Saúde e práticas de mineração em terras indígenas / Health and mining practices in indigenous territories / Salud y prácticas de minería en tierras indígenas

RESUMO Objetivo: identificar as repercussões das práticas de mineração em terras indígenas na saúde. Método: estudo documental de abordagem qualitativa, a partir de matérias jornalísticas de jornais brasileiros e internacionais online registrados entre março de 2020 e dezembro de 2022. A coleta foi realizada entre dezembro e janeiro de 2023. Foi realizada análise de conteúdo. Resultados: foram identificadas 28 notícias vinculadas a jornais nas versões online, emergindo dois núcleos: Garimpo e as ameaças aos povos indígenas; Exposição da saúde dos povos indígenas. Conclusão: é notória a expansão do garimpo ilegal, ameaçando o isolamento dos povos indígenas e fragilizando o controle dos agravos à saúde pelos serviços epidemiológicos. A pesquisa contribui para conscientização sobre atividades de garimpo e saúde indígena, permitindo que os enfermeiros compreendam melhor as questões de saúde emergentes e adaptem suas práticas de cuidados.

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify the repercussions of mining practices on Indigenous Territories on health. Method: A qualitative documentary study was conducted, based on online news articles from Brazilian and international newspapers published between March 2020 and December 2022. Data collection took place between December and January 2023. A content analysis was performed. Results: A total of 28 news articles from online newspapers were identified, revealing two core themes: Mining and Threats to Indigenous Peoples; and Exposure of Indigenous Peoples' Health. Conclusion: The expansion of illegal mining is evident, posing a threat to the isolation of indigenous peoples and weakening the control of health-related issues by epidemiological services. This research contributes to raising awareness about mining activities and indigenous health, enabling nurses to better understand emerging health issues and adapt their care practices.

RESUMEN Objetivo: identificar las repercusiones para la salud de las prácticas de minería en tierras indígenas. Método: estudio documental con enfoque cualitativo, basado en artículos periodísticos de periódicos online brasileños e internacionales registrados entre marzo de 2020 y diciembre de 2022. La recolección se llevó a cabo entre diciembre y enero de 2023. Se realizó análisis de contenido. Resultados: Se identificaron 28 noticias vinculadas a la versión online de periódicos, y surgieron dos categorías: La minería y las amenazas a los pueblos indígenas; Exposición de la salud de los pueblos indígenas. Conclusión: es evidente la expansión de la minería ilegal, que amenaza el aislamiento de los pueblos indígenas y debilita el control de los servicios epidemiológicos de los problemas de salud. La investigación contribuye a crear conciencia sobre la actividad minera y la salud indígena, para que los enfermeros puedan comprender mejor los problemas de salud emergentes y adaptar sus prácticas de atención.

Mapping the inclusion of affirmative policies in postgraduate nursing courses.

OBJECTIVE: To map the inclusion of affirmative policies in Postgraduate Nursing courses in Brazil. METHOD: This is a descriptive, document-based study, carried out with information collected on the Sucupira Platform, via the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel, linked to the Ministry of Education. After data collection, carried out between October 2021 and March 2022, each public notice was read in full, in order to extract the following elements: name of the program; program code; name of the Higher Education Institution; acronym; Federative unit; and number of vacancies for master's courses. RESULTS: 79 institutions in the country were identified, with a final sample of 67 evaluated programs, which were classified into nine types, based on the use of affirmative policy principles in academic and professional master's degrees. CONCLUSION: Postgraduate Nursing courses present an imbalance regarding the implementation of affirmative policies in their offers of regular vacancies, as well as in issues of equity in regional access and diversity in the social groups contemplated.

Mapping the inclusion of affirmative policies in postgraduate nursing courses / Mapeo de la inserción de políticas afirmativas en los programas de postgrado en enfermería / Mapeamento da inserção de políticas afirmativas em cursos de pós-graduação em enfermagem

ABSTRACT Objective: To map the inclusion of affirmative policies in Postgraduate Nursing courses in Brazil. Method: This is a descriptive, document-based study, carried out with information collected on the Sucupira Platform, via the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel, linked to the Ministry of Education. After data collection, carried out between October 2021 and March 2022, each public notice was read in full, in order to extract the following elements: name of the program; program code; name of the Higher Education Institution; acronym; Federative unit; and number of vacancies for master's courses. Results: 79 institutions in the country were identified, with a final sample of 67 evaluated programs, which were classified into nine types, based on the use of affirmative policy principles in academic and professional master's degrees. Conclusion: Postgraduate Nursing courses present an imbalance regarding the implementation of affirmative policies in their offers of regular vacancies, as well as in issues of equity in regional access and diversity in the social groups contemplated.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Mapear la inclusión de políticas afirmativas en los cursos de Postgrado en Enfermería de Brasil. Método: Se trata de un estudio descriptivo, de base documental, realizado con informaciones recogidas en la Plataforma Sucupira, a través de la Coordinación de Perfeccionamiento del Personal de Enseñanza Superior, vinculada al Ministerio de Educación. Después de la recolección de datos, realizada entre octubre de 2021 y marzo de 2022, cada convocatoria fue leída en su totalidad para extraer los siguientes elementos: nombre del programa; código del programa; nombre de la Institución de Educación Superior; sigla; Unidad Federativa; y número de vacantes para maestrías. Resultados: Se identificaron 79 instituciones en el país, con una muestra final de 67 programas evaluados y clasificados en nueve tipos, a partir del uso de principios de políticas afirmativas en maestrías académicas y profesionales. Conclusión: Los cursos de postgrado en Enfermería presentan un desequilibrio en la implementación de políticas afirmativas en sus ofertas regulares de vacantes, así como en las cuestiones de equidad para el acceso regional y diversidad de los grupos sociales contemplados.

RESUMO Objetivo: Mapear a inclusão de políticas afirmativas nos cursos de pós-graduação em Enfermagem no Brasil. Método: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo e de base documental, realizado com informações coletadas na Plataforma Sucupira, via Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior que é vinculada ao Ministério da Educação. Após a coleta de dados, feita entre outubro de 2021 e março de 2022, deu-se a leitura integral de cada edital para a extração dos seguintes elementos: nome do programa; código do programa; nome da Instituição de Ensino Superior; sigla; Unidade Federativa; quantitativos de vagas para cursos de mestrado. Resultados: Identificou-se 79 instituições do país, com amostra final de 67 programas avaliados, os quais foram classificadas em nove tipos a partir do uso dos princípios das políticas afirmativas em mestrados acadêmicos e profissionais. Conclusão: Os cursos de pós-graduação em Enfermagem apresentam desequilíbrio quanto à implementação de políticas afirmativas em suas ofertas de vagas regulares, bem como nas questões de equidade no acesso regional e de diversidade nos grupos sociais contemplados.

Human Health Risk Assessment Is Associated with the Consumption of Metal-Contaminated Groundwater around the Marituba Landfill, Amazonia, Brazil.

Groundwater is present in its purest form beneath the earth's surface. However, metal contamination is potentially a problem faced by many countries. For this reason, the present study aims to make an assessment of the risks associated with groundwater consumption around the Marituba landfill in an Amazon region. The present study was characterized as transversal with the use of primary data. The sampling occurred in a stratified random way, performed in two radii of action being the 1st radius of 2.5 km away from the landfill and the 2nd radius of 3.5 km away from the landfill to the neighborhoods. A total of 184 points were collected. In all communities the average daily dose (ADD) was higher than the reference oral dose (Rfd), for the metals As, Pb and Mn the risk quotient (HQ) was greater than 1 (one) in all neighborhoods, the concentration of Mn in the least exposed neighborhood was greater than 10 µg.L-1, even at a distance of 3.5 km from the landfill. The average concentrations for As and Pb did not exceed the recommended, however, they were more significant for the Beira Rio neighborhood, respectively 1.47 µg.L-1 and 1.9 µg.L-1. And the average concentration for Cu was more significant for the Uriboca neighborhood 18.20 µg.L-1, but within the recommended. The average of the general concentration of Heavy Metals Pollution Index (HPI) of the water consumed was 80.03, indicating that the water consumed by the population is contaminated by metals.

Desenvolvimento de tecnologias digitais de comunicação e informação na formação de enfermeiros indígenas e quilombolas / Development of digital communication and information technologies in the training of indigenous and quilombola nurses

Objetivo: relatar o desenvolvimento de Tecnologias Digitais de Comunicação e Informação como mediador no processo de formação de discentes indígenas e quilombolas em Enfermagem. Método:relato de experiência sobre o desenvolvimento de tecnologias de um projeto de extensão de uma universidade da região Norte. Utilizou de repositório de uma mídiasocial e relatório. O recorte temporal foi de março de 2020 a marçode 2021 realizado no percurso da modalidade do ensino remoto. Realizou-se o desenvolvimento de 38 postagens. Resultados: o projeto usou dos recursos tecnológicos para diminuir os impactos da pandemia na formação acadêmica e neste percurso foram identificadas duas categorias para sua implementação: uso de tecnologias no processo de divulgação e disseminação da informação na extensão universitária; e tecnologias para efetivação das políticas afirmativas na Enfermagem.Considerações finais:as tecnologias são mediadoras no processo de formação em Enfermagem e na implementação da formação de discentes oriundos de políticas afirmativas nos espaços acadêmicos. Esses recursos tecnológicos podem proporcionar, de forma clara e objetiva, a disseminação de conhecimento para a comunidade, em geral, a partir da transformação social, e sobre temáticas do processo saúde-doença e cotidiano, além de diminuir as desigualdades com grupos tradicionais

Objective:to report the development of Digital Communication and Information Technologies as a mediator in the process of training indigenous and quilombola students in Nursing. Method:experience report on the development of technologies in an extension project of a university in the North region. Used a social media repository and report. The time frame was from March 2020 to March 2021 carried out throughout the remote teaching modality. Thirty-eight posts were developed. Results:the project used technological resources to reduce the impacts of the pandemic on academic training and in this process two categories were identified for its implementation: use of technologies in the process of distribution and dissemination of information in the university extension; and technologies to implement affirmative policies in Nursing. Final considerations:technologies are mediators in the process of training in Nursing and in the implementation of the training of students coming from affirmative policies in academic spaces. These technological resources can provide, in a clear and objective way, the dissemination of knowledge to the community, in general, based on social transformation, and on themes of the health-disease process and daily life, in addition to reducing inequalities with traditional groups

A comparative study of cadmium levels in blood from exposed populations in an industrial area of the Amazon, Brazil.

Chemical pollution from industrial sources is one of the main problems affecting the environment. In urban areas, the emission of toxic gases and particulates to the atmosphere can damage human health. Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most ecotoxic metals among these pollutants, even at low concentrations. In this study, environmental exposure to Cd was evaluated from the Cd blood levels (CdB) of the human populations living in two Amazonian districts. The first was Bairro Industrial (BIN), which is located next to the industrial complex in Barcarena City, while the second was Vila do Beja (VBJ), a control group located in the farthest area from industrial activities in Abaetetuba City. Sectional and comparative studies were applied for both districts. Sampling (N = 469) occurred in 2012 and 2013. Gender, age, residence time, drinking water source, alcohol consumption, and smoking were used as independent variables. CdB levels were analyzed by induced coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). In BIN, geometric mean and median CdB levels were 0.27 and 0.43 µg∙L-1, respectively (range: ≤0.03-17.49 µg∙L-1), while in VBJ these were 0.19 and 0.23 µg∙L-1 (range: ≤0.03-2.38 µg∙L-1). The higher CdB concentration in the blood of people from BIN was similar to levels previously found in people living near other industrial areas, and showed that the BIN residents were more exposed to Cd pollution. The studies showed the need for surveillance actions to evaluate possible routes of exposure, avoiding the future worsening of the health of the population living next to industrial areas in the Amazon.

Human Blood Lead Levels and the First Evidence of Environmental Exposure to Industrial Pollutants in the Amazon.

The main routes of lead (Pb) absorption are through the airways and orally, and through consumption of contaminated food and beverage, with Pb mainly being absorbed in the atmospheric particulate form. In 2012, a cross-sectional study was performed to evaluate the Pb environmental exposure in two Amazonian districts, Dom Manuel (DMN) and Laranjal (CLA), located in Barcarena City, northern Brazil. CLA is located outside the industrial area of Barcarena (control population), whereas DMN is an old community located in the vicinity of industrial activities. A significant number of residents in these districts participated in an epidemiological inquiry and blood sampling. Total Pb blood levels were quantified using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The mean Pb blood level in people that live in DMN was 281.60 (98.73-570.80) µg·L-1, approximately nine times higher than the level found in CLA (32.77 µg·L-1). In these districts, the Pb blood levels showed statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) based on gender, schooling, residence time, and smoking. This is the first evidence of industrial environmental pollutant exposure in the Amazon.

Ensino da Saúde das Populações tradicionais em cursos de graduação em Enfermagem / Health education of traditional populations in nursing courses

Objetivo: Analisar a presença de disciplinas sobre Saúde de populações tradicionais nos cursos de graduação em enfermagem da região Centro-Oeste do Brasil. Método: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, descritivo e quantitativo, realizado a partir da consulta na base de dados eletrônica do Ministério da Educação e Cultura (E-MEC) no período de maio a novembro de 2017. Resultados: Foram identificadas 89 instituições com cadastro no E-MEC, sendo 16 da rede pública e 73 da privada. Conclusões: Constatou-se que apesar dos estados da região Centro-Oeste possuírem populações tradicionais, foi possível identificar um déficit de disciplinas curriculares específicas sobre a saúde de populações tradicionais, bem como falhas pedagógicas com a ausência de informação da matriz curricular em sistemas eletrônicos na região Centro-Oeste. Espera-se que estes dados possam subsidiar novas reflexões aos diversos cursos de graduação em enfermagem no país. (AU)

Objective: To analyze the presence of disciplines on Health of traditional populations in nursing undergraduate courses in the Center-West region of Brazil. Method: This is a cross-sectional, descriptive and quantitative study based on the electronic database of the Ministry of Education and Culture (E-MEC) from May to November 2017. Results: A total of 89 institutions with registration in the E-MEC, being 16 of the public network and 73 of the private. Conclusions: Although the states of the Central-West region have traditional populations, it was possible to identify a deficit of specific curricular subjects on the health of traditional populations, as well as pedagogical failures with the absence of information from the curricular matrix in electronic systems in the Midwest region. It is hoped that this data may support new reflections on the various nursing undergraduate courses in the country. (AU)

Objectivo: Analizar la presencia de disciplinas sobre salud de poblaciones tradicionales en cursos de pregrado de enfermería en la región Centro-Oeste de Brasil. Método: Este es un estudio transversal, descriptivo y cuantitativo basado en la base de datos electrónica del Ministerio de Educación y Cultura (E-MEC) de mayo a noviembre de 2017. Resultados: Un total de 89 instituciones con registro en el E-MEC, siendo 16 de la red pública y 73 de la privada. Conclusiones: Si bien los estados de la región Centro-Oeste tienen poblaciones tradicionales, fue posible identificar un déficit de temas curriculares específicos sobre la salud de las poblaciones tradicionales, así como fallas pedagógicas con la ausencia de información de la matriz curricular en los sistemas electrónicos. en la región del medio oeste. Se espera que estos datos puedan respaldar nuevas reflexiones sobre los diversos cursos de pregrado de enfermería en el país. (AU)