Dyskeratosis congenita with squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue: A rare case report.

ABSTRACT: Dyskeratosis congenita is a rare inherited bone marrow failure disorder characterized by a classic triad: nail dystrophy, reticulate skin pigmentation, and oral leukoplakia. Patients with dyskeratosis congenita have also been described as having gastrointestinal, genitourinary, neurological, ophthalmic, pulmonary, and skeletal abnormalities. Also, 80% of patients are affected with oral leukoplakia and these areas are more prone to develop into oral squamous cell carcinoma. We hereby report a rare case of oral squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue in a young male patient with dyskeratosis congenita.

Metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma of the oral cavity - A report of two cases.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide that is etiologically linked to a previous hepatitis B infection. We describe two cases of HCC metastasis to the oral cavity in 60- and 67-year-old male patients. The first case was a diffuse, hard swelling in the left body of the mandible. Histopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis was done, and a positive for CK7, CK19, HEPPAR and TTF and a negative for NAPSIN were found to be diagnostic of metastatic HCC. Subsequent examination of the serum alfa- fetoprotein (AFP) level showed a high value of 450 ng/ml, confirmatory of HCC. The second case was a pedunculated, reddish, mobile soft tissue growth on the retromolar region. Its macroscopic and histopathologic features themselves were confirmatory of HCC, and the elicited history was corroborant of metastasis.

Correction: An insight into the optical properties of a sub nanosize glutathione stabilized gold cluster.

Correction for 'An insight into the optical properties of a sub nanosize glutathione stabilized gold cluster' by Lakshmi V. Nair et al., Dalton Trans., 2016, 45, 11286-11291, https://doi.org/10.1039/C6DT01753C.

Electrochemical Approach for the Synthesis of Ultrasmall Cu13 Clusters and Their Application in the Detection of Endotoxin.

Ultrasmall metal nanoclusters are attractive for their size-dependent optical and electrochemical properties. Here, blue-emitting copper clusters stabilized with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) are synthesized using an electrochemical approach. The electrospray ionization (ESI) analysis reveals that the cluster has 13 copper atoms in the core. The clusters are then used for the electrochemical detection of endotoxin─a bacterial toxin in Gram-negative bacteria. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) is used to detect endotoxins with high selectivity and sensitivity. It shows a lower detection limit of 100 ag mL-1 with a linear range of 100 ag mL-1 to 10 ng mL-1. The sensor is efficient for detecting endotoxins from human blood serum samples.

Label-free detection of endotoxin and gram-negative bacteria from water using copper (I) oxide anchored reduced graphene oxide.

Bacterial contamination is a serious concern for health and environmental safety. The major toxic effect arises from the endotoxin or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) attached to the cell wall of the gram-negative bacteria. Ultrasensitive endotoxin detection is of supreme importance in sustaining food, clinical and pharmaceutical safety. Herein we report a simple electrochemical detection platform using reduced graphene oxide (rGO) combined with cuprous oxide nanoparticles for the ultrasensitive detection of LPS. The sensor uses polymyxin B (PmB) to achieve the selective response towards LPS. The sensor showed a lower detection limit (LOD) of 10 agmL-1 with linearity from 10 agmL-1 to 10 ngmL-1. Detection of LPS from whole blood is also carried out with excellent sensitivity. The sensor showed excellent recovery rates in whole blood, pointing to the capability of using the sensor in real-life clinical analysis. The sensor detects Gram-negative bacteria from sewage water with a rapid response time, indicating the effectiveness of the sensor in water quality analysis.

Ameloblastic fibroma with extensive dentinoid - A rare presentation.

Ameloblastic fibroma (AF) is a rare benign odontogenic tumour first described by Kruse in 1891. Although reported in a wide age range, most of the cases are seen in the first two decades of life with majority of cases being diagnosed before the age of 20 years. There are reported variations in the histopathological presentation of ameloblastic fibroma. In this case report, we present a case of ameloblastic fibroma with extensive dentinoid formation involving the mandible in an 8-year-old male patient which clinically presented as an aggressive lesion.

A nanoarchitecture of a gold cluster conjugated gold nanorod hybrid system and its application in fluorescence imaging and plasmonic photothermal therapy.

Engineering different nanomaterials into a single functional material can impart unique properties of the parental nanoparticles, especially in the field of bio imaging and therapy. Gold nanomaterials having different sizes, shapes and dimensionalities exhibit exceptional properties apart from their non-toxicity and hence are strong candidates in the biomedical field. Designing a hybrid nanomaterial of two gold nanostructures retaining the individual properties of the parental nanomaterials is challenging. Here, we demonstrate the synthesis of a hybrid nanomaterial (GQC@GNR), comprising an extremely small gold nanocluster and a representative of the asymmetric gold nanostructure, i.e., a gold nanorod, both having their own different exclusive optical properties like tuneable emission and NIR absorption characteristics, respectively. The hybrid system is designed to retain its emission and absorption in the NIR region to use it as an agent for simultaneous imaging and therapy. The formation of GQC@GNR and its architectonics heavily depend on the synthesis route and the parameters adopted which in turn have a direct influence on its properties. The architecture and its connection to the optical properties are explained using UV-Vis absorption and photoluminescence spectroscopy, zeta potential, transmission electron microscopy, etc. DFT-based computational modelling supports architectonics as explained by the experimental findings. The formation of the gold-gold hybrid system witnessed interesting science with a strong indication that materials with desired properties can be designed by appropriately modulating the architectonics of hybrid formation. Finally, folate conjugated GQC@GNR demonstrated its efficacy for targeted imaging and photothermal therapy in HeLa cells and tumor-bearing animal models. The detailed therapeutic efficacy of GQC@GNR is also explained based on Raman spectroscopy.

Cu2+-Mediated Aggregation of Gold Nanoparticles as an Optical Probe for the Detection of Endotoxin.

Endotoxins or lipopolysaccharides (LPS) present in the outer layer of Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) are responsible for bacterial toxicity. It is an environmental hazard that everyone is exposed to daily to various extents. Due to its potent toxicity, quantitative detection with very high sensitivity is essential in the food, medical, and pharmaceutical industries. Herein, we report an optical nanosensor for the rapid and sensitive detection of LPS and GNB based on the Cu2+-mediated aggregation of gold nanoparticles (Cu@AuNPs). The sensor detects LPS within a linear range of 20 ag/mL to 20 ng/mL with a lower detection limit of 0.2 ag/mL. The sensor could successfully recover spiked endotoxin in grape juice with a percentage error of ±0.2, confirming its application in the food industry. The sensor could also distinguish Gram-negative bacteria from Gram-positive bacteria, and the selectivity of the Cu@AuNP sensor toward GNB is utilized to detect Escherichia coli in wastewater. The rapid detection of E. coli without any pretreatment is a promising strategy in water analysis.

Severe Aplastic Anemia After Receiving SARS-CoV-2 Moderna mRNA Vaccination.

A 60-year-old male patient presented to the emergency department with complaints of easy bruising and worsening epistaxis after receiving severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Moderna mRNA vaccination. He had no personal or family history of hematological conditions. He had bruises in various stages involving the upper and lower extremities. Laboratory data revealed white blood cell count of 1.2 ×103/mm3, hemoglobin of 8.0 g/dL, platelet count of 1 ×103/mm3, immature platelet fraction of 0.7%, absolute neutrophil count of 0 ×103/µL, lymphocytes of 1.1 ×103/µL, neutrophils of 3% and lymphocytes of 93%. He had normal liver and renal function tests. Bone marrow biopsy confirmed very severe aplastic anemia with severely hypocellular bone marrow. His platelets continued to downtrend despite platelet transfusions and steroids. He was treated with immunosuppressive therapy with cyclosporine, anti-thymocyte globulin, eltrombopag and prednisone. The patient was discharged but was readmitted to the hospital secondary to recurrent neutropenic fever and pneumonia. He had high-grade vancomycin-resistant enterococcal infection and Clostridium difficile infection leading to septic shock and succumbing to cardiac arrest. This case demonstrates the possibility of very severe aplastic anemia following SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination and clinicians need to be aware of this rare but serious side effect.

Incidence and Outcomes of Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in Singapore and Victoria: A Collaborative Study.

Background Incidence and outcomes of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) vary between communities. We aimed to examine differences in patient characteristics, prehospital care, and outcomes in Singapore and Victoria. Methods and Results Using the prospective Singapore Pan-Asian Resuscitation Outcomes Study and Victorian Ambulance Cardiac Arrest Registry, we identified 11 061 and 32 003 emergency medical services-attended adult OHCAs between 2011 and 2016 respectively. Incidence and survival rates were directly age adjusted using the World Health Organization population. Survival was analyzed with logistic regression, with model selection via backward elimination. Of the 11 061 and 14 834 emergency medical services-treated OHCAs (overall mean age±SD 65.5±17.2; 67.4% males) in Singapore and Victoria respectively, 11 054 (99.9%) and 5595 (37.7%) were transported, and 440 (4.0%) and 2009 (13.6%) survived. Compared with Victoria, people with OHCA in Singapore were older (66.7±16.5 versus 64.6±17.7), had less shockable rhythms (17.7% versus 30.3%), and received less bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (45.7% versus 58.5%) and defibrillation (1.3% versus 2.5%) (all P<0.001). Age-adjusted OHCA incidence and survival rates increased in Singapore between 2011 and 2016 (P<0.01 for trend), but remained stable, though higher, in Victoria. Likelihood of survival increased significantly (P<0.001) with arrest in public locations (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.81), witnessed arrest (aOR 2.14), bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (aOR 1.72), initial shockable rhythm (aOR 9.82), and bystander defibrillation (aOR 2.04) but decreased with increasing age (aOR 0.98) and emergency medical services response time (aOR 0.91). Conclusions Singapore reported increasing OHCA incidence and survival rates between 2011 and 2016, compared with stable, albeit higher, rates in Victoria. Survival differences might be related to different emergency medical services practices including patient selection for resuscitation and transport.

A dual signal on-off fluorescent nanosensor for the simultaneous detection of copper and creatinine.

The transition of conventional medicine to personalized medicine has paved the way for sensing new biomolecules. Consequently, this field attracted wide interest due to its capability to provide information on point of care basis. Multi-analyte sensors that emerged recently can perform quick and affordable analysis with minimum quantity of blood samples compared to traditional sensing of individual analytes. The present study focuses on the development of a quantum dot (Qd) based nanosensor for the simultaneous detection of copper and creatinine; two biologically relevant molecules. The sensor was designed by forming a complex of Qd with 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) and picric acid through carboxylic bond formation of Qd-EDC with picric acid. The dual independent emissions of the Qd-EDC complex was used for the simultaneous detection of creatinine and copper by a turn on/turn off method and was successfully demonstrated with a sensitivity of nanomolar to millimolar, and micromolar to millimolar range respectively. The multianalyte sensor thus developed has quick response and works well under normal conditions of temperature and pH. It is also shown to work in cellular environment and blood serum. A simple image based detection of creatinine using the sensor strips has also been attempted by means of a mobile camera and validated with human blood samples.

Luminescent Gold Nanorods To Enhance the Near-Infrared Emission of a Photosensitizer for Targeted Cancer Imaging and Dual Therapy: Experimental and Theoretical Approach.

Strong plasmon absorption in the near-infrared (NIR) region renders gold nanorods (GNRs) amenable for biomedical applications, particularly for photothermal therapy. However, these nanostructures have not been explored for their imaging potential because of their weak emission profile. In this study, the weak fluorescence emission of GNRs is tuned to match that of the absorption of a photosensitizer (PS) molecule, and energy transfer from the GNR to PS enhances the emission profile of the GNR-PS combination. GNR complexes generally quench the fluorescence emission of nearby chromophores. However, herein, the complex retains or rather enhances the fluorescence through competition in energy transfer. Excitation-dependent energy transfer has been explained experimentally and theoretically by using DFT calculations, the CIE chromaticity diagram, and power spectrum. The final GNR-PS complex modified for tumor specificity serves as an excellent organ-specific theranostic probe for bioimaging and dual therapy both in vitro and in vivo. Principal component analysis designates photodynamic therapy a better candidate than that of photothermal therapy for long-term efficacy in vivo.

Proliferative fasciitis of the chin: A report of the rare case and review of literature.

Proliferative fasciitis is a pseudo-sarcomatous myofibroblastic proliferation characterized by the presence of unusual giant cells resembling ganglion cells, which usually occurs in the adult population with a mean age of 54 years. It usually affects the upper extremities and is rare in head and neck region with only 11 cases described in the literature so far. Because of rapid growth and histological similarity to various malignant tumors such as rhabdomyosarcoma, recognition of this benign condition is a matter of utmost importance when a pathologist is concerned. In this study, we report a case of a 11-year-old boy presented with a lesion on the right side of chin, along with a literature review involving those cases reported in the head and neck region.

Exercise-related out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Victoria, Australia.

BACKGROUND: Characteristics and outcomes of exercise-related out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (OHCA) are not well described in Australia. METHODS: This was a retrospective observational study of non-exercise-related aetiology and exercise-related OHCAs from the Victorian Ambulance Cardiac Arrest Registry between 2008 and 2016, including 12-month quality of life data from 2010 to 2016. Exercise-related OHCA was defined as taking place during or within 1 h of at least moderate intensity exercise. Descriptive statistics and adjusted logistic regression analyses were performed. RESULTS: During the study period there were 482 exercise-related and 33,358 non-exercise-related OHCAs. Jogging/running were the most frequent precipitating sports. The incidence rate of exercise-related OHCA was low (<1 per 100,000 person-years). Compared to non-exercise-related aetiology, exercise-related OHCAs were younger (mean 54 versus 70 years, p < 0.001) and more likely to present in an initial shockable rhythm (85% versus 18%, p < 0.001). Bystander CPR, and bystander or EMS defibrillation at any time, were more common among exercise-related arrests (93% versus 38%, p < 0.001 and 91% versus 24%, p < 0.001, respectively). A public access defibrillator was used in 24% of shockable exercise-related OHCAs compared with 4% of non-exercise-related OHCAs (p < 0.001). After adjustment for arrest characteristics, exercise-related OHCAs were more likely to survive to hospital discharge (50% versus 14%, p < 0.001; adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.56, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.25-1.96, p < 0.001) and survive to 12-months with good functional recovery (72% versus 62%, p = 0.012; AOR = 1.57, 95% CI 1.08-2.28, p = 0.018). CONCLUSIONS: Exercise-related OHCAs were associated with better short- and long-term prognoses compared to non-exercise-related OHCAs. The underlying factors associated with this survival benefit warrant further investigation.

Real Time Imaging and Dynamics of Hippocampal Zn2+ under Epileptic Condition Using a Ratiometric Fluorescent Probe.

Zinc, the essential trace element in human body exists either in the bound or free state, for both structural and functional roles. Insights on Zn2+ distribution and its dynamics are essential in view of the fact that Zn2+ dyshomeostasis is a risk factor for epileptic seizures, Alzheimer's disease, depression, etc. Herein, a bipyridine bridged bispyrrole (BP) probe is used for ratiometric imaging and quantification of Zn2+ in hippocampal slices. The green fluorescence emission of BP shifts towards red in the presence of Zn2+. The probe is used to detect and quantify the exogenous and endogenous Zn2+ in glioma cells and hippocampal slices. The dynamics of chelatable zinc ions during epileptic condition is studied in the hippocampal neurons, in vitro wherein the translocation of Zn2+ from presynaptic to postsynaptic neuronal bodies is imaged and ratiometrically quantified. Raman mapping technique is used to confirm the dynamics of Zn2+ under epileptic condition. Finally, the Zn2+ distribution was imaged in vivo in epileptic rats and the total Zn2+ in rat brain was quantified. The results favour the use of BP as an excellent Zn2+ imaging probe in biological system to understand the zinc associated diseases and their management.

Gold nanorods decorated with a cancer drug for multimodal imaging and therapy.

Cancer, a condition with uncontrolled cell division, is the second leading cause of death worldwide. The currently available techniques for the imaging and treatment of cancer have their own limitations and hence a combination of more than one modality is expected to increase the efficacy of both diagnosis and treatment. In the present study, we have developed a multimodal imaging and therapeutic system by incorporating a chemotherapeutic drug, mitoxantrone (MTX) onto PEG coated gold nanorods (GNR). Strong absorption in the near-infrared (NIR) and visible regions qualifies GNR as an efficient photothermal (PTT) agent upon irradiation with either a NIR or visible laser. Additionally, the enhanced electric field of GNR makes it a suitable substrate for surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). Modification of GNR with amino PEG offers biocompatibility without affecting its optical property. In order to achieve tumor specificity, GNR-PEG was conjugated with tumor specific marker that can target cancer cells, leaving the normal cells unaffected. The incorporation of fluorescent chemotherapeutic drug mitoxantrone onto GNR-PEG facilitates chemotherapy as well as fluorescence imaging. The therapeutic efficacy of the developed GNR based system is tracked using fluorescence imaging and Raman imaging. The careful design of the system also facilitates the controlled release of the drug by photothermal triggering. Likewise, the imaging modality could be chosen as either Raman or fluorescence to monitor drug release in accordance with irradiation. The physico-chemical properties, and drug release profiles under different physiological conditions have been well studied. Finally, the developed system was tested for its therapeutic efficacy using cancer cells, in vitro. The receptor mediated cell uptake was more effective in folate receptor over-expressing cancer cells than in the normal and low-expressing cells. Accordingly the percentage of cell death was higher in folate receptor over-expressing cancer cells, which was further enhanced due to the effect of the dual therapeutic approach. The cell uptake and treatment efficacy was monitored using fluorescence microscopy and SERS. In conclusion, the developed GNR-PEG-MTX system is found to be an efficient multimodal therapeutic agent against cancer which could be tracked using two different techniques.

Recurrent out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the burden of recurrent out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) episodes in initial survivors of OHCA. We sought to investigate the frequency of recurrent OHCA, describe time-to-event trends, and establish baseline predictors of occurrence. METHODS: Between January 2000 and June 2015, we included consecutive OHCA survivors to hospital discharge from the Victorian Ambulance Cardiac Arrest Registry. Patient identifiers were used to match index and recurrent episodes of OHCA, and death records from a government database. Kaplan-Meier curves and a Cox proportional-hazards model were used to estimate the long-term risk of recurrent OHCA and identify index characteristics associated with their occurrence. RESULTS: Among 3581 survivors, 214 (6.0%) experienced a recurrent OHCA over a median time-at-risk of 5.0 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 2.0, 8.1). The median age at recurrent OHCA was 69 years, 72.9% were male, and 92.0% of events were fatal. Fatal recurrent OHCA episodes accounted for more than one-quarter of all deaths at follow-up. The probability of recurrent OHCA at 1, 5, 10 and 15 years was 2.4% (95% CI: 2.0%, 3.0%), 6.0% (95% CI: 5.2%, 6.9%), 8.4% (95% CI: 7.3%, 9.8%), and 11.2% (95% CI: 9.1%, 13.8%), respectively. In the multivariable model, the following baseline predictors were significantly associated with recurrent OHCA: respiratory (HR 1.88, 95% CI: 1.02, 3.47; p=0.045) or overdose/poisoning aetiology (HR 2.47, 95% CI: 1.08, 5.62; p=0.03), diabetes (HR 1.92, 95% CI: 1.17, 3.14, p=0.01), heart failure (HR 2.22, 95% CI: 1.28, 3.85; p=0.005), and renal insufficiency (HR 2.43, 95% CI: 1.23, 4.82; p=0.01). The risk of recurrent OHCA did not decline over the study period (per year increase: HR 0.97, 95% CI: 0.93, 1.01; p=0.13). CONCLUSION: Recurrent OHCA episodes occur frequently in OHCA survivors, and could account for as many as one-quarter of all deaths at follow-up. Index characteristics may help to identify at-risk patients.

Manual Versus Semiautomatic Rhythm Analysis and Defibrillation for Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest.

BACKGROUND: Although manual and semiautomatic external defibrillation (SAED) are commonly used in the management of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, the optimal strategy is not known. We hypothesized that SAED would reduce the time to first shock and lead to higher rates of cardioversion and survival compared with a manual strategy. METHODS AND RESULTS: Between July 2005 and June 2015, we included adult out-of-hospital cardiac arrest of presumed cardiac pathogenesis. On October 2012, a treatment protocol using SAED was introduced after years of manual defibrillation. The effect of the SAED implementation on the time to first shock, successful cardioversion, and patient outcomes was assessed using interrupted time series regression adjusting for arrest factors and temporal trend. Of the 14 776 cases, 10 224 (69.2%) and 4552 (30.8%) occurred during the manual and SAED protocols, respectively. Although the proportion of patients shocked within 2 minutes of arrival increased during the SAED protocol for initial shockable rhythms (from 58.9% to 69.2%; P<0.001), there was no difference in unadjusted rate of successful cardioversion after first shock (from 12.3% to 13.8%; P=0.13). After adjustment, the odds of delivering the first shock within 2 minutes of arrival increased under the SAED protocol (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.72; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.32-2.26; P<0.001). Despite this, the SAED protocol was associated with a reduction in survival to hospital discharge (AOR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.55-0.92; P=0.009), event survival (AOR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.62-0.88; P=0.001), and prehospital return of spontaneous circulation (AOR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.68-0.96; P=0.01) when compared with the manual protocol. There was also no improvement in the rate of successful cardioversion after first shock (AOR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.51-1.06; P=0.10). CONCLUSIONS: Although SAED improved the time to first shock, this did not translate into higher rates of successful cardioversion or survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Advanced life support providers should be trained to use a manual defibrillation protocol.

Paramedic Intubation Experience Is Associated With Successful Tube Placement but Not Cardiac Arrest Survival.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: Paramedic experience with intubation may be an important factor in skill performance and patient outcomes. Our objective is to examine the association between previous intubation experience and successful intubation. In a subcohort of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest cases, we also measure the association between patient survival and previous paramedic intubation experience. METHODS: We analyzed data from Ambulance Victoria electronic patient care records and the Victorian Ambulance Cardiac Arrest Registry for January 1, 2008, to September 26, 2014. For each patient case, we defined intubation experience as the number of intubations attempted by each paramedic in the previous 3 years. Using logistic regression, we estimated the association between intubation experience and (1) successful intubation and (2) first-pass success. In the out-of-hospital cardiac arrest cohort, we determined the association between previous intubation experience and patient survival. RESULTS: During the 6.7-year study period, 769 paramedics attempted intubation in 14,857 patients. Paramedics typically performed 3 intubations per year (interquartile range 1 to 6). Most intubations were successful (95%), including 80% on the first attempt. Previous intubation experience was associated with intubation success (odds ratio 1.04; 95% confidence interval 1.03 to 1.05) and intubation first-pass success (odds ratio 1.02; 95% confidence interval 1.01 to 1.03). In the out-of-hospital cardiac arrest subcohort (n=9,751), paramedic intubation experience was not associated with patient survival. CONCLUSION: Paramedics in this Australian cohort performed few intubations. Previous experience was associated with successful intubation. Among out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients for whom intubation was attempted, previous paramedic intubation experience was not associated with patient survival.

An insight into the optical properties of a sub nanosize glutathione stabilized gold cluster.

In this study, gold quantum clusters with distinct fluorescence properties were developed and their structural and physical behaviour was evaluated. The clusters were prepared by etching gold nanoparticles with glutathione. Three different Au33 clusters with emission profiles in the NIR region and one blue emitting cluster, Au8 were developed by varying the geometrical arrangement of atoms within the cluster. These clusters having sizes in the range of 0.7 to 2 nm were synthesized by choosing different reaction temperatures from 0 °C to 70 °C and pH between 1.5 and 10. In the three cases, formation of self assembled atoms within the cluster and the corresponding changes in optical properties were observed. A detailed evaluation of the number of atoms and the core-ligand ratio using MALDI-MS and a change in the binding energy as seen in the XPS study confirmed this finding. The study demonstrates that the self assembly of atoms and their arrangement is an important factor in determining the characteristics of the cluster. In this communication, we put forward a new concept where the number of atoms and their arrangement within the clusters play a crucial role in tuning their optical properties.