PM. Suicide risk in Huntington's disease. J Med Genet 1993;30:293-5). This case report of a female patient with genetically proven HD is of special interest because motor or cognitive impairment were absent whereas she suffered from symptoms of an acute and severe psychosis likely to be symptomatic signs of HD.

[Development and first results of fast and cost-effective examination methods for an ophthalmological screening within the National Cohort]. / Entwicklung und erste Anwendungserfahrungen einer schnellen und kostengünstigen ophthalmologischen Untersuchung für die Nationale Kohorte.

BACKGROUND: For an implemented ophthalmological screening within a German long-term cohort study (National Cohort) simple and effective methods for an examination of visual acuity and for non-mydriatic retina photografies should be evaluated. Furthermore standard operating-procedures (SOP) should be developed. METHODS: In the years 2011 and 2012 pinhole visual acuity measurements and automated retina photographies (DRS, CenterVue S. p. a., Padua, Italy) were made at three different epidemiological study centers within Germany. Furthermore, anterior segment images were taken by the camera. Standard operating procedures (SOP) regarding the ophthalmological screening were developed and evaluated within the study. The main question was whether it is possible to implement the screening methods within the National Cohort. Further main outcomes were quality and interpretability of the taken images. RESULTS: 457 subjects (914 eyes) were examined within the investigation. Median VA was 0.8 for right and left eyes (p > 0.42). Image quality of the photographies was good in 491 cases (54 %), fair in 239 cases (26 %) and bad in 179 cases (20 %). The usability of the images was without limitations in 686 cases (75 %), limited in 152 cases (17 %) and not given in 71 cases (8 %). Increasing age of the subjects was slightly correlated with decreasing image quality (r = 0.26) and decreasing image usability (r = 0.2). Anterior segment photographies were usable in 176 eyes (56 %). CONCLUSION: The developed screening method fulfilled the specifications of the National Cohort. The used pinhole visual acuity examination was fast and cheap. Image quality and usability of the retina photographies could be improved with prolonged pupil recovery times. The quality of the anterior segment images could not fulfill the expectations and were taken out of the further examinations of the ophthalmological screening. The written SOP showed good acceptance within the investigators' daily routine. The ophthalmological screening within the National Cohort generates information (e. g., pathologies of the vessels or of the retina) which are useful not only from an ophthalmological point of view.

Diabetic liver injury from streptozotocin is regulated through the caspase-8 homolog cFLIP involving activation of JNK2 and intrahepatic immunocompetent cells.

The endemic occurrence of obesity and the associated risk factors that constitute the metabolic syndrome have been predicted to lead to a dramatic increase in chronic liver disease. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) has become the most frequent liver disease in countries with a high prevalence of obesity. In addition, hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance have been implicated in disease progression of other liver diseases, including chronic viral hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The molecular mechanisms underlying the link between insulin signaling and hepatocellular injury are only partly understood. We have explored the role of the antiapoptotic caspase-8 homolog cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein (cFLIP) on liver cell survival in a diabetic model with hypoinsulinemic diabetes in order to delineate the role of insulin signaling on hepatocellular survival. cFLIP regulates cellular injury from apoptosis signaling pathways, and loss of cFLIP was previously shown to promote injury from activated TNF and CD95/Apo-1 receptors. In mice lacking cFLIP in hepatocytes (flip(-/-)), loss of insulin following streptozotocin treatment resulted in caspase- and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)-dependent liver injury after 21 days. Substitution of insulin, inhibition of JNK using the SP600125 compound in vivo or genetic deletion of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)9 (JNK2) in all tissues abolished the injurious effect. Strikingly, the difference in injury between wild-type and cFLIP-deficient mice occurred only in vivo and was accompanied by liver-infiltrating inflammatory cells with a trend toward increased amounts of NK1.1-positive cells and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. Transfer of bone marrow from rag-1-deficient mice that are depleted from B and T lymphocytes prevented liver injury in flip(-/-) mice. These findings support a direct role of insulin on cellular survival by alternating the activation of injurious MAPK, caspases and the recruitment of inflammatory cells to the liver. Thus, increasing resistance to insulin signaling pathways in hepatocytes appears to be an important factor in the initiation and progression of chronic liver disease.

Human-associated Staphylococcus aureus strains within great ape populations in Central Africa (Gabon).

The risk of serious infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus is well-known. However, most studies regarding the distribution of (clinically relevant) S. aureus among humans and animals took place in the western hemisphere and only limited data are available from (Central) Africa. In this context, recent studies focused on S. aureus strains in humans and primates, but the question of whether humans and monkeys share related S. aureus strains or may interchange strains remained largely unsolved. In this study we aimed to evaluate the distribution and spread of human-like S. aureus strains among great apes living in captivity. Therefore, a primate facility at the International Centre for Medical Research of Franceville (Gabon) was screened. We detected among the primates a common human S. aureus strain, belonging to the spa-type t148. It was isolated from three different individuals of the western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla), of which one individual showed a large necrotizing wound. This animal died, most probably of a staphylococcal sepsis. Additionally, we discovered the t148 type among chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) that were settled in the immediate neighbourhood of the infected gorillas. A detailed analysis by pulsed field gel electrophoresis showed that the gorilla and chimpanzee isolates represented two closely related strains. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a human-associated S. aureus strain causing disease in great apes. The simultaneous detection in gorillas and chimpanzees indicated an interspecies transmission of this S. aureus strain. Our results recommend that protection of wild animals must not only be based on habitat conservation, but also on the assessment of the risk of contact with human pathogens.