Magnifying chromoendoscopy is a reliable method in the selection of rectal neoplasms for local excision.

PURPOSE: Adequate staging of early rectal neoplasms is essential for organ-preserving treatments, but magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) frequently overestimates the stage of those lesions. We aimed to compare the ability of magnifying chromoendoscopy and MRI to select patients with early rectal neoplasms for local excision. METHODS: This retrospective study in a tertiary Western cancer center included consecutive patients evaluated by magnifying chromoendoscopy and MRI who underwent en bloc resection of nonpedunculated sessile polyps larger than 20 mm, laterally spreading tumors (LSTs) [Formula: see text] 20 mm, or depressed-type lesions of any size (Paris 0-IIc). Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and positive and negative predictive values of magnifying chromoendoscopy and MRI to determine which lesions were amenable to local excision (i.e., [Formula: see text] T1sm1) were calculated. RESULTS: Specificity of magnifying chromoendoscopy was 97.3% (95% CI 92.2-99.4), and accuracy was 92.7% (95% CI 86.7-96.6) for predicting invasion deeper than T1sm1 (not amenable to local excision). MRI had lower specificity (60.5%, 95% CI 43.4-76.0) and lower accuracy (58.3%, 95% CI 43.2-72.4). Magnifying chromoendoscopy incorrectly predicted invasion depth in 10.7% of the cases in which the MRI was correct, while magnifying chromoendoscopy provided a correct diagnosis in 90% of the cases in which the MRI was incorrect (p = 0.001). Overstaging occurred in 33.3% of the cases in which magnifying chromoendoscopy was incorrect and 75% of the cases in which MRI was incorrect. CONCLUSION: Magnifying chromoendoscopy is reliable for predicting invasion depth in early rectal neoplasms and selecting patients for local excision.

Is there a higher frequency of anal dysplasia and infection by human papillomavirus in Crohn's disease patients?

The aim of this study was to compare the frequency of dysplasia and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in the anal canal of patients with Crohn's disease (CD) with a control group and assess whether there is a correlation between use of immunosuppressants and anal manifestation of CD. Patients with CD and control individuals were submitted to anal cytology and material collection for polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The cytology was classified as normal, atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS), low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), or high-grade (HSIL). PCR was considered positive or negative according to virus presence or absence. A total of 117 patients were included (54 in the control group and 63 in the CD group, being 32 without and 31 with immunosuppressants). ASCUS and LSIL were found in 25.9 and 22.2% of control patients and 28.6 and 39.7% of CD patients. HPV was identified in 14.8% of the control group and 27% of the CD group. In CD patients, HPV was found in 37.5 and 16.1% of those without and with immunosuppressants, respectively. Patients with perianal involvement had 15.6% of PCR positivity. There was no statistical difference in dysplasia and infection by HPV between the groups. Use of immunosuppressants did not influence the result, but anal manifestation was inversely proportional to viral detection.

Is there a higher frequency of anal dysplasia and infection by human papillomavirus in Crohn's disease patients?

The aim of this study was to compare the frequency of dysplasia and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in the anal canal of patients with Crohn's disease (CD) with a control group and assess whether there is a correlation between use of immunosuppressants and anal manifestation of CD. Patients with CD and control individuals were submitted to anal cytology and material collection for polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The cytology was classified as normal, atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS), low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), or high-grade (HSIL). PCR was considered positive or negative according to virus presence or absence. A total of 117 patients were included (54 in the control group and 63 in the CD group, being 32 without and 31 with immunosuppressants). ASCUS and LSIL were found in 25.9 and 22.2% of control patients and 28.6 and 39.7% of CD patients. HPV was identified in 14.8% of the control group and 27% of the CD group. In CD patients, HPV was found in 37.5 and 16.1% of those without and with immunosuppressants, respectively. Patients with perianal involvement had 15.6% of PCR positivity. There was no statistical difference in dysplasia and infection by HPV between the groups. Use of immunosuppressants did not influence the result, but anal manifestation was inversely proportional to viral detection.

Outcomes of surgical treatment for patients with distal rectal cancer: A retrospective review from a single university hospital. / Desenlaces de tratamiento quirúrgico para pacientes con cáncer de recto distal: Una revisión retrospectiva en un hospital universitario.

INTRODUCTION AND AIM: Surgery for distal rectal cancer (DRC) can be performed with or without sphincter preservation. The aim of the present study was to analyze the outcomes of two surgical techniques in the treatment of DRC patients: low anterior resection (LAR) and abdominoperineal resection (APR). METHODS: Patients with advanced DRC that underwent surgical treatment between 2002 and 2012 were evaluated. We compared the outcomes of the type of surgery (APR vs LAR) and analyzed the associations of survival and recurrence with the following factors: age, sex, tumor location, lymph nodes obtained, lymph node involvement, and rectal wall involvement. Patients with distant metastases were excluded. RESULTS: A total of 148 patients were included, 78 of whom were females (52.7%). The mean patient age was 61.2years. Neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy was performed in 86.5% of the patients. APR was performed on 86 (58.1%) patients, and LAR on 62 (41.9%) patients. No differences were observed between the two groups regarding clinical and oncologic characteristics. Eighty-seven (62%) patients had pT3-4 disease, and 41 patients (27.7%) had lymph node involvement. In the multivariate analysis, only poorly differentiated tumors (P=.026) and APR (P=.009) correlated with higher recurrence rates. Mean follow-up time was 32 (16-59.9) months. Overall 5-year survival was 58.1%. The 5-year survival rate was worse in patients that underwent APR (46.5%) than in the patients that underwent LAR (74.2%) (P=.009). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with locally advanced DRC that underwent APR presented with a lower survival rate and a higher local recurrence rate than patients that underwent LAR. In addition, advanced T/stage, lymph node involvement, and poor tumor differentiation were associated with recurrence and a lower survival rate, regardless of the procedure.

Erratum to: One-level step section histological analysis is insufficient to confirm complete pathological response after neoadjuvant chemoradiation for rectal cancer.

Unfortunately, one of the author name was wrongly published in the original publication. The complete correct name should read as follows "Beatriz Camargo Azevedo". The original article was updated.

One-level step section histological analysis is insufficient to confirm complete pathological response after neoadjuvant chemoradiation for rectal cancer.

BACKGROUND: Neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy (nCRT) for rectal cancer may lead to cure. As we currently lack reliable methods to clinically confirm the absence of disease, some patients undergo radical resection and have pathological complete response (pCR) still undergo surgery. Furthermore, it is uncertain if conventional one-level histopathological analysis is accurate enough to determine complete response. Confirming pCR is essential to determine the prognosis and to consider the patient's inclusion in trials of adjuvant therapy. The aim of this study was to determine whether the current 1-level approach is sufficient to confirm pCR. METHODS: Four hundred and thirty-five patients with rectal cancer who received nCRT followed by radical resection were analyzed. All cases identified as pCR by 1-level step section histological evaluation were reassessed with 3-level step sections and immunohistochemical analysis to verify the presence of residual disease. RESULTS: Out of 435 patients, 75 (17.2%) were staged as ypT0. Of these, 6 had lymph node involvement and 1 had distant metastasis, leaving 68 (15.6%) who had pCR. After the additional step sections, residual tumor was detected in 12 (17.6%) of these 68. The final pCR rate was 12.9%. Distant recurrence was detected in 7.1% of real-pCR patients compared to 16.7% in the false-pCR group (p = 0.291). Sensitivity of clinical assessment for detecting pCR was 35.7%, and the accuracy of 1-section histological evaluation to identify pCR was 82.4%. CONCLUSIONS: Histopathological analysis with 1-level step section is insufficient to determine complete tumor eradication. The 3-level sections methodology revealed residual tumor cells in patients initially classified as ypT0. Further studies with larger sample size are required to verify the clinical relevance of these residual tumor cells. Caution should continue to be applied to watch and wait strategies following nCRT.

Understanding the factors associated with reduction in the number of lymph nodes in rectal cancer patients treated by neoadjuvant treatment.

INTRODUCTION: Rectal cancer patients frequently present with locally advanced disease for which the standard of care includes neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy followed by total mesorectal excision. Positive lymph nodes are one of the most powerful risk factors for recurrence and survival in colorectal cancer. In the absence of specific rectal guidelines, the literature recommends to the pathologist to optimize the number of rectal lymph nodes (LN) retrieved. We made a literature review in order to identify factors that could potentially affect the number of LN retrieved in specimens of patients with rectal cancer treated by chemoradiotherapy (CRT) followed by total mesorectal excision (TME). RESULTS: Age did not have a significant effect on LN yield. The effect of sex on LN number is not consistent in the literature. Most of the papers did not find a relationship between lower LN obtained and gender. Laparoscopy for primary rectal cancer is associated with a greater number of LN as well as short-term benefits. Tumors in the upper rectum are associated with a higher number of LN than those in the mid and lower rectum. The type of surgery had no effect on lymph node yield either. Tumors with complete or almost complete pathologic regression were exactly the ones with lower number of lymph nodes detected. Approximately one-third of patients with neoadjuvant treatment had less than 12 LN yield. CONCLUSION: The tumor regression grade is the most important factor for the decrease in the number of lymph nodes.

A novel technique for correction of total rectal prolapse: Endoscopic-assisted percutaneous rectopexy with the aid of the EndoLifter. / Una técnica novedosa para corrección de prolapso rectal completo: rectopexia percutánea asistida por endoscopia con ayuda del EndoLifter.

INTRODUCTION AND AIMS: Rectal prolapse is common in the elderly, having an incidence of 1% in patients over 65years of age. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and feasibility of a new endoluminal procedure for attaching the previously mobilized rectum to the anterior abdominal wall using an endoscopic fixation device. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study is a single-arm phasei experimental trial. Under general anesthesia, total rectal prolapse was surgically reproduced in five pigs. Transanal endoscopic reduction of the rectal prolapse was performed. The best site for transillumination of the abdominal wall, suitable for rectopexy, was identified. The EndoLifter was used to approximate the anterior wall of the proximal rectum to the anterior abdominal wall. Two percutaneous rectopexies were performed by puncture with the Loop FixtureII Gastropexy Kit® at the preset site of transillumination. After the percutaneous rectopexies, rectoscopy and exploratory laparotomy were performed. Finally, the animals were euthanized. RESULTS: The mean procedure time was 16min (11-21) and the mean length of the mobilized specimen was 4.32cm (range 2.9-5.65cm). A total of 10 fixations were performed with a technical success rate of 100%. There was no evidence of postoperative rectal prolapse in any of the animals. The EndoLifter facilitated the process by allowing the mucosa to be held and manipulated during the repair. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic-assisted percutaneous rectopexy is a safe and feasible endoluminal procedure for fixation of the rectum to the anterior abdominal wall in experimental animals.

Long-term follow up of abdominal rectosigmoidectomy with posterior end-to-side stapled anastomosis for Chagas megacolon.

AIM: Chagas' disease is an endemic parasitosis found in Latin America. The disease affects different organs, such as heart, oesophagus, colon and rectum. Megacolon is the most frequent long-term complication, caused by damage to the myoenteric and submucous plexus, ultimately leading to a functional barrier to the faeces. Patients with severe constipation are managed surgically. The study aimed to analyse the 10-year minimum functional outcome after rectosigmoidectomy with posterior end-to-side anastomosis (RPESA). METHOD: A total of 21 of 46 patients were available for follow up. Patients underwent clinical, radiological and manometric evaluation, and the results were compared with preoperative parameters. RESULTS: Of the 21 patients evaluated, 81% (17) were female, with a mean age of 60.6 years. Good function was achieved in all patients, with significant improvement in defaecatory frequency (P < 0.0001), usage of enemas (P < 0.0001) and patient satisfaction. Barium enema also showed resolution of the colonic and rectal dilatation in 19 cases evaluated postoperatively. CONCLUSION: Minimal 10-year follow up of RPESA showed excellent functional results, with no recurrence of constipation.

Early results of the treatment of internal hemorrhoid disease by infrared coagulation and elastic banding: a prospective randomized cross-over trial.

BACKGROUND: Rubber band ligation (RBL) is probably the most commonly performed nonsurgical therapy for hemorrhoidal disease. Infrared coagulation (IRC) is one of the most recent advances based on the use of "heat". Recent studies have demonstrated similar efficacy for both modalities. This prospective randomized crossover trial compared IRC and RBL for pain, complications, effectiveness, and patient satisfaction and preference in the treatment of internal hemorrhoids (IH). METHODS: Patients were randomized to receive either RBL (Group A) or IRC (Group B) for treatment of the first hemorrhoid; in a second procedure two weeks later, patients underwent the other procedure on the second hemorrhoid, thereby serving as their own control. The procedure preferred by the patient was employed two weeks later for the third hemorrhoid. Post-treatment pain was evaluated on a visual analog scale and on the basis of the percentage of patients requiring analgesics. Bleeding and early outcome of treatment were also recorded, together with the patient's satisfaction. RESULTS: A total of 94 patients were included in this study (47 patients in each group). At 30 minutes and 6 hours after treatment, pain scores were significantly higher in patients treated with RBL than in those treated with IRC (p<0.01). There was no significant difference in pain scores between the two procedures immediately and 24 hours after the procedures (p<0.05). After 72 hours and one week, the pain scores for RBL and IRC were similar. The percentage of patients using analgesics was significantly higher in RBL group than in IRC group at 6 hours (29.6% vs. 19.2%, respectively; p<0.05) and 24 hours (22.5% vs. 13.5%, respectively; p<0.05) after treatment. However, significant differences were not noted at 72 hours (12.7% vs. 6.4%; p<0.05) and one week (5.6% vs. 7.1%; p>0.05) after the procedures. There were significantly higher incidences of bleeding immediately, 6 hours, and 24 hours after RBL compared to IRC (immediate: 32.4% vs. 4.3%; 6 hours: 13.4% vs. 3.6%, 24 hours: 26.8% vs. 10.2%, respectively; p<0.01). However, there were no significant differences noted regarding the incidence of bleeding between the two groups at 72 hours. Complications were more likely after RBL than IRC, however this difference was not significant (p>0.05). Overall, 91 patients (96.8%) were successfully treated and 93 patients (99%) were very satisfied with the treatment. In the third treatment session, 50% of patients selected RBL and 50% chose IRC. CONCLUSIONS: Both RBL and IRC were well-accepted and highly efficacious methods for the treatment of IH; in addition, both procedures were associated with relatively minor complications. However, RBL was associated with more pain than IRC in the 24-hour postoperative period.

Surgical treatment of haemorrhoidal disease with CO2 laser and Milligan-Morgan cold scalpel technique.

OBJECTIVE: To prospectively compare immediate postoperative results of the surgical treatment of haemorrhoidal disease (HD) by Milligan-Morgan technique using either the CO(2) laser or cold scalpel. METHODS: Forty patients with grade III/IV HD were prospectively randomized to undergo surgical treatment (Milligan-Morgan) using either the CO(2) laser (group A) or the cold scalpel method (group B). Data were compared regarding postoperative pain, complications, healing time, return to normal activity and patient satisfaction. Patients were blinded to treatment method until the completion of the study. Postoperative outcomes were assessed by patient questionnaire and outpatient follow-up visits. Pain was assessed by Visual Analogue Scale and analgesic consumption. RESULTS: Twenty patients were randomized into each group and were comparable relative to mean age, gender and grade of HD. There were no statistically significant differences regarding postoperative pain measured (P =0.17) or consumption of oral (P = 0.741) and parenteral analgesics (P = 0.18) between the two groups. Mean pain score at the first bowel movement was significantly higher in group A (P = 0.035), although the use of analgesics was similar in both the groups. There were no differences regarding complications, mean healing time, return to normal activities and patient satisfaction. CONCLUSION: There were no differences in the immediate results after Milligan-Morgan haemorrhoidectomy using either the CO(2) laser or cold scalpel regarding postoperative pain, complications, healing time, return to normal activities or patient satisfaction.

Diagnostic colonoscopy.

Colonoscopy is employed in prevention, diagnosis, follow-up and treatment of colorectal diseases. The technological advancement of colonoscopes and supplementary equipment, has broadened indications for colonoscopy. However, since it is an invasive method with potential complications and hazards it should be performed by specialists capable of preventing, recognizing and treating them. The authors report their personal experience with 1,234 colonoscopies. The most frequent indications were changes in bowel habits and rectal bleeding in 35.1% and 30.5% cases respectively. The patients were given 10% mannitol for bowel cleansing and inadequate bowel cleansing in only 15 (1.2%) so that the colonoscopy could not be completed. The overall incidence of perforation was 0.16%. Three hundred and one polypectomies were performed and two cases (0.75%) of bleeding were noted.

Polypectomies: colonic endoscopic resections.

The authors present their experience with 924 colonoscopic polypectomies in 549 patients. Postpolypectomy bleeding was 0.36% without perforations. Complications associated with the procedure are analyzed; evaluating the risk, diagnosis and treatment based on a survey of the literature and personal experience.

[Colonoscopy: indications, contraindications and complications]. / Colonoscopia: indicações, contra-indicações e complicações.

The bioengeneering technological development associated with new medical information transformed colonscopy today in one of the most complete method of investigation on colorrectal diseases. The authors aim to describe the use of colonoscopy as a diagnostic and therapeutic method, its main indications and limitations. The wide utilization of colonoscopy as therapy is emphasized in the polipectomy, the identification of bleeding areas and the hemostasy. Some intervening facts are discussed as copious bleeding, perfuration and post polipectomy syndrome. Finally, the authors report the low morbidity and mortality rates in their personal experience with colonoscopy during the last decade.

[Carcinoid tumors of the common bile duct: report of a case]. / Tumor carcinóide de ducto biliar comum: relato de um caso.

The authors discuss an uncommon case in the literature of a carcinoid tumor of in the bifurcation of common hepatic duct. The tumor was surgically resected and the duct was reconstructed by Y of Roux's technic. The patient had a good evolution and no tumoral lesion was found in post operative exams during the last six months. The authors present a literature review and discuss diagnosis, treatment and prognosis.

Genetics and colorectal cancer (HNPCC) in adolescence. A case report.

The authors report a case of non-polyposis colon cancer in a seventeen year old female without prior polyposis or family history. Since it was the first case in this family, HNPCC was suspected. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the tumor revealed changes in four polymorphic regions. Analysis of two of them, indicated the loss of genetic material confirming instability suggestive of HNPCC. The patient underwent ileorectal anastomosis and adjuvant chemotherapy with a good outcome. The authors discuss the importance of family history, genetic and immunohistochemistry studies, and the instability of microsatellites in adolescents with colorectal cancer.

[Colonoscopy as a diagnostic and therapeutic method in large intestine diseases. Results of 1715 exams]. / Emprego da colonoscopia como método diagnóstico e terapêutico das doenças do intestino grosso. Resultados observados em 1.715 exames.

Widespread use of colonoscopy in clinical practice results from the continuous progress of the techniques developed for exam completion and from the therapeutic perspective for several colorectal conditions. This paper analyses in a retrospective basis the results associated to the employment of fibrocolonoscopy between 1984 and 1995 at Discipline of Coloproctology from the University of São Paulo School of Medicine. For this period, 1,715 exams were realized. More than 50% of the patients were between the 50th and 70th decade. Habit change of hemorrhage were indications for the exam in more than 35%. Inflammatory bowel disease and cancer follow-up were indications, respectively, in 18% and 16%. "Express mannitol" bowel prep resulted satisfactory in more than 97% but precluded complete exam for seven (0.4%) patients. In 42.5%, colonoscopic examination was normal. Polyps were found in 248 (14.5%) patients for whom 376 polypectomy procedures were done successfully. Endoscopists could not reach the cecum in 68 (3.9%) patients. Incidence of hemorrhage and perforation was nill for this series. Authors conclude that fibrocolonoscopy remains as a safe and efficient method for the diagnosis and treatment (polypectomy) of common colorectal conditions.