The memory ameliorating effects of novel N-benzyl pyridine-2-one derivatives on scopolamine-induced cognitive deficits in mice.

BACKGROUND: Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of progressive dementia in the elderly, is a chronic neurological disorder that decreases cognitive ability. Although the underlying cause of AD is yet unknown, oxidative stress and brain acetylcholine shortage are the key pathogenic causes. RESULTS: The current study shows that these derivatives have the potential to improve memory in mice by inhibiting scopolamine-induced acetylcholinesterase activity, oxidative and nitrosative stress, and improving locomotor activity and muscle grip strength in the rota rod test. When compared to the illness control, the memory-enhancing potential of novel N-benzyl pyridine-2-one derivatives was highly significant (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The observed memory ameliorating effect of novel N-benzyl pyridine-2-one makes them as a a good choice for treatment of individuals with cognitive impairment.

Novel Substituted Pyrimidine Derivatives as Potential Anti-Alzheimer's Agents: Synthesis, Biological, and Molecular Docking Studies.

The most frequent type of age-related dementia is Alzheimer's disease. To discover novel therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease, a series of substituted pyrimidine derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for anti-Alzheimer's activity. All the synthesized compounds were validated by 1HNMR, 13CNMR, and HRMS to assess the structural conformance of the newly synthesized compounds. The synthesized compounds were then evaluated for their in vivo acute toxicity study. Evaluation of acute toxicity showed that none of the synthesized compounds showed toxicity up to 1000 mg/kg. After in vivo acute toxicity studies, the compounds were subjected to behavioral and biochemical studies. Compound N4-(4-chlorophenyl)-N2-(2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethyl)pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 5b (SP-2) displayed an excellent anti-Alzheimer's profile, while the rest of the compounds showed satisfactory results in comparison to donepezil. Docking studies confirmed the results obtained through in vivo experiments and showed that 5b (SP-2) showed a similar interaction to that of donepezil. Further, in silico molecular property predictions showed that 5b (SP-2) possesses favorable drug-likeness and ADME properties for CNS activity. These results implied that 5b could serve as an appropriate lead molecule for the development of anti-Alzheimer's agent.

Investigation, scaffold hopping of novel donepezil-based compounds as anti-Alzhiemer's agents: synthesis, in-silico and pharmacological evaluations.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifaceted neurodegenerative condition. The pathogenesis of AD is highly intricate and the disease is apparent in the aged population ~ 50-70 years old. Even after > 100 years of research, the root origin of AD and its pathogenesis is unclear, complex and multifaceted. Herein, we have designed and synthesized 9 novel molecules with three different heterocyclic scaffolds namely pyrrolidone-2-one, quinoline & indoline-2-one to imitate and explore the novel chemical space around donepezil. The synthesized molecules were evaluated for their potential as anti-Alzheimer's agents through in-vitro and in-vivo studies in appropriate animal models. To further understand their interaction with acetylcholinesterase enzyme (AChE), extra-precision docking, and molecular dynamics simulation studies were carried out. As the number of compounds was limited to thoroughly explore the structure-activity relationship, atom-based 3D-quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) studies were carried out to get more insights. All the designed compounds were found to inhibit AChE with IC50 in the micromolar range. From pyrrolidone-2-one series, 6-chloro-N-(1-(1-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)piperidin-4-yl)pyridine-3-sulfonamide (9), 2-(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-6,7-dimethoxy-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)quinoline (18) from quinoline series and N-(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-2-(2-oxoindolin-3-yl)acetamide (23) from indolin-2-one series inhibited AChE with an IC50 value of 0.01 µM. Based on other biochemical studies like lipid peroxidation, reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase, nitrite, and behavioural studies (Morris water maze), compound 9 was found to be a potent AChE inhibitor which can be further explored as a lead molecule to design more potent and effective anti-Alzheimer's agents.

Neuroprotective effects of novel pyrrolidine-2-one derivatives on scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment in mice: Behavioral and biochemical analysis.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a long-term neurodegenerative condition that impairs cognitive abilities. In brain acetylcholine deficit and oxidative stress may be considered the key pathogenic causes for AD, even though the basic etiology is still unknown. The effects of some novel pyrrolidine-2-one derivatives on the learning and memory deficits caused by scopolamine in mice were examined in the current study. The learning and memory parameters were assessed using the morris water maze test, rota rod test the and locomotor activity. A number of biochemical factors were also evaluated, including acetylcholinesterase (AChE), lipid peroxidation (LPO), reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CA), and nitrite oxide (NO) assay. The current study shows that these derivatives were more effective and comparable to donepezil at treating the behavioral and biochemical changes brought on by scopolamine. The observed results showed pyrrolidine-2-one derivatives as a promising candidate for diseases associated with cognitive deficits.

Synthesis, Characterization, and Antibacterial Activity of New Isatin Derivatives.

1H-indol-2,3-dione (isatin) class of biologically active compounds have analgesic, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-tubercular, anti-proliferative properties, and is also useful for the treatment of SARS-CoV. Schiff bases containing isatin moiety are known to have broad spectrum of biological activities like anti-viral, anti-tubercular, anti-fungal, and anti-bacterial. In this work, several Schiff base derivatives have been synthesized using two methods (synthetic and microwave) by reacting isatin with o-phenylenediamine. The synthesized compounds were structurally characterized and their in-vivo antimicrobial activity was tested against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria using the inhibition zone method. Several newly synthesized isatin derivatives were found effective as antimicrobial agents and showed good potency (compounds 3c, 3d, 6a, 6b, 6d). Compound 3c displayed higher antimicrobial activity than standard drug (Amoxicillin) against Staphylococcus aureus at higher concentration (16 µg/mL) and against Escherichia coli at lower concentration (1 µg/mL).

Synthesis, characterization, and in silico studies of 1,8-naphthyridine derivatives as potential anti-Parkinson's agents.

1,8-Naphthyridine scaffold is a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound known for its versatile biological activities. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) has shown that modification at the 3rd position of the nucleus with various secondary amines enhances the binding efficiency and potency towards the Adenosine receptor (A2A type). In this paper, we have reported some newly synthesized derivatives of 1,8- Naphthyridine, and the prepared compounds were assessed for their potential to constrain A2A receptors through molecular docking. Based on the SAR studies, modifications were done at the 3rd position of the nucleus by incorporating secondary amines. The synthesized compounds were characterized by FT-IR, 1H and 13C NMR. All the synthesized compounds 10a-f and 13a-e showed good binding efficiency towards the A2A receptors and might act as an A2A receptor antagonist, as predicted by in-silico studies. 1-Ethyl-7-methyl-3-(pyrrolidine-1-carbonyl)-1,8-naphthyridine-4(1H)-one (10c) in first series showed the highest docking score of -8.407 and binding energy (MMGBSA dG bind) of -56.60 kcal/mol and N-(4-2-diethylaminoethoxyphenyl)-1-ethyl-7-methyl-4-oxo-1, 4, 4a, 8a- tetrahydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxamide (13b) showed the highest docking score of -8.562 and free binding energy (MMGBSA dG bind) score of -64.13 kcal/mol which was comparable to the bound ligand. MD simulations study also suggested that compounds 10c and 13b would form stable complex human A2A receptor. These findings need to be validated by further in vitro assays.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Recent Advances in the Development of Pyrimidine-based CNS Agents.

BACKGROUND: In the past few decades, considerable progress has been made in CNS drug discovery, and various new CNS agents have been developed. Pyrimidine is an important scaffold in the area of medicinal chemistry. Recently, pyrimidine-containing compounds have been successfully designed as potent CNS agents. Substantial research has been carried out on pyrimidine-bearing compounds to treat different disorders of CNS in various animal models. METHODS: Utilizing various databases, including Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, and Web of Science, the literature review was conducted. The specifics of significant articles were discussed with an emphasis on the potency of pyrimidines derivatives possessing CNS activity. RESULTS: Recent papers indicating pyrimidine derivatives with CNS activity were incorporated into the manuscript. (46) to (50) papers included different pyrimidine derivatives as 5-HT agonist/antagonists, (62) to (67) as adenosine agonist/antagonist, (70) to (75) as anticonvulsant agents, (80) to (83) as cannabinoid receptor agonists, (102) to (103) as nicotinic and (110) as muscarinic receptor agonists. The remaining papers (113) to (114) represented pyrimidine-based molecular imaging agents. CONCLUSION: Pyrimidine and its derivatives have been studied in detail to evaluate their efficacy in overcoming multiple central nervous system disorders. The article covers the current updates on pyrimidine-based compounds as potent CNS and molecular imaging agents and will definitely provide a better platform for the development of potent pyrimidine-based CNS drugs in the near future.

A Recent Appraisal of Small-Organic Molecules as Anti-Alzheimer's Agents.

BACKGROUND: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an irreversible, progressive and very complex brain disorder. There is still uncertainty about the etiology of AD; however, a few hallmarks like an aggregation of tau proteins, amyloid-ß plaques, oxidative stress, low level of choline in the brain etc., play significant roles. OBJECTIVE: In the present work, we aim to evaluate the recent progress in the development of small organic molecules containing heterocycles like thiazole, pyridines, dihydropyridines, piperidines, pyrrolidines, pyrazoles, quinolines etc. as anti-Alzheimer's agents. METHODS: Several databases, including SciFinder, ScienceDirect, Bentham Science, and PubMed, were searched for relevant articles and reviewed for the present work. RESULTS: Several research groups are actively working on these heterocycle-based compounds as potent single-target inhibitors. Most of the analogues have been evaluated for their cholinesterase (acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase) inhibition potential. Several studies have also reported the inhibitory potential of the analogues against MAO-A, MAO-B, and BACE-1 enzymes. However, instead of targeting one enzyme or protein, more than one heterocycle ring is being joined to develop MTDLs (multi-target-directed ligands). Donepezil has become the focal point of anti-AD drug discovery projects. Several research groups have reported various donepezil-based analogues by replacing/ modifying its various ring systems like indanone, piperidine or the methylene linker. CONCLUSION: Small molecules with nitrogen-containing heterocycles have become the core of drug discovery efforts for AD. With the increasing prominence of the MTDL approach, several new ligands are being discovered as potent anti-AD agents.

Design, synthesis, extra-precision docking, and molecular dynamics simulation studies of pyrrolidin-2-one derivatives as potential acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.

Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) has been widely explored to develop novel molecules for management of Alzheimer's disease. In past research finding reported molecule 3-(4-(4-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl)-1-(4-methoxybenzyl)pyrrolidin-2-one displayed a spectrum of anti-Alzheimer's properties herein, we report a library of 18 novel molecules that were rationally designed and synthesized employing known literature to mimic and explore the novel chemical space around the lead compound 6e and donepezil. All the compounds were docked in extra-precision mode with AChE (PDB ID 4EY7) using the Glide module. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation studies were carried out for 100 ns along with MM-PBSA studies of the trajectory frames generated post-MD simulations. Docking and MD simulation studies suggested that the synthesized compounds showed a good binding affinity with AChE. and might form stable complexes. 3-(4-(benzyl(methyl)amino)piperidin-1-yl)-1-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)pyrrolidin-2-one (14a; docking score: -18.59) and 1-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-3-(4-(methyl(thiazol-2-ylmethyl)amino)piperidin-1-yl)pyrrolidin-2-one (14d; docking score: -18.057) showed higher docking score than donepezil (docking score: -17.257) while most of the compounds had docking score >-10.0. ADMET study predicted these compounds to be CNS active and most of the compounds were drug-like molecules with no HERG blockade and good to excellent oral absorption. We developed an atom-based 3 D-QSAR model with R^2 and Q^2 values of 0.9639 and 0.8779 to predict the activity of the synthesized compounds. The model predicted these compounds to be potent AChE inhibitors with IC50 values in the lower micromolar range. Based on the in silico findings, we report these newly synthesized compounds 3-(4-(benzyl(methyl)amino)piperidin-1-yl)-1-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)pyrrolidin-2-one (14a) and 7-(2,6-difluorobenzyl)-2-(4-methoxybenzyl)-2,7-diazaspiro[4.5]decan-1-one (20 b) as potential AChE inhibitors.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Xanthines: A Short Review.

Xanthine and its derivatives are considered a pharmacologically potential moiety that manifests immense biological activities. Owing to this much diversity in the biological field, this scaffold has fascinated the attention of many researchers around the globe to scrutinize its basic structure chemically as well as biologically. In recent years, xanthine derivatives have been used therapeutically in different pathological conditions due to their presence in day-to-day life. Herein, we review the recent progress in the synthesis of xanthine and its derivatives. Some of the widely used synthetic strategies such as (a) Traube's synthesis, (b) one-pot synthesis, (c) xanthine-anneleated synthesis, and (d) miscellaneous synthesis were compiled in this review paper. The results obtained from this review paper highlight the significance of various xanthine derivatives as possible leads to the development of new drugs. The data compiled in this review paper could help the medicinal chemist in designing new active compounds from the modification of the already existing compounds in the search for novel drug leads. This report concludes that the various synthetic procedures exemplified in this review paper may serve as a support system for the designing of new molecules with a xanthine scaffold. Thus, we hope that this molecule may serve as the prototype in order to find out more active xanthine derivatives.

Asthma History, Current Situation, an Overview of Its Control History, Challenges, and Ongoing Management Programs: An Updated Review.

Asthma is a disease of the airways that is characterized by chronic inflammation and disordered airway function. The purpose of writing the current review paper is to review the history, current situation, control history, challenges, and ongoing management programs of asthma. Some official websites of known respiratory professional bodies were consulted for asthma guidelines, and information from Google Scholar® and PubMed® was also consulted. We reviewed around two hundred eight papers, and then, inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to prepare this manuscript. Out of these papers, thirty papers, factsheets, and some official websites were used to prepare this manuscript. Physicians should follow already existing asthma guidelines in order to manage asthma. All prescribed medications should be continued. The government should make and adopt more strategies to promote the rational use of anti-asthmatic drugs and healthcare facilities and also make plans to disseminate more awareness among people about the schemes and programs made for safeguarding people against this life-threatening disease. We have done so much advancement to fight against this deadly disease, and we still need time to make the globe asthma-free. The number of people suffering from asthma is more than the number of people suffering from HIV infection and tuberculosis. Understanding the recommendations of professional bodies will assist in medical decision-making in asthma management. The individual needs of patients should be considered by healthcare professionals.

APOBEC3, TRIM5α, and BST2 polymorphisms in healthy individuals of various populations with special references to its impact on HIV transmission.

AIDS restriction genes (ARGs) like APOBEC3, TRIM5α, and BST2 can act as immunological detectors of the innate protective mechanism of the body. ARGs influence the course of viral pathogenesis and progression of the disease. The infection caused by different viruses including HIV activates the innate immune receptors leading to production of proinflammatory cytokines, interferons and signals that recruit and activate cells involved in the process of inflammation following induction of adaptive immunity. Differential expression of genes involved in viral infection decide the fate and subsequent susceptibility to infection and its clinical outcome. Nevertheless, comprehensive reports on the incidence of genetic polymorphism of APOBEC3s, TRIM5α, and BST-2 in the general population and its association with pathological conditions have not been described well. Therefore, the occurrence of APOBEC3, TRIM5α, and BST2 polymorphism in healthy individuals and its impact on HIV transmission was analyzed. We conducted an extensive search using the several databases including, EMBASE, PubMed (Medline), and Google Scholar. APOBEC3-D, -F, -G, and -H out of the seven human APOBEC3s, help in the control of viral infection. Amongst various restriction factors, TRIM5α and BST-2 also restrict the viral infection followed by the development of the disease. In the current review, a brief account of the polymorphism in the APOBEC3G, TRIM5α, and BST2 genes are explored among different populations along with the interaction of APOBEC3G with Vif protein. Furthermore, this review specifically focus on ARGs polymorphism (APOBEC3G, TRIM5α, and BST2) associated with HIV transmission.

1,3,4-Thiadiazole Scaffold: As Anti-Epileptic Agents.

A wide range of biological activities is exhibited by 1,3,4-thiadiazole moiety such as antidiabetic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anticonvulsant, antiviral, antihypertensive, and antimicrobial. To date, drugs such as butazolamide, and acetazolamide. Several modifications have been done in the 1,3,4-thiadiazole moiety which showed good potency as anticonvulsant agents which are highly effective and have less toxicity. After in-depth literature survey in this review, we have compiled various derivatives of 1,3,4-thiadiazole scaffold as anticonvulsant agents.

Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2 Polymorphisms and Risk for HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder.

The imbalance between MMPs and TIMPs is associated with the HIV dissemination tissue damage pathology neurodegenerative disorders, including HAND. Genetic variations in the TIMP gene may modulate the neurocognitive disorder in HIV patients. Hence, we evaluated the genetic variants of TIMP-2 (-418G/C, 303G/A) gene with the risk of HAND. Genotyping of TIMP-2 polymorphism was performed in 50 patients with HAND, 100 no HAND, and 154 healthy controls by PCR-RFLP. TIMP-2 -418GC and 303AA genotypes represented a predominant risk for HAND severity (OR = 1.55, P = 0.30; OR = 4.58, P = 0.24). The variant -418CC genotype, -418A allele, had exhibited a significant risk for the acquisition of HAND (OR = 12.55, P = 0.026; OR = 2.66, P = 0.004). TIMP-2 303GA, 303AA genotype, and 303A allele evinced a higher risk for HAND severity (OR = 1.82, P = 0.14; OR = 1.70, P = 0.63; and OR = 1.68, P = 0.12). In HIV patients, TIMP-2 -418CC genotype and -418C allele significantly occurred in comparison to healthy controls (OR = 10.10, P = 0.006; OR = 2.02, P = 0.009). In the intermediate and early HIV disease stage, TIMP-2 -418CC genotype was significantly increased compared with healthy controls (11.1% vs. 1.3%, OR = 14.63, P = 0.01; 16.9% vs. 1.3%, OR = 14.51, P = 0.002). In patients with HAND among tobacco and alcohol users, TIMP-2 -418CC genotype displayed a risk for HAND severity (OR = 3.96, P = 0.26; OR = 4.83, P = 0.19). On multivariate logistic regression, TIMP-2 303AA genotype, advanced stage, and gender had a risk for HAND severity (OR = 28.98, P = 0.02; OR = 2.35, P = 0.070; and OR = 2.36, P = 0.04). In conclusion, TIMP-2 -418G/C polymorphism independently, along with alcohol and tobacco, may have an impact on the acquisition of HAND and its severity. TIMP-2 303G/A polymorphism bare a risk for HAND severity.

Interleukin-10 polymorphisms and susceptibility to ARV associated hepatotoxicity.

Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is an anti-inflammatory cytokine associated with the inhibition of HIV replication. IL-10 polymorphisms were found to be linked to drug-induced hepatotoxicity. Hence we examined the prevalence of IL-10 (-819C/T,-1082A/G) polymorphisms in a total of 165 HIV patients which included 34 patients with hepatotoxicity, 131 without hepatotoxicity and 155 healthy controls by the PCR-RFLP method. In HIV patients with hepatotoxicity, the IL-10-819TT genotype increased the risk of ARV associated hepatotoxicity severity (OR = 1.61, P = 0.35). IL-10-819TT genotype was overrepresented in patients with hepatotoxicity as compared to healthy controls (26.5% vs. 13.5%, OR = 1.61, P = 0.46). IL-10 -819CT genotype was associated with advance HIV disease stage (OR = 0.49, P = 0.045). In HIV patients without hepatotoxicity, the IL-10-819TT genotype was more prevalent in patients consuming tobacco as compared to non-users (OR = 1.60, P = 0.41). In HIV patients without hepatotoxicity using both alcohol + efavirenz along with IL-10 -819CT genotype resulted in increased risk for the acquisition of ARV associated hepatotoxicity (OR = 4.00, P = 0.36). In multivariate logistic regression, taking nevirapine was associated with the risk hepatotoxicity severity (OR = 0.23, P = 0.005). In conclusion, an insignificant association between IL-10 polymorphisms and susceptibility to ARV associated hepatotoxicity.

Genetic variation of matrix metalloproteinase enzyme in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder.

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play a key role in several diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, HIV-associated neurological diseases (HAND), multiple sclerosis, osteoporosis, stroke, Alzheimer's disease, certain viral infections of the central nervous system, cancer, and hepatitis C virus. MMPs have been explained with regards to extracellular matrix remodeling, which occurs throughout life and ranges from tissue morphogenesis to wound healing in various processes. MMP are inhibited by endogenous tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). Matrix metalloproteases act as an interface between host's attack by Tat protein of HIV-1 virus and extracellular matrix, which causes breaches in the endothelial barriers by degrading ECM. This process initiates the dissemination of virus in tissues which can lead to an increase HIV-1 infection. MMPs are diverse and are highly polymorphic in nature, hence associated with many diseases. The main objective of this review is to study the gene expression of MMPs in HIV-related diseases and whether TIMPs and MMPs could be related with disease progression, HIV vulnerability and HAND. In this review, a brief description on the classification, regulation of MMP and TIMP, the effect of different MMPs and TIMPs gene polymorphisms and its expression on HIV-associated diseases have been provided. Previous studies have shown that MMPs polymorphism (MMP-1, MMP-2 MMP3, and MMP9) plays an important role in HIV vulnerability, disease progression and HAND. Further research is required to explore their role in pathogenesis and therapeutic perspective.

Promoter polymorphism MMP-1 (-1607 2G/1G) and MMP-3 (-1612 5A/6A) in development of HAND and modulation of pathogenesis of HAND.

The pathogenesis of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) is modulated by host genetic susceptibility factors such as Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Promoter polymorphism of MMP-1 and MMP-3 may modify the expression of the gene. Hence, we evaluated the association of MMP-1-16072G/1G and MMP-3-1612 5A/6A polymorphisms with development of HAND and the modulation of pathogenesis of HAND. We enrolled a total of 180 individuals, 50 HIVinfected individuals with HAND, 130 without HAND, and 150 healthy controls. Polymorphism of MMP-1 and MMP-3 were genotyped by PCR-RFLP. MMP-1-1607 2G1G, -16071G/2G-1G/1G genotypes and -1607 1G allele were associated with the development of HAND (OR = 1.64, P = 0.05; OR = 1.45, P = 0.04; OR = 1.69, P = 0.05). MMP-1- 16071G1G, MMP-3-16125A5A genotypes increased the risk for the development of HAND (OR = 1.78, P = 0.25; OR = 2.39, P = 0.13). MMP-3-1612 5A5A, -1612 6A/5A-5A/5A genotypes and -1612 5A allele were associated with the reduced risk of HAND (OR = 0.40, P = 0.05; OR = 0.53, P = 0.04; OR = 0.40, P = 0.01). Haplotype 5A1G increased the risk of development of HAND (OR = 1.93, P = 0.05). As observed in advanced HIV disease stage, MMP-1-1607 1G1G genotype enhance the risk for advancement of HIV disease (OR = 1.69, P = 0.89). MMP-3-1612 6A5A genotype showed higher risk for development of HAND in alcohol users (0R = 1.65, P = 0.44). MMP-1 genotype may have an influence on development of HAND whereas MMP3-1612 5A5A genotype may reduce risk for pathogenesis of HAND.

APOBEC3B deletion impacts on susceptibility to acquire HIV-1 and its advancement among individuals in western India.

APOBEC3B deletion polymorphism has been associated with risk of HIV-1 acquisition and its progression. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the association of APOBEC3B ins/del polymorphism with risk of acquisition of HIV-1 and its progression. In the present case-control study, we enrolled a total of 150 HIV-infected individuals and 150 healthy controls. Polymorphism for APOBEC3B gene was genotyped by PCR. APOBEC3B ID, DD genotypes, and D allele were associated with higher risk of acquisition of HIV-1 (p = 0.004, OR = 4.96; p = 0.03, OR = 3.55; and p = 0.004; OR = 1.60). The individuals with ID genotypes and combined genotype ID+DD of APOBEC3B in the presence of tobacco and alcohol showed the higher risk of advancement of HIV disease; however, risk could not reach statistical significance (OR = 1.14, 95% CI: 0.59-2.18; OR = 1.33, 95% CI: 0.83-2.15 and OR = 1.44, 95% CI: 0.77-2.69; OR = 1.50, 95% CI: 0.94-2.40). Individuals in advanced HIV disease stage and ID genotype and combined genotype ID + DD of APOBEC3B were more likely to be associated with advanced HIV disease stage but risk could not reach significant (OR = 1.50, 95% CI: 0.94-2.40; OR = 1.27, 95% CI: 0.88-1.84). Individuals with ID and DD genotype of APOBEC3B had influence on susceptibility to acquisition of HIV-1. This suggests that APOBEC3B deletion may attenuate innate cellular immunity against HIV-1 and thus confer the host persistence for HIV infection.

Impact of variants of MMP-7(-181A>G) gene in susceptibility to the development of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder and its severity.

The HIV-1-induced neurological toxicity has been associated with the deficiency of matrix metalloproteinases. Tat protein of HIV up regulates MMP-7 release and activation, leading to neurotoxicity. The SNP -181A>G of MMP-7 is known to have functional effects on its promoter activity. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the association of variants of MMP-7 -181A>G gene in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND). In the present case-control study, we recruited 50 HIV-infected individuals with HAND, 130 HIV-infected individuals without HAND and 150 unrelated healthy individuals. Polymorphism for MMP-7 -181A>G gene was genotyped by PCR-RFLP method. Frequency of -181GG and G allele of MMP-7 did not differ significantly between patients with HAND and without HAND (8.0% vs 13.1%, p = 0.22 and 31% vs 38.1%, p = 0.21). Individuals with -181 AG, -181GG genotype, and G allele of MMP-7 were found to have reduced the risk of development of HAND but not significant (50.0% vs 51.9%, p = 0.09, OR = 0.54; 13.1% vs 19.0%, p = 0.33, OR = 0.71 and 38.1% vs 44.9%, p = 0.09, OR = 0.75). Individuals in early HIV disease stage having -181AG genotype and -181AG + GG combined genotype of MMP-7 were not associated with the development of HAND (OR = 1.27, p = 0.25 and OR = 1.25, p = 0.17). Tobacco and alcohol consumption among individuals with any genotype of MMP-7 was not associated with the risk of development of HAND. In conclusion, individuals with -181GG genotype and G allele had no impact on susceptibility to the development of HAND and its severity.

Coding region variant 186H/R in Exon 4 of APOBEC3G among individuals of Western India.

The allelic variations in the AIDS restriction genes have been associated with the acquisition of HIV-1 and its progression. The distribution of antiviral gene variants significantly differs between populations. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the distribution of variant allele of 186H/R in exon4 of APOBEC3G between HIV infected individuals and healthy controls among western Indian.In the present cross-sectional study, we enrolled a total of 153 HIV-infected patients confirmed and 156 unrelated healthy individuals. Polymorphism for 186H/R in exon4 of APOBEC3G gene was genotyped by PCR-RFLP. With the frequency of 186HR heterozygous genotype of APOBEC3G was found to be 13% in healthy controls and none in HIV infected cases. The frequency of 186HH common genotype of APOBEC3G was observed higher in HIV infected individuals compared with healthy controls (100% vs 91.7%). The variant genotype 186RR in APOBEC3G was not found in both the groups. The frequency of 186R allele of APOBEC3G was found 4.16% in healthy controls and nil in HIV-infected cases. The frequency of 186H allele of APOBEC3G was found to be higher in HIV-infected cases compared with healthy controls (100% vs 95.83%). The frequency of 186R allele in exon4 of APOBEC3G was found to be 4.16% in healthy controls. This observation differs from the previous report published from North India stating the absence of 186R allele of APOBEC3G in the North Indian individuals. The variant 186H/R in exon4 of APOBEC3G was neither associated with risk of acquisition of HIV-1 nor its progression.