FOXO1 suppresses PGC-1ß gene expression in skeletal muscles.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1ß (PGC-1ß) is a transcriptional regulator whose increased expression activates energy expenditure-related genes in skeletal muscles. However, how PGC-1ß is regulated remains largely unclear. Here, we show that PGC-1ß gene expression is negatively correlated with the expression of a transcription factor, forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1), whose expression is increased during muscle atrophy. In the skeletal muscles of FOXO1-overexpressing transgenic mice, PGC-1ß gene expression is decreased. Denervation or plaster cast-based unloading, as well as fasting, increases endogenous FOXO1 expression in skeletal muscles, with decreased PGC-1ß expression. In the skeletal muscles of FOXO1-knockout mice, the decrease in PGC-1ß expression caused by fasting was attenuated. Tamoxifen-inducible FOXO1 activation in C2C12 myoblasts causes a marked decrease of PGC-1ß expression. These findings together reveal that FOXO1 activation suppresses PGC-1ß expression. During atrophy with FOXO1 activation, decreased PGC-1ß may decrease energy expenditure and avoid wasting energy.

Health Promotion Effects of Soy Isoflavones.

Soybeans contain several physiologically active ingredients, such as soy phytosterol, soyasaponin, soy protein, and lecithin, and are therefore expected to express the functionalities of said ingredients. Among them, soy isoflavones have been studied in recent years for their various functions, including their obesity-preventing effect, blood glucose level reducing effect, osteoporosis and breast cancer risk reduction, and anti-oxidative effect, and several health promoting effects and disease preventing effects are expected. For example, it has been determined that soy isoflavones reduce body and fat weight in experiments in which mice were fed a diet containing soy isoflavones in studies on anti-obesity. Epidemiologic studies with humans have also shown that women who consume more soybeans have lower BMI than those who consume less. We previously found that soy isoflavones may have anti-obesity effects in myoblasts through the activation of transcriptional coactivator PGC-1ß, which increases energy expenditure. In recent studies, a decrease in blood glucose level due to soy isoflavone was seen in an experiment in which diabetic model mice were fed a diet containing soy isoflavone. It has also been suggested that soy isoflavone intake may increase bone mineral density in postmenopausal women and reduce the risk of breast cancer. This review focuses on the actions of soy isoflavones known to date, including their anti-obesity and anti-diabetic effects, bone loss preventing effects, and cancer risk reduction effects, and introduces reports on the health promotion and disease prevention effects of soy isoflavones.

Screening dataset of food components that enhance transcriptional activity of PGC1-beta.

PGC-1ß is a transcriptional co-activator of nuclear receptors, which acts to increase energy expenditure. PGC-1ß fused to GAL4 DNA-binding domain transfected in HEK293T cells showed a reporter luciferase activity. We screened food-derived and natural compounds using a reporter assay system to measure the transcriptional activity of PGC-1ß. We found that soy-derived isoflavones, genistein and daidzein, and several resveratrols activated PGC-1ß, see "Genistein, daidzein, and resveratrols stimulate PGC-1ß-mediated gene expression" [1]. The list of 166 compounds and their reporter activity is shown here.

Genistein, daidzein, and resveratrols stimulate PGC-1ß-mediated gene expression.

PGC-1ß is a transcriptional co-activator of nuclear receptors such as the estrogen receptor-related receptor (ERR). Transgenic overexpression of PGC-1ß in mice increases energy expenditure and suppresses high-fat diet-induced obesity. In this study, we screened various food-derived and natural compounds using a reporter assay system to measure the transcriptional activity of PGC-1ß. Soy-derived isoflavones, genistein and daidzein, and several resveratrols activated PGC-1ß. Genistein, daidzein, and trans-oxyresveratrol activated ERR-responsive element-mediated reporter activity in the presence of PGC-1ß. Stable overexpression of PGC-1ß in C2C12 myoblasts increased the expression of medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD), an important enzyme in fatty acid ß-oxidation. Genistein and daidzein increased MCAD mRNA levels and mitochondrial content in PGC-1ß-expressing C2C12 cells. These compounds activated ERR/PGC-1ß complex-mediated gene expression, and our findings may be a practical foundation for developing functional foods targeting obesity.

The 1-min animal test as a mental status screening examination in patients with diabetes.

BACKGROUND: Detecting and treating dementia at an early stage are important. Although the Revised Hasegawa Dementia Scale (HDS-R) is commonly used to detect dementia, it takes about 10 min to complete. In contrast, the 1-min animal test (OMAT) takes only 1 min to complete and may be a helpful screening test for general practitioners in deciding whether to proceed with administering further diagnostic tests such as the HDS-R. We sought to examine the relationship between the OMAT and HDS-R scores, and determine the cut-off OMAT score that balanced the sensitivity and specificity in identifying HDS-R-positive patients. METHODS: A total of 122 consecutive patients with diabetes who visited the outpatient clinic at the Fujiidera Municipal Hospital were enrolled. The patients underwent the OMAT and HDS-R on the same day. Tests were conducted in a single-blinded manner. The relationship between the OMAT and HDS-R scores was examined using Spearman's rank correlation. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed to identify the optimal cut-off score of OMAT that will determine whether to proceed with further diagnostic tests. RESULTS: A strong positive correlation between the OMAT and HDS-R scores was observed (r = 0.70). The sensitivity and specificity of OMAT using cut-off scores of 12/13, 13/14, and 14/15 for HDS-R-positive patients were 0.87 and 0.66, 1.00 and 0.51, and 1.00 and 0.40, respectively among all the subjects. Similar results were obtained in a subgroup of subjects aged ≥ 65 years. CONCLUSIONS: A cut-off score of 13/14 on the OMAT balanced the sensitivity closest to 1.00 and allowed for the highest specificity for the HDS-R not only among all the patients, but also among just the patients aged ≥ 65 years. The OMAT may be an optimal screening test to determine whether to proceed with further diagnosis using HDS-R.Trial registration UMIN UMIN000025260. This study is retrospectively registered on December 13th, 2016.

Circularly polarised luminescence of pyrenyl di- and tri-peptides with mixed d- and l-amino acid residues.

Multiple pyrenes as pendants of enantioimpure di-/tripeptides (abbreviated as N-LD-C, N-DL-C, N-LLD-C and N-DDL-C) showed pyrene-origin CPL and CD signals, which were associated with conflicting CPL-/CD-signs, compared to the corresponding enantiopure di-/tri-peptides.