RESUMEN
Temporal and spatial colinear expression of the Hox genes determines the specification of positional identities during vertebrate development. Post-translational modifications of histones contribute to transcriptional regulation. Lysine demethylase 7A (Kdm7a) demethylates lysine 9 or 27 di-methylation of histone H3 (H3K9me2, H3K27me2) and participates in the transcriptional activation of developmental genes. However, the role of Kdm7a during mouse embryonic development remains to be elucidated. Herein, we show that Kdm7a-/- mouse exhibits an anterior homeotic transformation of the axial skeleton, including an increased number of presacral elements. Importantly, posterior Hox genes (caudally from Hox9) are specifically downregulated in the Kdm7a-/- embryo, which correlates with increased levels of H3K9me2, not H3K27me2. These observations suggest that Kdm7a controls the transcription of posterior Hox genes, likely via its demethylating activity, and thereby regulating the murine anterior-posterior development. Such epigenetic regulatory mechanisms may be harnessed for proper control of coordinate body patterning in vertebrates.
Asunto(s)
Desarrollo Embrionario/genética , Regulación del Desarrollo de la Expresión Génica/genética , Genes Homeobox/genética , Histona Demetilasas con Dominio de Jumonji , Animales , Embrión de Mamíferos/metabolismo , Femenino , Células HeLa , Humanos , Histona Demetilasas con Dominio de Jumonji/genética , Histona Demetilasas con Dominio de Jumonji/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Endogámicos ICR , Ratones Noqueados , Familia de Multigenes/genéticaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND/AIMS: Phosphatases are involved in regulation of MAP kinase (MAPK). A431 cells migrate on collagen after EGF stimulation using MAPK. To clarify the involvement of PP2A in this MAPK-dependent migration, the expression of an isoform of the B regulatory subunit was inhibited. METHODS: An antisense sequence corresponding to Bbeta cDNA was transfected into A431 cells. Their migratory activity on collagen was examined using Transwell, and MAPK phosphorylation and phosphatase activity were measured, and the results were compared with those obtained with mock-transfected cells. RESULTS: Antisense-transfected cells showed less Bbeta protein and phosphatase activity than mock-transfected controls. Migration of antisense-transfected cells showed a low response to EGF. The response of MAPK phosphorylation of antisense-transfected cells to EGF stimulation and adhesion to collagen in the presence or absence of EGF were markedly decreased. Phosphatase activity of PP2A-Bbeta also did not respond to EGF, collagen or EGF plus collagen, and remained at low levels. CONCLUSION: These results suggested that PP2A-Bbeta promotes cell migration through the MAPK cascade.
Asunto(s)
Movimiento Celular , Proteínas Quinasas Activadas por Mitógenos/metabolismo , Fosfoproteínas Fosfatasas/metabolismo , Línea Celular Tumoral , Movimiento Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Colágeno/farmacología , Factor de Crecimiento Epidérmico/farmacología , Adhesiones Focales , Expresión Génica , Humanos , Fosfoproteínas Fosfatasas/genética , Fosforilación/efectos de los fármacos , Isoformas de Proteínas , Proteína Fosfatasa 2RESUMEN
We found that the convergently epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced signal and the collagen-induced signal activate mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), which induces migration. We examined the signaling mechanisms of EGF-induced cell migration on collagen using the A431 carcinoma cell. EGF (10 ng/ml) induced migration on collagen, but inhibited proliferation. Using a MAPK cascade inhibitor, PD98059, it was shown that EGF-induced migration on collagen was mediated by MAPK whereas EGF-induced migration on fibronectin and vitronectin was not. PD98059 also showed that activation of MAPK induced by EGF enhanced the adhesiveness of A431 cells to collagen. By Western blotting analysis, the kinetics of MAPK phosphorylation induced by EGF and collagen was examined separately, and convergently. First of all, EGF without collagen caused transient MAPK phosphorylation. Collagen without EGF caused MAPK to be immediately and transiently dephosphorylated, and rephosphorylated followed by sustained hyperphosphorylation. EGF together with collagen caused an immediate, and sustained, hyperphosphorylation. These facts suggest that the transient MAPK dephosphorylation induced by collagen is required for migration in order to maintain an appropriate level of sustained phosphorylation. Furthermore, we found that adhesion of A431 cells to collagen was blocked by the anti-beta1 integrin antibody or by the mixed antibodies composed of anti-alpha1, -alpha2, and -alpha3 antibodies, indicating that collagen-induced MAPK phosphorylation was mediated through alpha1beta1, alpha2beta1, and alpha3beta1 integrins.
