Histological Compatibility in Distal Neurotizations: A Systematic Review.

Considering the importance of defining the minimum number of axons between recipient and donor branches, that is, the definition of histological compatibility in distal neurotizations for the success of the procedure and the surgeon's freedom to choose individualized strategies for each patient, this systematic review was conducted to find out the most recent studies on the subject. The objective of this systematic review was to determine the importance of the number of axons and the relationship between axon counts in the donor and recipient nerves in the success of nerve transfer. A literature review was performed on five international databases: Web of Science, Scopus, Wiley (Cochrane Database), Embase, and PubMed. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed (2020 version), a guide designed to guide the elaboration of systematic literature reviews. One hundred and fifty-seven studies were found, and 23 were selected based on the eligibility criteria. The articles presented were conclusive in determining the importance of the number of axons in the success of nerve transfer. Still, the relationship between the number of axons in the donor and recipient nerves seems more relevant in the success of transfers and is not always explored by the authors. The review of the articles has provided compelling evidence that the number of axons is a critical determinant of the success of nerve transfer procedures. However, the relationship between the number of axons in the donor nerve and that in the recipient nerve appears to be even more crucial for successful transfers, a factor that is not always adequately explored by authors in the existing literature. Level of evidence : Level IV, therapeutic study.

EFFECT OF WRIST WRAP IN HANDGRIP STRENGTH IN CROSSFIT.

Objectives: Analyze wrist wrap influence on the values of maximum handgrip strength and dynamic resistance. Methods: A controlled randomized cross-over trial including 54 Crossfit participants randomly assigned to two groups. Group 1 began the series of tests with control wrapping, and Group 2 started with functional wrapping. Alternate series of four dynamic grip strength resistance tests were performed, and the resistance and fatigue values were calculated. Results: The values obtained from the grip tests did not indicate any effect from the wrist wrap for an increase in maximum grip strength (35.7 vs. 35.6 kg; p=0.737) or greater endurance (78.2 vs. 77.8%; p=0.549). Fatigue was also equal in both groups (mean differences between the groups: 0.1 kg, CI= -0.7-0.8; p=0.779). Conclusion: The hypothesis that using a wrist wrap increases maximum strength and dynamic handgrip endurance was rejected in this study. Evidence Level I; Randomized control trial .

Objetivos: Analisar a influência do uso da munhequeira no valor máximo de força e na resistência dinâmica de preensão palmar. Métodos: Foi feito um ensaio controlado randomizado cruzado (cross-over) incluindo 54 praticantes de Crossfit. Os participantes foram alocados em dois grupos de forma aleatorizada. O grupo 1 iniciou a bateria de testes com enfaixamento placebo e o grupo 2 iniciou com enfaixamento funcional. Séries alternadas de quatro testes dinâmicos de resistência foram realizadas e os valores de resistência e fadiga foram calculados. Resultados: Os resultados apontaram para uma ausência de efeito do enfaixamento do punho tanto para um suposto aumento da força máxima de preensão (35,7 vs 35,6 kg; p=0,737) quanto para uma maior resistência (78,2 vs 77,8%; p=0,549). A fadiga também foi igual entre os dois grupos (média das diferenças entre os grupos: 0,1kg, CI: -0,7 ­ 0,8; p=0,779). Conclusão: A hipótese de que o uso da munhequeira aumenta o valor máximo de força e a resistência dinâmica de preensão palmar foram rejeitadas neste estudo. Nível de evidência I; Estudo clínico randomizado .

Comparative analysis of cancellous graft and cortico-cancellous graft in osteosynthesis of scaphoid pseudoarthrosis with plate.

INTRODUCTION: Scaphoid is the most fractured carpal bone, with a 5-10% nonunion rate. Treatment challenges include choosing the implant and graft that best corrects humpback deformity and carpal malalignment with higher chances of bony healing. OBJECTIVE: Compare cortico-cancellous and cancellous grafts between two groups of patients treating scaphoid nonunion with locking plates using autologous bone graft and evaluate bone healing rates and radiographic, tomographic, and functional parameters before and after surgery. METHODS: Non-randomized prospective study including 20 cases of scaphoid nonunion. Groups were divided into Group A (ten patients treated with cortico-cancellous iliac graft) and Group B (ten patients treated with cancellous iliac graft). Patients underwent pre- and postoperative radiographs, computed tomography, and functional evaluation. RESULTS: In postoperative analysis, Group A showed a statistically significant difference in intrascaphoid angle (p = 0.002) and scapholunate angle (p = 0.011) correction when comparing the pre- and postoperative periods. Group B showed a statistically significant difference in intrascaphoid angle (p = 0.002) and scapholunate angle correction (p = 0.0018), grip strength (p = 0.002), and tip pinch strength (p = 0.001) when comparing the pre- and postoperative periods. By comparing both groups, Group B showed a statistically significant difference in intrascaphoid angle correction (p = 0.002), grip strength (p = 0.002), tip pinch strength (p = 0.002), and radial deviation (p = 0.0003). There was no statistical difference when comparing bony healing between groups. CONCLUSION: Scaphoid nonunion treatment with a locking plate was effective, showing a high bony healing rate and improved carpal alignment in imaging tests for both graft types. However, results for intrascaphoid angle correction, grip strength, tip pinch strength, and radial deviation were better in Group B. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV, case series.

Comparative analysis of scaphoid nonunion treatment with screw fixation and angular stable plate.

INTRODUCTION: Scaphoid fractures represent 5-10% of nonunion rate and the treatment options consist of an open reduction with correction of deformity, restoration of the scaphoid length with autologous wedge grafting and fixation. However, there is still no consensus in the literature on the best fixation method. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to compare plate fixation and screw fixation in treating scaphoid nonunion with humpback deformity and carpal instability. METHODS: Prospective, non-randomised study comparing the treatment of two groups of patients with scaphoid nonunion. A total of 19 patients were included in the study, the first ten patients were included in group 1 (plate fixation), subsequently nine patients were included in group 2 (screw fixation). The nonunion duration was longer than 6 months and patients did not present type III Scaphoid Nonunion Advanced Collapse (SNAC). Clinical evaluations included pain intensity, range of motion, grip strength, pinch test and functional scales Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) and Mayo Wrist Score. Radiographic evaluations consisted of radiographs of both wrists in AP, AP with ulnar deviation, lateral and oblique views. Patients further underwent a tomography of the affected wrist for bone deformity, carpal collapse and later consolidation evaluation. RESULTS: According to post-operative measurements, group 1 showed a significant improvement in the scapholunate angle (p = 0.011) and in the intrascaphoid angle (p = 0.002). Group 2 only showed an improvement in the scapholunate angle (p = 0.011). All patients in group 1 achieved consolidation in 8 weeks, while group 2 patients had a slower consolidation, with a mean of 14 weeks and standard deviation (SD) of 4.2, with statistical significance (p = 0.006). CONCLUSION: Our prospective study, despite the limitations, contributes to the literature for demonstrating a better fixation using plate, with a better correction of humpback deformity and Dorsal Intercalated Segment Instability (DISI) and a faster consolidation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II, therapeutics studies; prospective comparative study.

Effect of wrist wrap in handgrip strength in crossfit / Influência da munhequeira na força de preensão manual em praticantes de crossfit

ABSTRACT Objectives: Analyze wrist wrap influence on the values of maximum handgrip strength and dynamic resistance. Methods: A controlled randomized cross-over trial including 54 Crossfit participants randomly assigned to two groups. Group 1 began the series of tests with control wrapping, and Group 2 started with functional wrapping. Alternate series of four dynamic grip strength resistance tests were performed, and the resistance and fatigue values were calculated. Results: The values obtained from the grip tests did not indicate any effect from the wrist wrap for an increase in maximum grip strength (35.7 vs. 35.6 kg; p=0.737) or greater endurance (78.2 vs. 77.8%; p=0.549). Fatigue was also equal in both groups (mean differences between the groups: 0.1 kg, CI= -0.7-0.8; p=0.779). Conclusion: The hypothesis that using a wrist wrap increases maximum strength and dynamic handgrip endurance was rejected in this study. Evidence Level I; Randomized control trial .

RESUMO Objetivos: Analisar a influência do uso da munhequeira no valor máximo de força e na resistência dinâmica de preensão palmar. Métodos: Foi feito um ensaio controlado randomizado cruzado (cross-over) incluindo 54 praticantes de Crossfit. Os participantes foram alocados em dois grupos de forma aleatorizada. O grupo 1 iniciou a bateria de testes com enfaixamento placebo e o grupo 2 iniciou com enfaixamento funcional. Séries alternadas de quatro testes dinâmicos de resistência foram realizadas e os valores de resistência e fadiga foram calculados. Resultados: Os resultados apontaram para uma ausência de efeito do enfaixamento do punho tanto para um suposto aumento da força máxima de preensão (35,7 vs 35,6 kg; p=0,737) quanto para uma maior resistência (78,2 vs 77,8%; p=0,549). A fadiga também foi igual entre os dois grupos (média das diferenças entre os grupos: 0,1kg, CI: -0,7 - 0,8; p=0,779). Conclusão: A hipótese de que o uso da munhequeira aumenta o valor máximo de força e a resistência dinâmica de preensão palmar foram rejeitadas neste estudo. Nível de evidência I; Estudo clínico randomizado .

Classificação e tratamento da mão em fenda: revisão da literatura / Cleft hand classification and treatment: literature review

A mão em fenda é uma deformidade congênita rara caracterizada por uma deficiência longitudinal dos raios centrais da mão, podendo estar associada a outras malformações. Devido ao amplo espectro de manifestações, o tratamento de mãos em fenda é desafiador. Este estudo objetiva apresentar as classificações, técnicas cirúrgicas mais indicadas e seguimentos adotados conforme a manifestação clínica. Foi realizada uma pesquisa nos bancos de dados Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane e Embase, descritores e termos relacionados à anomalia mão em fenda típica. Trinta e dois artigos foram incluídos, sendo analisados quanto a classificação da anomalia, classificação da gravidade de expressão, técnicas cirúrgicas e estudos com informações da intervenção cirúrgica adotada para uma coorte de pacientes. Considerando que estudos sobre mão em fenda são diretamente afetados pelas descobertas embriológicas, genéticas e de biologia molecular, diferentes classificações foram descritas e diversos estudos de complementação de técnicas cirúrgicas já existentes foram encontrados. Estudos inovadores são escassos. A padronização na descrição das técnicas e resultados, além de pesquisas de melhor qualidade, poderiam elucidar lacunas ainda existentes em torno das opções de tratamento.

Cleft hand is a rare congenital deformity characterized by a longitudinal deficiency of the central rays of the hand, which may be associated with other malformations. Due to the wide spectrum of manifestations, the treatment is challenging. This study aims to present the most suitable classifications, surgical techniques and follow-up adopted according to the clinical manifestation. A search was performed in the databases Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane and Embase, descriptors and terms related to the hand anomaly in a typical cleft. Thirty-two articles were included and analyzed regarding the classification of the anomaly, classification of the severity of expression, surgical techniques and studies with information on the surgical intervention adopted for a cohort of patients. Considering that studies about cleft hand could be directly affected by embryological, genetic and molecular biology discoveries, different classifications have been described and several studies to complement existing surgical techniques have been found. Innovative studies are scarce. Standardization in the description of techniques and results, in addition to better quality research, could elucidate gaps that still exist around treatment options.

Evaluation of the Use of Nerve Allograft Preserved in Glycerol.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to evaluate the use of nerve allograft preserved in glycerol. We compared the efficiency of glycerol-preserved allografts with autogenous nerve grafting, cryopreserved grafts, and detergent-processed grafts in the axonal regeneration. Secondarily, we evaluated the effectiveness of each preservation method in maintaining the extracellular matrix free of cellular components. METHODS: This was a prospective experimental, longitudinal, unblinded, nonrandomized, controlled animal model study. Three different allograft preservation techniques for the repair of sciatic nerve injuries were compared, including cold preservation, glycerol preservation, and detergent preservation. Functional assessment was performed, and histomorphometric analyses were further performed, which enabled the allograft structure evaluation and an estimation of the nerve regeneration efficacy based on the myelinated axons count and on their diameters. RESULTS: After the 14th week, all groups were already balanced and similar (P = 0.265): all groups present near-zero SFIs, thus confirming their efficiency in promoting nerve regeneration. In the histomorphometric evaluations, all groups were equivalent, presenting a similar efficiency in nerve regeneration (P = 0.716 and P = 0.577, respectively). Similarly, histomorphometric evaluations showed a reduction in the number of axons and in their diameters, but none of them effectively eliminated all cellular debris. Comparing the groups with each other, the groups preserved in glycerol and detergent solution were similar, both presenting better results than the cooled group. CONCLUSION: By evaluating the presence of cell debris after the treatment using glycerol, it was found to be similar to the treatment using detergent and significantly better than the cold-preservation treatment.

Arthroscopic Treatment of Bucket-Handle Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex Injury.

Bucket-handle injury to the triangular fibrocartilage complex is a rare and poorly described condition in the literature that is not included in the Palmer classification. A young man presented with right wrist torsional trauma while playing sports. He progressed with local pain and limited range of motion with a supination block. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a bucket-handle injury to the central portion of the triangular fibrocartilage complex with a volar flap, measuring 0.6 cm × 0.6 cm. The patient underwent wrist arthroscopy with debridement, removal of a loose body, and resection of the bucket-handle lesion. In the postoperative period, pain alleviation and a considerable gain in range of motion occurred. The patient was able to resume his participation in sporting activities 3 months after surgery. There is no consensus about the treatment of bucket-handle injuries to the triangular fibrocartilage complex because of the small number of cases described in the literature.

TREATMENT OF SCHAPHOID NONUNION WITH VOLAR LOCKED PLATE.

OBJECTIVE: To assess and compare radiographic, tomographic and functional pre and postoperative parameters of patients submitted to treatment of nonunion of the scaphoid waist with locked plate for scaphoid. METHODS: This is a case series of scaphoid waist nonunion, operated from March 2017 to March 2018 at the Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology of HCFMUSP, using the technique of Fisk-Fernandez and osteosynthesis with locked plate for scaphoid APTUS®Hand from Medartis. The patients were submitted to radiographs, computed tomography and functional evaluation by the occupational therapy team in the pre and postoperative periods. RESULTS: There was consolidation of the scaphoid waist nonunion in all cases, improvement in the parameters of carpal alignment in the imaging examinations, but functionally we observed reduction of the range of motion and grip strength in relation to the contralateral limb. CONCLUSIONS: The treatment of the scaphoid waist nonunion with locked plate was effective, with a high index of consolidation and improvement of the carpal alignment in the imaging tests, although with a reduction in the range of motion and grip strength in relation to the contralateral limb when evaluated with 12 weeks postoperatively. Level of Evidence IV, Case series.

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar e comparar parâmetros radiográficos, tomográficos e funcionais pré e pós-operatórios de pacientes submetidos ao tratamento de pseudoartrose do colo do escafoide com placa bloqueada para escafoide. MÉTODOS: Esta é uma série de casos de pseudoartrose do colo do escafoide, operados no período de março de 2017 a março de 2018 no Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia do HCFMUSP, utilizando-se a técnica de Fisk-Fernandez e osteossíntese com placa bloqueada para escafoide APTUS®Hand da Medartis. Os pacientes foram submetidos a radiografias, tomografia computadorizada e avaliação funcional pela equipe de terapia ocupacional no pré e pós-operatório. RESULTADOS: Houve consolidação da pseudoartrose do colo do escafoide em todos os casos e melhora nos parâmetros de alinhamento carpal nos exames de imagem, porém, funcionalmente, observamos redução da amplitude de movimento e força de preensão em relação ao membro contralateral. CONCLUSÃO: O tratamento da pseudoartrose do colo do escafoide com placa bloqueada se mostrou efetivo, com elevado índice de consolidação e melhora do alinhamento carpal nos exames de imagem, embora com redução da amplitude de movimento e força de preensão em relação ao membro contralateral, quando avaliados com 12 semanas de pós-operatório. Nível de Evidência IV, Série de casos.

EVALUATION OF DISTAL FOREARM FRACTURES USING THE AO 2018 CLASSIFICATION.

OBJECTIVE: Distal forearm fractures are among the most common upper limb fractures in all ages, and many classifications have been proposed to describe them. Recently, a new version of AO/OTA classification was proposed. The aim of this study is to use the AO/OTA 2018 classification to report the epidemiology of distal forearm fractures in adults treated at a single center. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of the initial radiographs obtained from cases of distal forearm fractures in an orthopedic emergency room at a single tertiary hospital. RESULTS: Three hundred twenty-two cases were studied, aged 50.35 ± 18.98 years, 55.3% were female and 44.7% were right-sided. Type 2R3A, 2R3B and 2R3C fractures corresponded to 32.3%, 18.0% and 48.4% of the cases, respectively. Distal ulnar fracture was present in 41.9%. There was a correlation between age and sex: 78.3% of the subjects aged under 30 years were male, and 80.6% of those aged over 60 years were female (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: The most common type of radial fractures was 2R3C, and the most common type of ulna fracture was 2U3A1.1. There was a correlation between age and sex. Level of evidence IV, Case-series.

OBJETIVO: As fraturas distais do antebraço são uma das mais comuns do membro superior em todas as idades, e muitas classificações foram propostas para descrevê-las. Atualmente, uma nova versão da classificação AO/OTA foi proposta. O objetivo deste estudo foi utilizar a classificação AO/OTA 2018 para descrever a epidemiologia das fraturas distais do antebraço no adulto tratadas em um único centro. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo, em que se avaliaram as radiografias obtidas no primeiro atendimento dos casos de fraturas da extremidade distal do antebraço de esqueletos maduros, atendidas no pronto-socorro ortopédico de um único hospital terciário. RESULTADOS: Foram estudados 322 casos, com média da idade de 50,35 ± 18,98 anos, 55,3% do sexo feminino e 44,7% do lado direito. As fraturas do tipo 2R3A, 2R3B e 2R3C corresponderam a 32,3%, 18,0% e 48,4%, respectivamente. A ulna distal foi envolvida em 41,9%. Houve correlação entre a idade e o sexo, de modo que, no grupo etário com idade até 30 anos, 78,3% eram do sexo masculino e, acima dos 60, 80,6% do sexo feminino (p<0,001). CONCLUSÃO: As fraturas do tipo 2R3C foram as mais comuns do rádio, e as 2U3A1.1 foram as mais comuns da ulna. Houve correlação entre idade e sexo. Nível de evidência IV, Série de casos.

Evaluation of distal forearm fractures using the ao 2018 classification / Avaliação das fraturas da extremidade distal do antebraço pela classificação ao 2018

ABSTRACT Objective: Distal forearm fractures are among the most common upper limb fractures in all ages, and many classifications have been proposed to describe them. Recently, a new version of AO/OTA classification was proposed. The aim of this study is to use the AO/OTA 2018 classification to report the epidemiology of distal forearm fractures in adults treated at a single center. Methods: A retrospective analysis of the initial radiographs obtained from cases of distal forearm fractures in an orthopedic emergency room at a single tertiary hospital. Results: Three hundred twenty-two cases were studied, aged 50.35 ± 18.98 years, 55.3% were female and 44.7% were right-sided. Type 2R3A, 2R3B and 2R3C fractures corresponded to 32.3%, 18.0% and 48.4% of the cases, respectively. Distal ulnar fracture was present in 41.9%. There was a correlation between age and sex: 78.3% of the subjects aged under 30 years were male, and 80.6% of those aged over 60 years were female (p<0.001). Conclusion: The most common type of radial fractures was 2R3C, and the most common type of ulna fracture was 2U3A1.1. There was a correlation between age and sex. Level of evidence IV, Case-series.

RESUMO Objetivo: As fraturas distais do antebraço são uma das mais comuns do membro superior em todas as idades, e muitas classificações foram propostas para descrevê-las. Atualmente, uma nova versão da classificação AO/OTA foi proposta. O objetivo deste estudo foi utilizar a classificação AO/OTA 2018 para descrever a epidemiologia das fraturas distais do antebraço no adulto tratadas em um único centro. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo, em que se avaliaram as radiografias obtidas no primeiro atendimento dos casos de fraturas da extremidade distal do antebraço de esqueletos maduros, atendidas no pronto-socorro ortopédico de um único hospital terciário. Resultados: Foram estudados 322 casos, com média da idade de 50,35 ± 18,98 anos, 55,3% do sexo feminino e 44,7% do lado direito. As fraturas do tipo 2R3A, 2R3B e 2R3C corresponderam a 32,3%, 18,0% e 48,4%, respectivamente. A ulna distal foi envolvida em 41,9%. Houve correlação entre a idade e o sexo, de modo que, no grupo etário com idade até 30 anos, 78,3% eram do sexo masculino e, acima dos 60, 80,6% do sexo feminino (p<0,001). Conclusão: As fraturas do tipo 2R3C foram as mais comuns do rádio, e as 2U3A1.1 foram as mais comuns da ulna. Houve correlação entre idade e sexo. Nível de evidência IV, Série de casos.

Evaluation of intra- and interobserver reliability of the AO classification for wrist fractures / Avaliação da reprodutibilidade intra e interobservadores da classificação AO para fratura do punho

ABSTRACT Objective: This study evaluated the intraobserver and interobserver reliability of the AO classification for standard radiographs of wrist fractures. Methods: Thirty observers, divided into three groups (orthopedic surgery senior residents, orthopedic surgeons, and hand surgeons) classified 52 wrist fractures, using only simple radiographs. After a period of four weeks, the same observers evaluated the initial 52 radiographs, in a randomized order. The agreement among the observers, the groups, and intraobserver was obtained using the Kappa index. Kappa-values were interpreted as proposed by Landis and Koch. Results: The global interobserver agreement level of the AO classification was considered fair (0.30). The three groups presented fair global interobserver agreement (residents, 0.27; orthopedic surgeons, 0.30; hand surgeons, 0.33). The global intraobserver agreement level was moderated. The hand surgeon group obtained the higher intraobserver agreement level, although only moderate (0.50). The residents group obtained fair levels (0.30), as did the orthopedics surgeon group (0.33). Conclusion: The data obtained suggests fair levels of interobserver agreement and moderate levels of intraobserver agreement for the AO classification for wrist fractures.

RESUMO Objetivo: Este estudo avaliou a confiabilidade interobservador e intraobservador da classificação AO para radiografias simples em fraturas do terço distal do punho.Métodos Trinta observadores, divididos em três grupos (residentes de ortopedia e traumatologia, ortopedistas e cirurgiões de mão), classificaram 52 fraturas do terço distal do antebraço com radiografias simples. Após quatro semanas, os mesmos observadores avaliaram as mesmas 52 fraturas em ordem aleatória. O índice kappa foi usado para estabelecer o nível de concordância entre os observadores individualmente e entre os grupos de residentes, ortopedistas e cirurgiões da mão, bem como para avaliar a concordância intraobservador. O índice de kappa foi interpretado conforme proposto por Landis e Koch. Resultados: A confiabilidade interobservador global da classificação AO foi considerada baixa (0,30). Os três grupos apresentaram índices globais de concordância considerados baixos (residentes, 0,27; ortopedistas, 0,30 e cirurgiões da mão, 0,33). A concordância intraobservador global obteve índice moderado (0,41), foi maior no grupo dos cirurgiões da mão, no qual foi considerada moderada (0,50). No grupo dos residentes e ortopedistas foi considerada baixa, com valores de 0,30 e 0,33, respectivamente. Conclusão: A partir desses dados, concluímos que a classificação AO para fraturas do punho apresenta baixa reprodutibilidade interobservador e moderada reprodutibilidade intraobservador.

Evaluation of intra- and interobserver reliability of the AO classification for wrist fractures.

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the intraobserver and interobserver reliability of the AO classification for standard radiographs of wrist fractures. METHODS: Thirty observers, divided into three groups (orthopedic surgery senior residents, orthopedic surgeons, and hand surgeons) classified 52 wrist fractures, using only simple radiographs. After a period of four weeks, the same observers evaluated the initial 52 radiographs, in a randomized order. The agreement among the observers, the groups, and intraobserver was obtained using the Kappa index. Kappa-values were interpreted as proposed by Landis and Koch. RESULTS: The global interobserver agreement level of the AO classification was considered fair (0.30). The three groups presented fair global interobserver agreement (residents, 0.27; orthopedic surgeons, 0.30; hand surgeons, 0.33). The global intraobserver agreement level was moderated. The hand surgeon group obtained the higher intraobserver agreement level, although only moderate (0.50). The residents group obtained fair levels (0.30), as did the orthopedics surgeon group (0.33). CONCLUSION: The data obtained suggests fair levels of interobserver agreement and moderate levels of intraobserver agreement for the AO classification for wrist fractures.

OBJETIVO: Este estudo avaliou a confiabilidade interobservador e intraobservador da classificação AO para radiografias simples em fraturas do terço distal do punho. MÉTODOS: Trinta observadores, divididos em três grupos (residentes de ortopedia e traumatologia, ortopedistas e cirurgiões de mão), classificaram 52 fraturas do terço distal do antebraço com radiografias simples. Após quatro semanas, os mesmos observadores avaliaram as mesmas 52 fraturas em ordem aleatória. O índice kappa foi usado para estabelecer o nível de concordância entre os observadores individualmente e entre os grupos de residentes, ortopedistas e cirurgiões da mão, bem como para avaliar a concordância intraobservador. O índice de kappa foi interpretado conforme proposto por Landis e Koch. RESULTADOS: A confiabilidade interobservador global da classificação AO foi considerada baixa (0,30). Os três grupos apresentaram índices globais de concordância considerados baixos (residentes, 0,27; ortopedistas, 0,30 e cirurgiões da mão, 0,33). A concordância intraobservador global obteve índice moderado (0,41), foi maior no grupo dos cirurgiões da mão, no qual foi considerada moderada (0,50). No grupo dos residentes e ortopedistas foi considerada baixa, com valores de 0,30 e 0,33, respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: A partir desses dados, concluímos que a classificação AO para fraturas do punho apresenta baixa reprodutibilidade interobservador e moderada reprodutibilidade intraobservador.

Reconstrução tardia na mão traumatizada com perda de múltiplos dedos / Late reconstruction of a traumatized hand with loss of multiple fingers

As lesões mutilantes de mão são um desafio para o cirurgião de mão e o paciente. O cirurgião deve tomar decisões desde o debridamento inicial, escolhendo quais dedos e articulações serão preservadas e uso apropriado das partes a serem retiradas. A reconstrução tardia é a segunda parte dessa difícil tarefa. Dificuldade que se atribui à particularidade de cada lesão, do grande número de possibilidades de tratamento e seus diversos níveis de complexidade que devem ser adequados à necessidade e motivação pessoal de cada paciente. Este relato de caso apresenta uma reconstrução tardia de mão com perda de indicador e dedo médio com transplante de articulação metacarpofalângica de indicador para função de interfalangeana proximal de dedo médio.

Mutilating hand injuries are a challenge to both the hand surgeon and the patient. The surgeon must make decisions ranging from the initial debridement to which fingers and joints will be preserved and the appropriate use of the parts to be removed. Late reconstruction constitutes the second part of this difficult task. The difficulty attributed to the characteristics of each lesion, the large number of treatment possibilities, and the different levels of complexity must be adapted to the personal needs and motivation of each patient. This case report describes a late hand reconstruction with index and middle finger loss, using metacarpophalangeal joint transplantation of the index finger to gain the proximal interphalangeal function of the middle finger.

SCAPHOID STRESS FRACTURE IN GYMNASTICS ATHLETE: A CASE REPORT.

We present a case report of an 18 year-old gymnast who was diagnosed with a scaphoid stress fracture associated with a distal radial epiphysiolysis, reporting the treatment of choice. After a brief literature review about this rare association, the authors ask for attention concerning the importance of physical and image examination in making right diagnosis and finding associated injuries.

Fratura do escafoide por estresse em ginasta: relato de caso / Scaphoid stress fracture in gymnastics athlete: a case report

Apresenta-se o relato de caso de um ginasta de 18 anos de idade, que recebeu o diagnóstico de fratura por estresse do escafoide combinada com epifisiólise distal do rádio, e descreve-se seu tratamento. Após breve revisão da literatura sobre essa rara associação de lesões, os autores pedem atenção para a importância do exame físico e de imagem no correto diagnóstico e na observação de possíveis lesões combinadas.

We present a case report of an 18 year-old gymnast who was diagnosed with a scaphoid stress fracture associated with a distal radial epiphysiolysis, reporting the treatment of choice. After a brief literature review about this rare association, the authors ask for attention concerning the importance of physical and image examination in making right diagnosis and finding associated injuries.